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Involvement of chalcones and coumarins in environmental stress tolerance
Plants are invariably subjected to various environmental stresses that hinder their normal growth and development, which leads to decreased plant productivity and yield. To combat the detrimental effects of such abiotic and biotic stresses, plants have developed diverse mechanisms and one of the prominent ones includes the production of secondary metabolites like phenolic, alkaloids, terpenes, etc. Secondary metabolites serve as major components of the plant stress responses. Chalcones (1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-one) and coumarins (1,2-benzopyrone) are precursors of flavonoids, a common secondary metabolite of plants that provide a beneficial role during oxidative and biotic stress. Apart from protection, coumarins have certain roles in promoting or inhibiting plant growth, affecting cell division and differentiation and auxin metabolism. These compounds are also known to possess therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, and cytotoxic effects when isolated from plants. Besides, chalcones and coumarins have allelopathic effects and protect plants against herbivory. Owing to excellent ROS scavenging properties, chalcones, coumarins, and their derivatives are extensively employed as agents to alleviate adversities associated with abiotic stresses like osmotic, heat, and cold stress, and in defense against pathogen invasion. The application of these secondary metabolites to mitigate atrocities of environmental stress in plants is an interesting and concurrent area of investigation. This chapter highlights the structural and functional details of chalcones and coumarins and their implications in ameliorating environmental stress in plants. 2024 Apple Academic Press, Inc. All rights reserved. -
Involvement of Social Enterprises in Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Practices: The Case of Uravu and Buffalo Back
Social enterprises are not-for-profit or for-profit organizations that work for the development of the community in different ways and are sustainable through their products or services. One such initiative of social enterprises is supporting and promoting agriculture and agricultural products. This chapter focuses on two social enterprises, Uravu and Buffalo Back, which work with farm products and their role in promoting sustainable agriculture practices. The primary data are collected through personal interviews with top-level managers, and secondary data are collected from websites and other published documents. This study looks at the concept of sustainability in terms of finitude, fragility and fairness. These two case studies explain how social enterprises promote the development of agriculture. The former organization ensures the communitys livelihood through farming support, upgrading local knowledge, technologies, skill development and marketing their commodities. The latter focuses on promoting farmers to focus on sustainable organic farming techniques and selling their products to customers. This study can help future entrepreneurs understand different models they can use to develop the agricultural sector through their social actions. 2024 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. -
IoT and Sustainability Energy Systems: Risk and Opportunity
As IoT (Internet of Things) and smart technologies have developed rapidly, many technological advancements have been made possible. The IoTs main objective is to assist in simplifying processes in a number of different felds, to improve the effciency of technologies and protocols, and ultimately to improve quality of life. Although IoT technologies can beneft the population in numerous ways, their development must be evaluated from an environmental viewpoint to ensure that global resources are used effciently and to prevent negative effects. As previously described, considerable research effort is needed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of IoT technologies. Engineering professionals, industrial experts, and academic researchers successfully interacted at the conference. Several key tracks made up the conference, including smart city, energy and environment, e-health, and engineering modeling. Specifcally, the editorial covered a number of topics including (i) IoT in sustainable energy and environmental management, (ii) smart cities enabled by IoT, (iii) ambient assisted living, and (iv) IoT technologies for transportation and low-carbon products. An important outcome of our introductory analysis has been a greater understanding of both the scientifc developments in IoT applications and the potential ecological consequences associated with increasing IoT applications. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. -
IoT and wearables for detection of COVID-19 diagnosis using fusion-based feature extraction with multikernel extreme learning machine
Presently, wearables act as a vital part of healthcare sector and they are able to offer exclusive perceptions about the person's health conditions. In contrast to traditional diagnosis in a hospital environment, wearables can give unrestricted access to real-time physiological data. COVID-19 epidemic is increasing at a faster rate with limited test kits. Hence, it becomes essential to develop a novel COVID-19 diagnostic model. Numerous studies were based on the utilization of artificial intelligence techniques on radiological images to precisely identify the disease. This chapter presents an efficient fusion-based feature extraction with multikernel extreme learning machine (FFE-MKELM) for COVID-19 diagnosis using internet of things (IoT) and wearables. Primarily, the wearables and IoT are used to capture the radiological images of the patient. The presented FFE-MKELM model incorporates Gaussian filtering based preprocessing for removing the noise that exists in the radiological image. Besides, directional local extreme patterns with deep features based on Inception v4 model are applied for the FFE process. In addition, MKELM model is utilized as a classification model to determine the appropriate class label of the input radiological images. Moreover, monarch butterfly optimization algorithm is applied to fine tune the parameters involved in the MKELM model. Experimental validation of the FFE-MKELM model is performed against benchmark dataset and the outcomes are inspected under different measures. The resultant simulation outcome ensured the betterment of the FFE-MKELM method by demonstrating an increased sensitivity of 97.34%, specificity of 97.26%, accuracy of 97.14%, and F-measure of 97.01%. 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
IOT Contribution in Construct of Green Energy
Energy derived from natural sources, such as sunlight, wind, and water, is called green energy. Green energy is a source of energy derived from clean sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass. The environment benefts from green energy because green energy replaces the harmful effects of fossil fuels with more environmentally friendly options. Green energy sources release far fewer greenhouse gases, as well as little or no air pollutants when looked at in their full life cycle. Taking steps to reduce air pollution benefts not only the planet but also human and animal health. Increasing reliance on the Internet of Things (IoT) has helped modernize the energy industry. Sensor attached to generation, transmission, and distribution equipment is used in IoT applications in green energy production. Alternative energy offers several benefts over traditional energy options. As the demand for clean energy grows and environmental prudence becomes the norm, Internet of Things solutions for energy management keep developing. Using the Internet of Things today benefts green energy, enabling companies in this sector to make the most of their data, and improves effciency and safety. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. -
IoT Enabled Energy Optimization Through an Intelligent Home Automation
The benefit of IoT devices is that they allow for automation; nevertheless, billions of connected devices connected with one another waste a substantial amount of energy. IoT systems will have difficulty in wide adoption if the energy requirements are not adequately managed. This study proposes a solution for IoT devices to regulate their energy consumption. Both hardware and software aspects are taken into consideration. Using a mobile computer or smartphone with Internet connectivity to interact with actual scenarios has grown more prevalent as technology has advanced over the years. An intelligent home automation system based on android applications has been developed to save electricity and human energy. This study aims to create comprehensive Energy optimization through intelligent home automation utilizing widely available mobile applications and Wi-Fi technologies. The devices are turned on and off using Wi-Fi. Intelligent home, in the area of electronics, automation is the most purposely misused term. Numerous technological revolutions have occurred as a result of this demand for automation. These were more essential than any other technologies due to their ease of use. These can be used in place of household current switches, resulting in sparks and, in rare instances, such as fires. A unique energy optimization system was developed to control household appliances while taking advantage of Wi-Fi benefits. 2023, Bentham Books imprint. -
IoT Framework, Architecture Services, Platforms, and Reference Models
Internet of things (IoT) is spawning a twirl in the world of connected devices by aiding the devices to connect, compute, and coordinate with each other. While the concept of IoT is still embryonic, its outcomes are trailblazing. IoT acts as a facilitator in creating a smart world by connecting devices through sensors and actuators to the Internet. The acceptance of IoT in various sectors indicates that the partakers in an IoT ecology are diverse. This demands common functionalities, interoperability standards, and network protocols across sectors. But there exists an extremity of incongruency in devices, capabilities, and network protocols, and therefore it is imperative to have a complete reference architecture model that necessitates the existing diversities and defines a new monody for the IoT environment. The lack of standard and uniform architectural knowledge, frameworks, and platforms is presently resisting the researchers to reap the benefits that the Internet of things (IoT) offers. This chapter summarizes various Internet of things frameworks, architectures, platforms, and reference models and thereby paves way for businesses to build IoT on it. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
IoT in schools: Revolutionizing education through smart technology
The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly transforming various sectors, and education is no exception. This chapter explores the potential and applications of IoT technology in the education sector, shedding light on how it can revolutionize teaching, learning, and overall school management. By seamlessly integrating smart devices and applications into the classroom environment, IoT creates an interconnected and efficient learning ecosystem. The discussion covers the current state of IoT adoption in education, highlighting the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of this technological integration. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Adesh Kumar, Surajit Mondal, Gaurav Verma, and Prashant Mani; individual chapters, the contributors. -
IoT Infrastructure to Energize Electromobility
Mobile technology is becoming more sophisticated as it advances. A comparison of different mobility scenarios was conducted. This chapter examined how electric vehicles interact with local energy systems in Stuttgart. Utilizing a travel demand model, a charging profle based on mobility patterns was generated for electric vehicles. During a quarter, charging demand and standard household load profles were used to analyze peak hour load fow for 349 households. Considering that peak loads and charging capacity are usually separated in time, greater charging capacity might lead to lower utilization of transformers. Furthermore, a study was conducted to determine if the existing infrastructure was adequate for future demand, focusing on substation transformer reserves. Electromobility is a rapidly growing and evolving application domain of the Internet of Things, with a huge market potential in various areas. It incorporates many stakeholders from manufacturers to the players of the energy market with all sorts of physical and virtual resources. It is essential to allow these devices and systems to collaborate to create advanced e-mobility services. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. -
IoT innovation in COVID-19 crisis
The COVID-19 pandemic is a current global threat that surpasses provincial and radical boundaries. Due to the onset of the pandemic disease, the whole world turned entirely in a couple of weeks. Its consequences have come across the personal and professional life of human beings. The current situation focuses on precautions such as wearing a mask, maintaining social distancing, and sanitizing hands regularly. An innovative platform, and smart and effective IoT technology may be applied to follow these steps. This platform fulfills all critical challenges at the time of lockdown situations. IoT technology is more helpful in capturing real-time patient data and other essential information. IoT allows the tracing of infected people and suspicious cases and helps diagnose and treat patients remotely. It also paves the way to deliver essential medical devices and medicines to quarantined places. In the present ongoing crisis, IoT technology is inevitable in monitoring patients infected with COVID-19 through sensors and intertwined networks. The consultations are given to the patients digitally through video conferencing without meeting the medical expert in person. After the diagnosis is made digitally, IoT devices are used to track health data. Smart thermometers are used instead of traditional ones to collect valuable health data and share it with experts. The IoT robots are now a proven technology used for cleaning hospitals, disinfecting medical devices, and delivering medicines, thus giving more time to healthcare workers to treat patients. 2023 Bentham Science Publishers. All rights reserved. -
IoT networks: Integrated learning for privacy-preserving machine learning
Financial fraud is a persistent problem for consumers and financial institutions worldwide. It loses billions of dollars annually. Consequently, a strong fraud detection system (FDS) is essential to minimizing damage to financial institutions as well as clients. One common technique for spotting fraud is to use machine learning algorithms, which analyze large volumes of data to help with pattern detection and future prediction. It is difficult for a centralized FDS to detect fraud trends when these problems are coupled. To train a fraud detection model, this work presents a framework for federated learning, a machine-learning environment in which several entities collaborate to solve a machine-learning problem under the guidance of a central server or service provider. Also, the chapter examines how combined learning can be used to protect privacy in machine learning in Internet of Things systems. It focuses on four main calculations: federated averaging (FedAvg), secure aggregation, holomorphic encryption-based federated learning, and differential privacy in combined learning. Extensive experiments were carried out to evaluate these computations in terms of proving accuracy, conserving protection, and computing efficiency. The findings are shown in the results, with FedAvg achieving the highest accuracy of 92.5% and secure conglomeration demonstrating competitive precision levels of 91.8%. Calculations for differential privacy and holomorphic encryption demonstrated strong security conservation with very little data leakage and security parameters of 2.5 and 1.0, respectively. With little communication overhead and the ability to alter accuracy and conserve protection, secure aggregation emerged as a potential configuration. The computational productivity assessments revealed that secure accumulation produced little communication overhead despite its strong security conservation, which makes it suitable for IoT scenarios with limited resources. By using this tactic, financial institutions may avoid sharing datasets and benefit from a shared model that has seen more fraud than any one bank has on its own. Thus, the sensitive data of the user is protected. The results of the chapter indicate that the federated model (federated averaging) may be as good as or better than the central model (multi-layer perceptron) in detecting financial fraud. This chapter adds to the growing conversation around mixed learning in the Internet of Things by providing insights into the trade-offs between accuracy, security, and efficacy and by laying the groundwork for future developments in privacy-preserving machine learning standards. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Ahmed A. Elngar, Diego Oliva and Valentina E. Balas. All rights reserved. -
IoT Security with Blockchain Technology in the Financial Sector
Blockchain technology is to create immutable device IDs to stop identity faking whereas Internet of Things (IoT) is used in payment automation and to create smart payment systems. Both are evolving technologies, and their integration offers promising results in financial sector across the globe. Their combination holds a great deal of potential and is going to represent the next generation of smart finance technologies. But the major weaknesses that are present in IoT technologies includes those related to data security, privacy, device authentication, secure communication, and smart contract administration. This chapter focuses on the use of blockchain networks to regulate access and improve security in financial transactions, boost automation and improve efficiency of IoT applications. Blockchain and IoT integration in the financial industry provides a pathway to a more integrated, efficient, and secure financial environment. The chapter discusses the advantages of integrating IoT and Blockchain technologies in the financial sector and the challenges in its applications, and the regulatory mechanism thereof. 2025 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
IoT-Based automated dust bins and improved waste optimization techniques for Smart City
Effective waste management systems are essential for maintaining sustainability, environmental health, and cleanliness in the age of smart cities. This chapter provides a thorough analysis of the combination of cutting-edge waste minimization techniques with the deployment of an internet of things-based automatic dust bin. The suggested system optimizes garbage collection, lowers operating costs, and has a less environmental effect by combining the creative use of proximity sensors, real-time data analytics, and smart bin technologies. Remote monitoring and administration are made possible by the linked ecosystem that is created by the integration with the internet of things (IoT). In order to further promote environmentally friendly urban life, the study also examines waste-to-energy technology, circular economy ideas, and sustainable waste management techniques. The results provide insightful information for scholars, decision-makers, and urban planners looking for ground-breaking waste management solutions for today's cities. 2024, IGI Global. -
IoT-Enabled Analysis of COVID Data: Unveiling Insights from Temperature, Pulse Rate, and Oxygen Measurements
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced unparalleled transformation on healthcare systems around the world, demanding new and improved approaches for effective monitoring and diagnosis. In this context, we present a study titled IoT-Enabled Analysis of COVID Data: Unveiling Insights from Temperature, Pulse Rate, and Oxygen Measurements. The global impact of COVID-19, with millions of confirmed cases and fatalities, underscores the urgency of finding efficient monitoring solutions. To address this crisis, IoT-Enabled Health Monitoring Systems have emerged as a promising tool for remote patient monitoring and infection risk reduction. These systems leverage sensors to collect real-time data on the temperature, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation levels of the subject. The integration of a mobile application enables immediate access to this critical health information. In this study, we explore the use of IoT systems, which have demonstrated accuracy comparable to other devices on the market. By leveraging these technologies, we aim to provide healthcare professionals with valuable insights into patients health status, aiding in early detection, monitoring, and timely intervention. Our research contributes to the efforts to battle the COVID-19 pandemic by highlighting the potential of IoT-enabled monitoring systems in enhancing healthcare delivery, reducing infection risks, and ultimately saving lives. 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLC. -
IoVST: Internet of vehicles and smart traffic - Architecture, applications, and challenges
The internet of things (IoT) is the network of sensors, devices, processors, and software, enabling connection, communication, and data transfer between devices. IoT is able to collect and analyze large amounts of data which can then be used to automate daily tasks in various fields. IoT holds the potential to revolutionise and create many opportunities in multiple industries like smart cities, smart transport, etc. Autonomous vehicles are smart vehicles that are able to navigate and move around on their own on a well-planned road. 2023, IGI Global. -
IPR in Stem Cell Research, Therapy, and Regenerative Medicine
According to the World Trade Organization, intellectual property rights are rights given to persons over the creations of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his or her creation for a certain period. There is a critical need for fresh developments in the existing medical diagnostic techniques, therapy, pharmaceutical medications, and research, in a world where such a sizable number of people are afflicted with various ailments, some of which are fatal and still incurable. Pharmaceutical companies are developing novel and cutting-edge ways to treat diseases at an increasing rate. The major pharmaceutical corporations in the world, including Pfizer, Miltenyi, Biotec, AstraZeneca, and Mesoblast Limited are pursuing research in the area of stem cell and regenerative medicine. Regenerative medicine, stem cell research, and therapy are currently regarded as groundbreaking developments in the medical sciences. Understanding their intellectual property rights and the legal means through which these businesses can safeguard their discoveries becomes crucial. This paper will analyze the meaning of stem cell and regenerative medicines, the eligibility of IPR in Stem cell research under the Indian Patents Act, of 1970 and the morality and public issues related to the same. 2024 Taylor & Francis. -
Is ESG the Key to Stimulate Financial Performance? An Empirical Investigation
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principle is a critical framework for businesses and non-business entities. Recently, investors increasingly concentrate on the ethical impact of their investments in addition to financial rewards. The present study outlines links between a companys ESG practices and its financial performance. By means of performance comparison between the Nifty 100 ESG and Nifty 100 Indices within the Indian context, it issuggested that investing in ESG-adopting companies can lead to better financial performance. The study uses statistical analysis to compare the performance of both indices between 2018 and 2022. The analysis includes financial ratios, such as P/E ratio, ROA, ROE, and ROCE. The findings reveal a relatively modest connection between ESG and P/E ratio. The stronger negative correlations between ESG and key financial metrics (ROA, ROE, and ROCE), signifies a more robust trade-off between ESG focus and financial performance. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Is Mindfulness a Key Characteristic of a Jugaad Leader?
The practice of mindfulness has its roots in Eastern religions. Both Hinduism and Buddhism emphasize the need to be calm and to focus on the present moment. This concentration is called mindfulness. In the Indian subcontinent, there is a specific tradition for innovation and creativity that produces the best possible results, even among resources that are often sparse. This approach is called Jugaad. It is increasingly being used as a management technique. Companies in South Asia are adopting Jugaad as a practice to reduce research and development costs and use unconventional approaches to maximize resources for a company and its stakeholders. Tang (The leaders guide to mindfulness. Pearson UK, Harlow, 2018) noted that mindfulness from a context of jugaad creativity or innovation allows individuals to enter a childlike state of creativity. Mindfulness promotes a directed awareness and allows one to look at problems or issues from different perspectives-not only from a clients or customers perspective, but also from that of a child-encouraging further reflection. A mindfulness approach calms the mind before a creative or brainstorming session, which can foster insight and clear the mind for an aha moment in the jugaad innovation process. Often, a successful jugaad creative process requires breaking down psychological barriers in a team-e.g., fear of doing something wrong, fear of ideas being stolen by others. A mindful approach to such issues helps team members meditate and relax, creating a safer space for creative exploration, as these exercises can teach listening and acknowledgement of each individual. Also, the associated creativity and innovation process helps to understand the problem to be solved and generate ideas from it. The mindfulness approach promotes the flexibility and clarity needed for a jugaad approach (Tang, The leaders guide to mindfulness. Pearson UK, Harlow, 2018). The following are the results of the Jugaad leadership survey conducted among managers in India. Managers felt that Jugaad leadership involves leading by example, appreciation and recognition. Also fundamental is leading with humility, openness to receiving feedback, and awareness of ones own thoughts and emotions. Mindfulness also includes language and behavior, the ability to recognize peoples needs, and an intuition in situations that require change. All of these characteristics make it clear that the Jugaad leader is a mindful person and also show that he or she practices mindfulness while guiding, interacting with, and motivating his or her team members. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. -
Is there a Broad-Basing process in the Indian economy?
Chapter 8 is by Malini L. Tantri and Shruthi Mohan Menon. They answer the title question, Is There a Broad-Basing Process in the Indian Economy?' with the help of three criteria: food security, poverty and unemployment. Though economic growth in terms of GDP has been significant in the last two decades, the achievements on the fronts of food security, poverty reduction and employment growth have not been equally impressive. The states which have high levels of poverty are showing a slower decline in poverty. The number of the poor is declining, though still high. Employment growth is taking place mainly in the non-farm sector, but it is in the farm sector where there is a crisis. Even within the non-farm sector, informal employment is increasing more than the formal. Thus a large portion of the workforce - in agriculture and also non-farm sector - does not have job security, paid sick leave, medical reimbursement and retirement benefits. Economic growth has not yet brought the marginalised into the mainstream of the advantaged. The authors recommend greater stress on employment generation, skill creation, a boost to education and health sectors ensuring benefits to the marginalised, and a massive push to the village economy. 2020 selection and editorial matter, M. V. Nadkarni. -
Key challenges in developing and executing higher education learners' learning outcomes
This chapter examines higher education institutions' complex obstacles in developing and implementing effective learning outcomes. It emphasizes the need for outcomes that include subject-specific and general skills, meet students' diverse requirements, align with market demands, and incorporate emerging technologies. To facilitate student success in the 21st century, institutions must address these. It examines multidisciplinary programs, technology integration, faculty training, and student participation in outcome formation. It proposes enhancing outcomes through emerging technologies, social and emotional learning, global citizenship education, and entrepreneurship education, emphasizing student-centred approaches. Effective learning outcomes are essential for fostering student success in a constantly changing environment. Case studies from India, the United Kingdom, and the United States provide insights, emphasizing India and lessons from the US and UK experiences. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved.