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Water Purification Using Subnanostructured Photocatalysts
Visible light is an abundant resource, and photocatalysts absorb this light and use it to energize chemical reactions. Of the many types of reactions that are catalyzed by photocatalysts, wastewater purification is an important area. Photocatalysis is an economical, eco-friendly, and sustainable method of purifying water, a precious resource for which need is increasing while availability is shrinking. Of the several types of photocatalytic materials available, atomically dispersed metals and metal oxides appear to be the most promising. In conventional materials, the efficiency of utilization of active photocatalytic material is rather poor because only a small fraction of those present on the surface can serve as active materials. As the particle size decreases, this efficiency increases. In this respect, subnanometric catalysts such as single-site heterogeneous catalysts, atomically dispersed catalysts, and single-atom catalysts have distinct advantages when compared with their bulk and nanometric counterparts. The challenges in preparing stable single-atom catalysts have largely been overcome, and several methods are now available for their preparation. Many atomically dispersed photocatalytic materials have been synthesized, and many new insights have been gained, unlocking the tremendous potential in purifying wastewater by utilizing solar radiation. The aspects of higher activity, improved selectivity, economical use of materials, and a better understanding of the structure-activity relationship offered by subnanometric photocatalysts have been explored in this chapter. 2020 American Chemical Society. -
HCI Authentication to Prevent Internal Threats in Cloud Computing
Cloud computing reduces physical resources and simplifies common management tasks. Over the past decade, cloud computing has become an important IT (information technology) industry, driving cost savings, flexibility, convenience, and scalability. Despite these advantages, many government organizations and companies are still cautious about using cloud computing. They continue to believe that the threats inherent in cloud computing technology are greater and deadly than traditional technologies. Cloud computing security threats typically include insider attacks, malware attacks, information leaks and losses, distributed denial of service, and application programming interface vulnerability attacks. Technical security improvements for virtual networks are actively researched, and many are working hard. But defending against internal attackers is more than just a technical solution but a complement to manuals and company policy. In reality, however, there are cases of damage by internal attackers, and the damage is getting bigger. Technically malicious internal attackers can relatively easily manipulate the control system and cause malfunctions. This paper provides comprehensive information about security threats in cloud computing, shows the severity of attacks by insiders, analyzes the latest authentication technologies for humancomputer interaction, and identifies the pros and cons. This shows how HCI (humancomputer interaction) technology can be applied to cloud computing management servers. The result is an innovative security certification model that can be applied. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Vulnerability of urban ecology of Bangalore: An examination of its contention with the politics of land administration
Through a critical examination of questions on the politics of land tenures, the study brings out two interpretations on the conflicts of land and water governance: (1), the concerted efforts and the physical processes of scaling the water terrain in parallel to the political missions of administering the land; and (2), how the scalar rearrangements of land at a local scale intersect with water, revealing the new structuration of land fragmentation and water. It demonstrates that the State has been instrumental in the process of the scalar deterioration of the urban wetlands in Bangalore since 1873. The comprehensive study of these political realignments of land and water, using the data from the Records of Rights obtained from the land revenue records of the Office of the Land Survey Settlement and Records Department under the Government of Karnataka, reveals the vulnerability of urban ecology as a corollary to land administration. Pieter Van den Broeck, Asiya Sadiq, Ide Hiergens, Monica Quintana Molina, Han Verschure and Frank Moulaert 2020. -
Creativity Education in India: Breaking Barriers
Classrooms in India are posed with challenges of rigid curriculum demands, lack of resources, large class sizes and very often low motivation levels among teachers. Add to that poor teacher training facilities. Given the constraints, the pursuit of encouraging creativity education in the Indian schooling system seems like a tall order. The aim of this chapter is to explore the scope for creative learning and expression in Indian classrooms. The purpose is also to search for education models that facilitate and encourage creativity amongst children by adapting the curriculum to their advantage and operate within the constraints imposed by systemic drawbacks. The chapter searches for a coherent, pragmatic definition of creativity among practitioners and pedagogues with the rationale of identifying workable solutions for dissemination of creativity education in Indian classrooms. The methodology entails conversations and interviews with teachers, curriculum planners and pedagogues representing different education models and schooling systems in India. A case-study design approach is assumed to present programs that are successfully implementing practices which encourage creativity learning among their students. An attempt is made to highlight the philosophical beliefs that underlie adoption of such practices as well as to document the challenges and demands that such an endeavour imposes on the system. The chapter therefore, provides an optimistic view of the future of out of the box learning not only in the Indian classrooms but also makes a case for all education systems stifled by curriculum constraints and lack of resources. Inter-Disciplinary Press 2012. -
Cloud Virtualization with Data Security: Challenges and Opportunities
In recent years, Cloud Computing is emerging as a torrid research area for both academicians and industrialists. It provides effective ways to handle and store the data in advanced system processing applications. Furthermore, it also leverages a radical change in the way the users access and use the available resources. Despite the hype, it also has the challenge of slow data transition from present physical storage to the cloud based platform. This is mainly due to the security challenges associated with the Cloud Computing applications. Hence, data protection has become very critical and always requires an efficient and effective security protocol into the existence. So, the security and reliability of the cloud platform would definitely attract more researchers to this platform. This article discusses an overview of Cloud paradigm and the different virtualization techniques adopted to overcome the security issues associated with the cloud computing platform. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. -
Light Tracking Bot Endorsing Futuristic Underground Transportation
Controlling a bot machine that uses non-conventional energy form, i.e. light is said to have an upper hand in pioneering transportation system. The expanding request of making the streets more secure has persuaded a ton of organizations to create finest autonomous vehicles. This paper will concentrate on the potential outcomes of utilizing just light-sensing gadgets alone for the light tracking bot using advanced color detection algorithm. The algorithm would help the bot in sensing the color of light and act accordingly, for instance green color to proceed, red color to stop. This particular requisition has high scope in real time application over the emergent underground transportation system; speculating on how the emerging innovative advances fit to the fiddle urban areas of the 21st century. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Inplane Lateral Load Behaviour of Masonry Walls
Masonry is one of the commonly used construction technology both in urban and rural areas. In this paper the in-plane behaviour of masonry walls is analytically studied considering existing closed form equations. Previous studies have proven that the lateral load behaviour mainly depends on the aspect ratios (h/L) as well as the axial loads. From this analysis the governing failure is determined and the lateral load versus lateral deflection curve is plotted for various percentages of axial loads. This graph gives the ductility of the wall. This concept is further applied to a simple masonry structure and the push over curve is plotted. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Enhanced Data Security Architecture in Enterprise Networks
Encryption and storing important information is one of the risky and most challenging tasks. It is the need of the hour in todays fast growing technological transformations that the world is undergoing. A simple Enterprise network is the communication backbone of any organization. It mostly provides better information storage and efficient retrieval, which helps the organization to function smoothly, without having to think twice about their crucial datas security aspects. The information technology paradigm, cloud computing is used to help the organization to focus on its core business. In cloud computing is dealing with many services. That service is used for provide Platform service with infrastructure and software service. This paper, promotes the idea of combining various security and encryption algorithms to connect different enterprise networks using cloud computing, security layer concepts and giving no room for hackers to intrude into the confidential system of data. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. -
LRD: Loop Free Routing Using Distributed Intermediate Variable in Mobile Adhoc Network
One of the critical challenges in the design of the mobile adhoc networks is to design an efficient routing protocol. Mobility is an unique characteristics of wireless network, which leads to unreliable communication links and loss of data packets. We present a new algorithm, Loop Free Routing with DIV (LRD) is introduced which prevents loops and count to infinity problem using intermediate variables. In addition it finds the shortest path between source and destination. The analysis shows that DIV is compatible with all the routing protocol as it is independent of the underlying environment. The proposed algorithm LRD is compared with the existing algorithm of DIV to prove its applicability in the any routing environment. The simulation results show that LRD excels AODV routing protocol while considering throughput and packet delivery ratio. The new algorithm assures that the routing protocol is shortest loop-free path and outperforms all other loop-free routing algorithms previously proposed from the stand point of complexities and computations. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. -
Use of waste foundry sand in precast concrete paver blocksa study with belgaum foundry industry
The current study was undertaken at CHRIST (Deemed to be University) in Bangalore to investigate the potential of using waste sand from Belgaum foundries as fine aggregate in the production of precast concrete paver blocks. Concrete paver blocks were manufactured as per the recommendations of IS 15658:2006. M-35 grade of concrete with block thickness of 60mm was considered as the design parameter. Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) and ground-Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) were replaced for manufactured sand and cement, respectively. WFS replacement rates were 15, 30, and 45% by weight of the manufactured sand, and that of GGBS was 30% constant by weight of cement. Obligatory performance tests were conducted as per Indian standards, which included compressive strength, water absorption, and abrasion resistance. Accordingly, paver blocks with 45% WFS showed satisfactory results and can be considered into non-traffic to light-traffic category, which finds application in places like building and monument premises, paths and patios, landscapes, public gardens, and parks. Cost comparison of conventional paver blocks with WFS paver blocks showed approximately 4.8% reduction in the cost of paver blocks containing 45% WFS. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020. -
Detection of Disease in Mango Trees Using Color Features of Leaves
The goal has been to detect disease in mango trees. This paper compares different approaches to extract color features and check the accuracy and applicability for mango trees. The paper proposes variations which helped in increasing the accuracy of features extracted for mango trees: firstly, a customized method of splitting leaf into layers while doing K-means clustering, and secondly, segmenting the region of interest to blocks to help in applying statistical functions more accurately over a region. 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Recommendation of diet using hybrid collaborative filtering learning methods
These days, various recommender systems exist for online advertisement services which recommend the products considering users interests. Similarly, health recommendation systems are becoming most important component in individuals life. Due to the modernization and busy schedule, people give less concern to their eating patterns. This leads to various health issues like obesity, thyroid disorder, diabetes and others. Every individual has different health issues and food habits. Therefore, diet recommendations should be suggested by considering their personal health profile and food preferences. So, it becomes essential to analyze individuals health concerns before recommending the diet with required nutrient values. Thus, it helps people to minimize the further risks associated with the current health conditions. The proposed diet and exercise recommender framework suggests a balanced diet for thyroid patients. It takes care of the food intake with necessary nutrients requirement based on thyroid disorders. This paper applies K-nearest neighbor collaborative filtering models using various similarity measures. The paper assessed two-hybrid learning methods, KNN with alternating least squares: KNN-ALS and KNN with stochastic gradient decent: KNN-SGD. The experimental setup analyzed and evaluated the performances of all algorithms using mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020. -
Advanced Load Balancing Min-Min Algorithm in Grid Computing
Framework figuring has turned into genuine distinctive to old supercomputing situations for creating parallel applications that bridle huge process assets. In any case, the quality acquired in building such parallel Framework mindful applications is over the ordinary parallel registering conditions. It tends to issues like asset disclosure, heterogeneous, adaptation to non-critical failure and assignment programming. Load balancing errand programming inconceivably indispensable downside in cutting edge lattice environment. Load balancing ways is normally utilized for the development of appropriated frameworks. Normally there is a three kind of stages related with Load compromise that is information arrangement, higher psychological process, learning Relocation. Take a gander at the impact of surveying on load assignment by contemplating a fundamental expense in limit. There are three completely hovered tallies to lift which put away the stack ought to be doled out to, pondering the framework action cost among get-togethers. These tallies utilize grouped data trade frameworks and an asset estimation framework to redesign the constrained air framework exactness of load adjusting. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. -
Heightening Satellite Image Display via Mobile Augmented Reality A Cutting-Edge Planning Model
This paper summarizes on object detection, classification, analysis, and display for optical satellite image. Initially, all the existing object detection and object viewing system based on AI techniques are introduced. Various optical imaginary methods and the possibility of immersing optical and 3D data with other data sources are also explained. The surveyed literatures show that in most of the case, the detected objects are taken as resource for planning. We also observed that the image viewing and displaying model was ignored by many authors which is one of the key concepts for next phase. Satellite AR plays a vital role in displaying the images. Overall, it can be seen that optical image view along with AR display can be used for better planning, which is one of the popular research topics and has an excessive operational potential which is the need of the hour dealing with analyzing, predicting, and viewing large amount of data. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Internet of Things Enabled Device Fault Prediction System Using Machine Learning
Internet of Things (IOT) started as a niche market for hobbyists and has evolved into a huge industry. This IoT is convergence of manifold technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning and Artificial Intelligence. It has given birth to many consumer needs like home automation, prior device fault detection, health appliances and remote monitoring applications. Programmed recognition and determination of different kinds of machine disappointment is a fascinating process in modern applications. Different sorts of sensors are utilized to screen flaws that is discovers vibration sensors, sound sensors, warm sensors, infrared cameras, light cameras, and other multispectral sensors. The modern devices are becoming ubiquitous and pervasive in day to day life. This device is need for reliable and predicate algorithms. This article is primarily emphases on the prediction of faults in real life appliances making our day to day life easier. Here, the database of the device includes previous faults which are restored in online by using cloud computing technology. This will help in the prediction of the faults in the devices that are to be ameliorated. It additionally utilizes Nae Bayes calculation for shortcoming location in the gadgets. The proposed model of this article is involves the monitoring of each and every home appliance through internet and thereby detect faults without much of human intervention. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. -
Activity Classifier: A Novel Approach Using Naive Bayes Classification
Activity movements have been recognized in various applications for elderly needs, athletes activities measurements and various fields of real time environments. In this paper, a novel idea has been proposed for the classification of some of the day to day activities like walking, running, fall forward, fall backward etc. All the movements are captured using a Light Blue Bean device incorporated with a Bluetooth module and a tri-axial acceleration sensor. The acceleration sensor continuously reads the activities of a person and the Arduino is designed to continuously read the values of the sensor that works in collaboration with a mobile phone or computer. For the effective classification of a persons activity correctly, Nae Bayes Classifier is used. The entire Arduino along with acceleration sensor can be easily attached to the foot of a person right at the beginning of the user starts performing any activity. For the evaluation purpose, mainly four protocols are considered like walking, running, falling in the forward direction and falling in the backward direction. Initially five healthy adults were taken for the sample test. The results obtained are consistent in the various test cases and the device showed an overall accuracy of 90.67%. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. -
Idealised Bilinear Moment-Curvature Curves of Reinforced Masonry (RM) Walls
In this paper, an analytical investigation of the axial loadflexural strength interaction of reinforced masonry walls is carried. The curvature ductility of masonry walls is evaluated for walls with different modes of reinforcement configurations under different levels of axial loads. An analytical expression for evaluating the curvature ductility of masonry walls at varying axial loads is proposed in this paper. Value of curvature ductility obtained from the proposed expression is compared with existing methods. Results indicate the proposed model can be used to determine the ductility of reinforced masonry walls. 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Computational Model for Hybrid Job Scheduling in Grid Computing
Grid computing the job scheduling is the major issue that needs to be addressed prior to the development of a grid system or architecture. Scheduling is the users job to apropos resources in the grid environment. Grid computing has got a very wide domain in its application and thus induces various research opportunities that are generally spread over many areas of distributed computing and computer science. The cardinal point of scheduling is being attaining apex attainable performance and to satisfy the application requirements with computing resources at exposure. This paper posits techniques of using different scheduling techniques for increasing the efficacy of the grid system. This hybrid scheduler could enable the grid system to reduce the execution time. This paper also proposes an architecture which could be implemented ensuring the optimal results in the grid environment. This adaptive scheduler would possibly combine the pros of two scheduling strategies to produce a hybrid scheduling strategy which could cater the ever changing workload encountered by the gird system. The main objective of the proposed system is to reduce to overall job execution time and processor utilization time. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
AI Based Non-invasive Glucose Detection Using Urine
This proposed device uses urine to predict the glucose level present in the patient using non-invasive technique with a high level of accuracy for detection of diabetes. The paper presents a urine glucose level diagnosing and prediction using a computer-based polarimeter held in a portable device, to provide a fast and accurate on-field result. The instrument consists of an LCD screen, optical sensor, Benedicts reagent, a detachable tank, and an embedded system-on-chip (SoC). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020. -
Character Recognition of MODI Script Using Distance Classifier Algorithms
Machine simulation of human reading is an active research area since the introduction of digital computers. Optical character recognition aims at the recognition of printed or handwritten text from document images and converting the same into a machine-readable form. The focus of this work is handwritten character recognition of MODI Script. A proper recognition system for handwritten documents enables it to be conveniently viewed, edited, and shared via electronic means. The development of a character recognition system for some of the ancient script is still a challenging task due to the complex nature of the script. MODI script is one such script which is the shorthand form of the Devanagari script in which Marathi was written. Though at present MODI script is not an official script, there exists a huge collection of MODI documents in various libraries. In addition, it is observed that scholars and historians are taking serious effort to revive the script. The purposed study based on the implementation of two algorithms for the classification of handwritten MODI script. The algorithms use distance classifier method. The first experiment is done using Euclidean distance classifiers and the second one is with Manhattan distance classifier and the accuracy achieved is 99.28% & 94% respectively. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020.