Lignin-based nanomaterials for food and pharmaceutical applications: Recent trends and future outlook
subject: Antioxidant activity; Drug delivery; Lignin; Nanolignin; Nutrient delivery
description: Small particles of size ranging from 1 to 100 nm are referred to as nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have tremendous applications in various sectors, including the areas of food and pharmaceutics. They are being prepared from multiple natural sources widely. Lignin is one such source that deserves special mention due to its ecological compatibility, accessibility, abundance, and low cost. This amorphous heterogeneous phenolic polymer is the second most abundant molecule in nature after cellulose. Apart from being used as a biofuel source, lignin is less explored for its potential at a nano-level. In plants, lignin exhibits cross-linking structures with cellulose and hemicellulose. Numerous advancements have taken place in synthesizing nanolignins for manufacturing lignin-based materials to benefit from the untapped potential of lignin in high-value-added applications. Lignin and lignin-based nanoparticles have numerous applications, but in this review, we are mainly focusing on the applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. The exercise we undertake has great relevance as it helps scientists and industries gain valuable insights into lignin's capabilities and exploit its physical and chemical properties to facilitate the development of future lignin-based materials. We have summarized the available lignin resources and their potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries at various levels. This review attempts to understand various methods adopted for the preparation of nanolignin. Furthermore, the unique properties of nano-lignin-based materials and their applications in fields including the packaging industry, emulsions, nutrient delivery, drug delivery hydrogels, tissue engineering, and biomedical applications were well-discussed. 2023 Elsevier B.V.
creator: Abraham B.; Syamnath V.L.; Arun K.B.; Fathima Zahra P.M.; Anjusha P.; Kothakotta A.; Chen Y.-H.; Ponnusamy V.K.; Nisha P.
source: Science of the Total Environment, Vol-881
publisher: Elsevier B.V.
date: 2023-01-01
rights: Restricted Access
relation: ISSN: 489697; PubMed ID: 37028661; CODEN: STEVA
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Abraham B., Agro Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Trivandrum, 695019, India, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India, Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Syamnath V.L., Agro Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Trivandrum, 695019, India; Arun K.B., Department of Life Sciences, Christ (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 29, India; Fathima Zahra P.M., College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, India; Anjusha P., College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, India; Kothakotta A., Agro Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Trivandrum, 695019, India, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Chen Y.-H., Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Ponnusamy V.K., Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan, Ph.D. Program of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, 811, Taiwan; Nisha P., Agro Processing and Technology Division, CSI…

Fluorescent Mechanism in Zero-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials: A Review
subject: Carbon dots; Crosslinked Enhanced Emission; External stimuli; Molecular states; Surface states; Synergy
description: Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have acquired growing interest from different areas over decades. Their fascinating property of tunable fluorescence by changing the excitation wavelength has attracted researchers worldwide. Understanding the mechanisms behind fluorescence is of great importance, as they help with the synthesis and applications, significantly when narrowed down to applications with color-tunable mechanisms. But, due to a lack of practical and theoretical information, the fluorescence mechanisms of CDs remain unknown, preventing the production of CDs with desired optical qualities. This review focuses on the PL mechanisms of carbon dots. The quantum confinement effect determined the carbon core, the surface and edge states determined by various surface defects and the connected functional/chemical groups on the surface/edges, the molecular state solely determined the fluorophores in the interior or surface of the CDs, and the Crosslink Enhanced Emission Effect are the currently confirmed PL mechanisms. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
creator: Abraham J.E.; Balachandran M.
source: Journal of Fluorescence, Vol-32, No. 3, pp. 887-906.
publisher: Springer
date: 2022-01-01
rights: Restricted Access
relation: ISSN: 10530509; CODEN: JOFLE
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Abraham J.E., Materials Science Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Balachandran M., Materials Science Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India

GrapheneLiquid Crystal Synergy: Advancing Sensor Technologies across Multiple Domains
subject: graphene; liquid crystal; sensors
description: This review explores the integration of graphene and liquid crystals to advance sensor technologies across multiple domains, with a focus on recent developments in thermal and infrared sensing, flexible actuators, chemical and biological detection, and environmental monitoring systems. The synergy between graphenes exceptional electrical, optical, and thermal properties and the dynamic behavior of liquid crystals leads to sensors with significantly enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and versatility. Notable contributions of this review include highlighting key advancements such as graphene-doped liquid crystal IR detectors, shape-memory polymers for flexible actuators, and composite hydrogels for environmental pollutant detection. Additionally, this review addresses ongoing challenges in scalability and integration, providing insights into current research efforts aimed at overcoming these obstacles. The potential for multi-modal sensing, self-powered devices, and AI integration is discussed, suggesting a transformative impact of these composite sensors on various sectors, including health, environmental monitoring, and technology. This review demonstrates how the fusion of graphene and liquid crystals is pushing the boundaries of sensor technology, offering more sensitive, adaptable, and innovative solutions to global challenges. 2024 by the authors.
creator: Adeshina M.A.; Ogunleye A.M.; Lee H.; Mareddi B.; Kim H.; Park J.
source: Materials, Vol-17, No. 17
publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
date: 2024-01-01
rights: All Open Access; Gold Open Access
relation: ISSN: 19961944
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Adeshina M.A., School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea, Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, South Korea; Ogunleye A.M., School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Lee H., School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Mareddi B., Electronics and Communication Engineering, Christ University, Bangalore, 560074, India; Kim H., Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, South Korea; Park J., School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea

The Effect of Short-Term Training of Vipassanas Body-Scan on Select Cognitive Functions
subject: Body-scan; Cognition; Mindfulness; Vipassana
description: This experiment examined the effect of a short-term body-scan meditation technique of vipassana practice on select cognitive functions. Participants (n = 77) were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 37) and an active control group (n = 40). The average age of participants in the experimental group and the active control group was 21.67 1.16 and 21.40 3.14years, respectively. The experimental group practiced body-scan mindfulness, one session per day for 6 days with each session lasting for 25min. Participants in the active control group spent an equal amount of time reading fiction of their choice and listening to soothing music. Variables that were studied included five cognitive functions, namely reaction time, attention, learning, working memory, and social-emotional cognition. Results showed that short-term mindfulness meditation decreased reaction time and increased attention, with mild effect size. It may be concluded that short-term mindfulness practice might be an alternative for individuals who, due to various reasons, cannot practice long-term courses. 2018, National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India.
creator: Adhikari K.; Kothari F.; Khadka A.
source: Psychological Studies, Vol-63, No. 3, pp. 228-235.
publisher: Springer
date: 2018-01-01
rights: Restricted Access
relation: ISSN: 332968
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Adhikari K., Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Kothari F., Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Khadka A., Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

Concept Mapping of Issues of Students Life in University
subject: Concept map; Students issues; Students life aspect; Undergraduate life; Undergraduate students
description: The undergraduate student body forms around 85.9% of the total number of students enrolled in India, which is a significant population. It has become imperative to understand the issues that these students face during their undergraduate years as a precursor to developing mechanisms and strategies to enable student progress, both academically and developmentally. This study aimed at developing a concept map to outline the various aspects and issues of the undergraduate students life in India utilizing the concept mapping method. Data from participants (n = 141) at different phases was analysed resulting in 49 unique life issues and aspects and 8 clusters. The emerging issues have relevance and implications for teachers, parents, administrators and other stakeholders in structuring and developing services targeted towards undergraduate students in India. 2015, National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India.
creator: Adhikari K.; Mitra D.; Kothari F.
source: Psychological Studies, Vol-60, No. 4, pp. 428-437.
publisher: Springer India
date: 2015-01-01
rights: Restricted Access
relation: ISSN: 332968
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Adhikari K., Christ University, Bangalore, India; Mitra D., Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States; Kothari F., Christ University, Bangalore, India

Food wastage and consumerism in circular economy: a review and research directions
subject: Bibliometric analysis; Circular economy; Consumerism; Food waste; Network analysis; Systematic review
description: Purpose: Considering food waste as a global problem resulting from the wastage of valuable resources that could fulfil the requirements of malnourished people, the current research focusses on understanding consumerisms impact on this phenomenon. Additionally, the circular economy (CE) approach can be critical in reducing food waste and promoting sustainability. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic literature review was conducted using bibliometrics and network analysis. The study reviewed 326 articles within 10 years, from 2013 to 2023. Findings: The findings reveal four prominent factors behavioural, environmental, socioeconomic and technological in managing food waste (FW). Reducing FW at a holistic level can benefit individuals and the environment in several ways. Research limitations/implications: Consumers are encouraged to be more responsible for their food consumption by reducing food waste, as it affects societies and businesses both economically and environmentally. This can help promote a responsible consumption culture that values quality over quantity and encourages people to make more informed choices about what they eat and how they dispose of it post-consumption. All stakeholders, including firms, the government and consumers, must examine the motives behind inculcating pro-environmental behaviour. Originality/value: Addressing consumerism and the ability to decrease FW behaviour are complex issues that require a multidimensional approach. This study seeks to fill the gap in understanding consumerism and the capacity to reduce FW using the CE approach and understand the research gaps and future research trends. 2024, Emerald Publishing Limited.
creator: Agarwal A.; Srivastava S.; Gupta A.; Singh G.
source: British Food Journal, Vol-126, No. 6, pp. 2561-2587.
publisher: Emerald Publishing
date: 2024-01-01
rights: Restricted Access
relation: ISSN: 0007070X
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Agarwal A., School of Management, BML Munjal University, Gurgaon, India; Srivastava S., Operations and Decision Sciences, Christ University, Bangalore, India; Gupta A., Marketing Area, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), New Delhi, India; Singh G., The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

Standards of human rights to palliative care: gaps and trends
subject: Health care; Human rights; Ill treatment; Pain relief; Palliative care; Standards; Torture; UN
description: Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate key milestones in development of standards of human rights to health care in particular context of addressing palliative care, relevant efforts of advocacy in past decade and future area of growth. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, analysis of human rights and its standards in context of palliative care has been provided through the lens of freedom from ill treatment and torture, right to health care and older persons and childrens rights. Findings: Findings of this study highlighted significant developments in this area which include following: first treaty of human rights which explained right to palliative care; first resolution on palliative care by World Health Assembly; special rapporteurs report focussed on denial of pain; and addressing issue of controlled medicine availability in special session of UN General Assembly. Originality/value: Human rights standards and their development in context of palliative care have been most significant in relation to freedom from ill treatment and torture, right to health care and older persons rights. Further work is required in context of childrens rights and treaty bodies of human rights need to consistently address state obligations towards palliative care. 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.
creator: Agarwal V.; Ganesh L.
source: International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, Vol-13, No. 4, pp. 293-298.
publisher: Emerald Group Holdings Ltd.
date: 2020-01-01
rights: Restricted Access
relation: ISSN: 20564902
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Agarwal V., Department of Management, Jain University Center for Management Studies, Bangalore, India; Ganesh L., Christ University, Bangalore, India

Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health among children in China with specific reference to emotional and behavioral disorders
subject: Behavioral; Children; COVID-19; Emotional; Mental health; Psychological
description: Purpose: This paper aims to investigate impact of coronavirus COVID-19 on childrens mental health specifically emotional and behavioral disorders. It aims at identifying the main disorders faced by children during epidemics and suggests recommendations to nurture resilience among children and involving them in various positive activities. Design/methodology/approach: This study is based on review of literature focused on COVID-19. Recent articles related to coronavirus or COVID-19 and psychological distress among children were included to draw conclusion and impact of COVID-19 on mental health of children. Due to the limited availability of studies on CONID-19 impact on mental health of children, studies focused on recent pandemic were focused. Findings: The identified literature reports a negative impact of COVID-19 on individuals mental health. Relatives health, poor appetite, fear of asking questions about epidemics, agitation, clinginess, physical discomfort, nightmares and poor sleep, inattention and separation issues were among the major psychological conditions analyzed. Personal attributes such as resilience, should be nurtured so that children will be empowered to manage difficult situations such as traumas and disappointments. Several measures were suggested by pediatricians in China to family members and parents such as playing games with children to reduce feeling of loneliness, increased communication to address their concerns and fears, promoting and encouraging physical activities and involving in musical activities to reduce fear, worry and stress among children. Originality/value: Coronavirus is new pandemic and growing rapidly. most of the research studies are focused on physical health of individuals, but mental health concept has bene overlooked. This study helps to broaden the scope of research on children's mental health by examining the impact of COVID-19. 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.
creator: Agarwal V.; L G.; B.K S.
source: International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, Vol-14, No. 2, pp. 182-188.
publisher: Emerald Group Holdings Ltd.
date: 2020-01-01
rights: Restricted Access
relation: ISSN: 20564902
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Agarwal V., Department of Management, Center for Management Studies, Jain (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India; L G., Institute of Management, Christ (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India; B.K S., Department of Management, Center for Management Studies, Jain (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India

Studies on anti-microbial potential of withania somnifera (l.) dunal and future perspectives: An overview
subject: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); Withaferin A; Withania somnifera; Withania somnifera glycoprotein (WSG); Withanolides
description: Withania somnifera is a herb of immense ethnopharmacological importance in Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani systems of medicine. Due to its immense therapeutic potential and being an important source of novel withanolides, it has been a subject of immense intrigue among researchers. Apart from its anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-stress, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, sedative and hemopoetic properties, there is mounting evidence for its antimicrobial and antiviral properties too. Various withanolides and steroidal lactones isolated so far are known to have high therapeutic value, but works pertaining to their antimicrobial potential have largely been at the synergistic level. No single withanolide has been characterized as a sole antimicrobial and thus, work in this regard is still in the stage of infancy, except for withanone which has recently shown in silico activity against SARS-COV-2. This review summarizes the elaborate antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and anti-viral work that has been done so far and casts focus on the limitations, in terms of mechanistic aspects of each. 2021 Society for Biology and Biotechnology. All rights reserved.
creator: AHMED N.; NAGELLA P.
source: Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Vol-22, No. 27-28, pp. 84-97.
publisher: Society for Biology and Biotechnology
date: 2021-01-01
rights: Restricted Access
relation: ISSN: 9722025; CODEN: PCBMC
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: AHMED N., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 029, India; NAGELLA P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 029, India

Food Additives and Evolved Methods of Detection: A Review
subject: Analysis of food additives; colorants; detection; food additives; food preservation
description: Food additives are essential constituents of food products in the modern world. The necessity of food processing went up rapidly as to meet requirements including, imparting desirable properties like preservation, enhancement and regulation of color and taste. The methods of identification and analysis of such substances are crucial. With the advancement of technology, a variety of techniques are emerging for this purpose which have many advantages over the existing conventional ways. This review is on different kinds of additives used in the food industry and few prominent methods for their determination ranging from conventional chromatographic techniques to the recently evolved nano-sensor techniques. 2024 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
creator: Aiswarya P.S.; Thadathil D.A.; George L.; Varghese A.
source: Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry
publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.
date: 2024-01-01
rights: Restricted Access
relation: ISSN: 10408347; CODEN: CCACB
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Aiswarya P.S., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Thadathil D.A., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; George L., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Varghese A., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India

Role of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles in environmental remediation: a review
subject: AgNPs; Dye degradation; Environmental remediation; Green synthesis; Heavy metal sensors
description: Nanoscience and nanotechnology have made remarkable advances that have significantly altered the environmental remediation process. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an essential and remarkable nanomaterial in environmental remediation. The potential of AgNPs in biomedical applications is well explored compared to their environmental applications. This review explores the biosynthesis and application of AgNPs in environmental remediation. The discussion continues with the challenges of using AgNPs for environmental remediation and concludes with the prospects of AgNPs. The review will be beneficial to all researchers and professionals who are starting their journey with AgNP synthesis. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
creator: Akhil T.; Bhavana V.; Ann Maria C.G.; Nidhin M.
source: Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering, Vol-8, No. 3, pp. 829-843.
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
date: 2023-01-01
rights: Restricted Access
relation: ISSN: 23656379
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Akhil T., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, 560029, India; Bhavana V., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, 560029, India; Ann Maria C.G., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, 560029, India; Nidhin M., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, 560029, India

Essential Oil from Coriandrum sativum: A review on Its Phytochemistry and Biological Activity
subject: antimicrobial; biological activity; coriander essential oil (CEO); EO variation; phytochemistry
description: Essential oils are hydrophobic liquids produced as secondary metabolites by specialized secretory tissues in the leaves, seeds, flowers, bark and wood of the plant, and they play an important ecological role in plants. Essential oils have been used in various traditional healing systems due to their pharmaceutical properties, and are reported to be a suitable replacement for chemical and synthetic drugs that come with adverse side effects. Thus, currently, various plant sources for essential oil production have been explored. Coriander essential oil, obtained from the leaf and seed oil of Coriandrum sativum, has been reported to have various biological activities. Apart from its application in food preservation, the oil has many pharmacological properties, including allelopathic properties. The present review discusses the phytochemical composition of the seed and leaf oil of coriander and the variation of the essential oil across various germplasms, accessions, at different growth stages and across various regions. Furthermore, the study explores various extraction and quantification methods for coriander essential oils. The study also provides detailed information on various pharmacological properties of essential oils, such as antimicrobial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, allelopathic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticonvulsive, antidepressant, and hepatoprotective properties, as well as playing a major role in maintaining good digestive health. Coriander essential oil is one of the most promising alternatives in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 2023 by the authors.
creator: Al-Khayri J.M.; Banadka A.; Nandhini M.; Nagella P.; Al-Mssallem M.Q.; Alessa F.M.
source: Molecules, Vol-28, No. 2
publisher: MDPI
date: 2023-01-01
rights: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
relation: ISSN: 14203049; PubMed ID: 36677754; CODEN: MOLEF
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Banadka A., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Nandhini M., Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, 560027, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Al-Mssallem M.Q., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Alessa F.M., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia

Cadmium toxicity in medicinal plants: An overview of the tolerance strategies, biotechnological and omics approaches to alleviate metal stress
subject: cadmium; CRISPR- Cas 9; medicinal plants; plant secondary metabolites; reactive oxygen species; transporters
description: Medicinal plants, an important source of herbal medicine, are gaining more demand with the growing human needs in recent times. However, these medicinal plants have been recognized as one of the possible sources of heavy metal toxicity in humans as these medicinal plants are exposed to cadmium-rich soil and water because of extensive industrial and agricultural operations. Cadmium (Cd) is an extremely hazardous metal that has a deleterious impact on plant development and productivity. These plants uptake Cd by symplastic, apoplastic, or via specialized transporters such as HMA, MTPs, NRAMP, ZIP, and ZRT-IRT-like proteins. Cd exerts its effect by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interfere with a range of metabolic and physiological pathways. Studies have shown that it has detrimental effects on various plant growth stages like germination, vegetative and reproductive stages by analyzing the anatomical, morphological and biochemical changes (changes in photosynthetic machinery and membrane permeability). Also, plants respond to Cd toxicity by using various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Furthermore, the ROS generated due to the heavy metal stress alters the genes that are actively involved in signal transduction. Thus, the biosynthetic pathway of the important secondary metabolite is altered thereby affecting the synthesis of secondary metabolites either by enhancing or suppressing the metabolite production. The present review discusses the abundance of Cd and its incorporation, accumulation and translocation by plants, phytotoxic implications, and morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of medicinal plants to Cd toxicity. It explains the Cd detoxification mechanisms exhibited by the medicinal plants and further discusses the omics and biotechnological strategies such as genetic engineering and gene editing CRISPR- Cas 9 approach to ameliorate the Cd stress. Copyright 2023 Al-Khayri, Banadka, Rashmi, Nagella, Ales…
creator: Al-Khayri J.M.; Banadka A.; Rashmi R.; Nagella P.; Alessa F.M.; Almaghasla M.I.
source: Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol-13
publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
date: 2023-01-01
rights: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
relation: ISSN: 1664462X
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Banadka A., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Rashmi R., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Alessa F.M., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Almaghasla M.I., Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, Plant Pests, and Diseases Unit, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

Stilbenes, a Versatile Class of Natural Metabolites for InflammationAn Overview
subject: inflammation; plant secondary metabolites; resveratrol; stilbenes; viniferins; Vitis vinifera
description: Stilbenes are polyphenolic allelochemicals synthesized by plants, especially grapes, peanuts, rhubarb, berries, etc., to defend themselves under stressful conditions. They are now exploited in medicine for their antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is the immune systems response to invading bacteria, toxic chemicals or even nutrient-deprived conditions. It is characterized by the release of cytokines which can wreak havoc on healthy tissues, worsening the disease condition. Stilbenes modulate NF-?B, MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways, and reduce the transcription of inflammatory factors which result in maintenance of homeostatic conditions. Resveratrol, the most studied stilbene, lowers the Michaelis constant of SIRT1, and occupies the substrate binding pocket. Gigantol interferes with the complement system. Besides these, oxyresveratrol, pterostilbene, polydatin, viniferins, etc., are front runners as drug candidates due to their diverse effects from different functional groups that affect bioavailability and molecular interactions. However, they each have different thresholds for toxicity to various cells of the human body, and thus a careful review of their properties must be conducted. In animal models of autoinflammatory diseases, the mode of application of stilbenes is important to their absorption and curative effects, as seen with topical and microemulsion gel methods. This review covers the diversity seen among stilbenes in the plant kingdom and their mechanism of action on the different inflammatory pathways. In detail, macrophages contribution to inflamed conditions in the liver, the cardiac, connective and neural tissues, in the nephrons, intestine, lungs and in myriad other body cells is explored, along with detailed explanation on how stilbenes alleviate the symptoms specific to body site. A section on the bioavailability of stilbenes is included for understanding the limitations of the natural compounds as directly us…
creator: Al-Khayri J.M.; Mascarenhas R.; Harish H.M.; Gowda Y.; Lakshmaiah V.V.; Nagella P.; Al-Mssallem M.Q.; Alessa F.M.; Almaghasla M.I.; Rezk A.A.-S.
source: Molecules, Vol-28, No. 9
publisher: MDPI
date: 2023-01-01
rights: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
relation: ISSN: 14203049; PubMed ID: 37175197; CODEN: MOLEF
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Mascarenhas R., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Harish H.M., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Gowda Y., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Lakshmaiah V.V., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Al-Mssallem M.Q., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Alessa F.M., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Almaghasla M.I., Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia, Plant Pests, and Diseases Unit, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Rezk A.A.-S., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia, Department of Virus and Phytoplasma, Plant Pathology Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt

Biotechnological approaches for the production of hypericin and other important metabolites from the genus Hypericum
subject: Bioreactor; Cell suspension culture; Elicitation; Hypericin; Organ culture
description: Hypericin, a polycyclic naphthodianthrone and active plant pigment with the molecular formula C30H16O8, is a crucial phytochemical extracted from the dark-colored glands present on the aerial parts of the genus Hypericum. It is biosynthesized through the polyketide pathway by plant-specific type III polyketide synthases (PKSs). In addition to hypericin, the genus Hypericum is rich in various classes of phytochemicals. Alongside other bioactive compounds like hyperforin and flavonoids, hypericin exhibits antidepressant activity. Recently, hypericin has gained increased importance in the research due to its unique properties. Its photodynamic nature makes it an effective natural photosensitizer, extending its use in investigating skin disorders. Moreover, hypericin demonstrates antiviral and antitumoral properties. Despite its effectiveness in treating cancers and neurological disorders, hypericin production faces challenges due to its site-specific nature. Conventional methods struggle to meet the growing demand for hypericin. Biotechnological approaches, including plant tissue culture and bioreactor-based large-scale production, offer promising solutions to address this demand. This review focuses on various plant tissue culture techniques, such as cell and organ culture, and elucidates their biosynthetic pathways. It also discusses hypericin production using elicitation strategies involving biotic and abiotic components, as well as genetic engineering approaches to enhance hypericin yields. Bioreactor-scale production presents significant potential for sustainable hypericin production. Further advancements in understanding and engineering biosynthetic pathways hold promise for unlocking new avenues in hypericin production. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024.
creator: Al-Khayri J.M.; Narasimha S.W.; Vennapusa A.R.; Nagella P.; Shehata W.F.; Al-Mssallem M.Q.
source: Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, Vol-156, No. 3
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
date: 2024-01-01
rights: Restricted Access
relation: ISSN: 1676857; CODEN: PTCED
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Narasimha S.W., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Vennapusa A.R., Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, 19901, DE, United States; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Shehata W.F., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Al-Mssallem M.Q., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia

The Role of Nanoparticles in Response of Plants to Abiotic Stress at Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Levels
subject: abiotic stress; biochemical changes; climate changes; molecular changes; nanoparticles
description: In recent years, the global agricultural system has been unfavorably impacted by adverse environmental changes. These changes in the climate, in turn, have altered the abiotic conditions of plants, affecting plant growth, physiology and production. Abiotic stress in plants is one of the main obstacles to global agricultural production and food security. Therefore, there is a need for the development of novel approaches to overcome these problems and achieve sustainability. Nanotechnology has emerged as one such novel approach to improve crop production, through the utilization of nanoscale products, such as nanofertilizer, nanofungicides, nanoherbicides and nanopesticides. Their ability to cross cellular barriers makes nanoparticles suitable for their application in agriculture. Since they are easily soluble, smaller, and effective for uptake by plants, nanoparticles are widely used as a modern agricultural tool. The implementation of nanoparticles has been found to be effective in improving the qualitative and quantitative aspects of crop production under various biotic and abiotic stress conditions. This review discusses various abiotic stresses to which plants are susceptible and highlights the importance of the application of nanoparticles in combating abiotic stress, in addition to the major physiological, biochemical and molecular-induced changes that can help plants tolerate stress conditions. It also addresses the potential environmental and health impacts as a result of the extensive use of nanoparticles. 2023 by the authors.
creator: Al-Khayri J.M.; Rashmi R.; Surya Ulhas R.; Sudheer W.N.; Banadka A.; Nagella P.; Aldaej M.I.; Rezk A.A.-S.; Shehata W.F.; Almaghasla M.I.
source: Plants, Vol-12, No. 2
publisher: MDPI
date: 2023-01-01
rights: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
relation: ISSN: 22237747
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Rashmi R., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 029, India; Surya Ulhas R., Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit, Furstengraben 1, Jena, 07743, Germany; Sudheer W.N., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 029, India; Banadka A., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 029, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 029, India; Aldaej M.I., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Rezk A.A.-S., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia, Virus & Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 3725005, Egypt; Shehata W.F., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Almaghasla M.I., Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia, Plant Pests, and Diseases Unit, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia

Plant Secondary Metabolites: The Weapons for Biotic Stress Management
subject: aposematic signals; biopesticides; biotic stress; companion farming; feeding deterrents; metabolomics engineering; plant secondary metabolites
description: The rise in global temperature also favors the multiplication of pests and pathogens, which calls into question global food security. Plants have developed special coping mechanisms since they are sessile and lack an immune system. These mechanisms use a variety of secondary metabolites as weapons to avoid obstacles, adapt to their changing environment, and survive in less-than-ideal circumstances. Plant secondary metabolites include phenolic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, and terpenoids, which are stored in specialized structures such as latex, trichomes, resin ducts, etc. Secondary metabolites help the plants to be safe from biotic stressors, either by repelling them or attracting their enemies, or exerting toxic effects on them. Modern omics technologies enable the elucidation of the structural and functional properties of these metabolites along with their biosynthesis. A better understanding of the enzymatic regulations and molecular mechanisms aids in the exploitation of secondary metabolites in modern pest management approaches such as biopesticides and integrated pest management. The current review provides an overview of the major plant secondary metabolites that play significant roles in enhancing biotic stress tolerance. It examines their involvement in both indirect and direct defense mechanisms, as well as their storage within plant tissues. Additionally, this review explores the importance of metabolomics approaches in elucidating the significance of secondary metabolites in biotic stress tolerance. The application of metabolic engineering in breeding for biotic stress resistance is discussed, along with the exploitation of secondary metabolites for sustainable pest management. 2023 by the authors.
creator: Al-Khayri J.M.; Rashmi R.; Toppo V.; Chole P.B.; Banadka A.; Sudheer W.N.; Nagella P.; Shehata W.F.; Al-Mssallem M.Q.; Alessa F.M.; Almaghasla M.I.; Rezk A.A.-S.
source: Metabolites, Vol-13, No. 6
publisher: MDPI
date: 2023-01-01
rights: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
relation: ISSN: 22181989 | LS; 2023-2024; Vol-2; 0429-0468
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Rashmi R., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 029, India; Toppo V., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 029, India; Chole P.B., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 029, India; Banadka A., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 029, India; Sudheer W.N., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 029, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 029, India; Shehata W.F., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Al-Mssallem M.Q., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Alessa F.M., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Almaghasla M.I., Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia, Plant Pests, and Diseases Unit, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Rezk A.A.-S., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia, Department of Virus and Phytoplasma, Plant Pathology Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Insights and New Prospects in Disease Pathophysiology, Biomarkers and Therapies
subject: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; diagnosis; neuroinflammation; pathology; therapies
description: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder marked by the gradual loss of motor neurons, leading to significant disability and eventual death. Despite ongoing research, there are still limited treatment options, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of the diseases complex mechanisms and the identification of new therapeutic targets. This review provides a thorough examination of ALS, covering its epidemiology, pathology, and clinical features. It investigates the key molecular mechanisms, such as protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity that contribute to motor neuron degeneration. The role of biomarkers is highlighted for their importance in early diagnosis and disease monitoring. Additionally, the review explores emerging therapeutic approaches, including inhibitors of protein aggregation, neuroinflammation modulators, antioxidant therapies, gene therapy, and stem cell-based treatments. The advantages and challenges of these strategies are discussed, with an emphasis on the potential for precision medicine to tailor treatments to individual patient needs. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of ALS research and suggest future directions for developing effective therapies. 2024 by the authors.
creator: Al-Khayri J.M.; Ravindran M.; Banadka A.; Vandana C.D.; Priya K.; Nagella P.; Kukkemane K.
source: Pharmaceuticals, Vol-17, No. 10
publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
date: 2024-01-01
rights: All Open Access; Gold Open Access
relation: ISSN: 14248247
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; Ravindran M., Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be-University), Bangalore, 560027, India; Banadka A., Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be-University), Bangalore, 560027, India; Vandana C.D., Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be-University), Bangalore, 560027, India; Priya K., Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be-University), Bangalore, 560027, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Christ University, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Kukkemane K., Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Christ University, Bengaluru, 560029, India

Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review
subject: anti-inflammation; flavonoids; natural products; phenolic compounds; phytochemicals
description: Hydroxylated polyphenols, also called flavonoids, are richly present in vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, herbs, seeds, stems, and flowers of numerous plants. They possess numerous medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammation. Studies show that flavonoids activate antioxidant pathways that render an anti-inflammatory effect. They inhibit the secretions of enzymes such as lysozymes and ?-glucuronidase and inhibit the secretion of arachidonic acid, which reduces inflammatory reactions. Flavonoids such as quercetin, genistein, apigenin, kaempferol, and epigallocatechin 3-gallate modulate the expression and activation of a cytokine such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1?), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8); regulate the gene expression of many pro-inflammatory molecules such s nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-?B), activator protein-1 (AP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM), and E-selectins; and also inhibits inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and lipoxygenase, which are pro-inflammatory enzymes. Understanding the anti-inflammatory action of flavonoids provides better treatment options, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, obstructive pulmonary disorder, arthritis, Alzheimers disease, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer. This review highlights the sources, biochemical activities, and role of flavonoids in enhancing human health. 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
creator: Al-Khayri J.M.; Sahana G.R.; Nagella P.; Joseph B.V.; Alessa F.M.; Al-Mssallem M.Q.
source: Molecules, Vol-27, No. 9
publisher: MDPI
date: 2022-01-01
rights: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
relation: ISSN: 14203049; PubMed ID: 35566252; CODEN: MOLEF
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Sahana G.R., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India; Joseph B.V., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India; Alessa F.M., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Al-Mssallem M.Q., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia

Biotechnological Approaches for Production of Artemisinin, an Anti-Malarial Drug from Artemisia annua L.
subject: Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Artemisia annua; Artemisinin; bioreactor; cell suspension culture; elicitation
description: Artemisinin is an anti-malarial sesquiterpene lactone derived from Artemisia annua L. (Aster-aceae family). One of the most widely used modes of treatment for malaria is an artemisinin-based combination therapy. Artemisinin and its associated compounds have a variety of pharmacological qualities that have helped achieve economic prominence in recent years. So far, research on the biosynthesis of this bioactive metabolite has revealed that it is produced in glandular trichomes and that the genes responsible for its production must be overexpressed in order to meet demand. Using biotechnological applications such as tissue culture, genetic engineering, and bioreactor-based approaches would aid in the upregulation of artemisinin yield, which is needed for the future. The current review focuses on the tissue culture aspects of propagation of A. annua and production of artemisinin from A. annua L. cell and organ cultures. The review also focuses on elicitation strategies in cell and organ cultures, as well as artemisinin biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of biosynthetic genes in Artemisia and plant model systems. 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
creator: Al-Khayri J.M.; Sudheer W.N.; Lakshmaiah V.V.; Mukherjee E.; Nizam A.; Thiruvengadam M.; Nagella P.; Alessa F.M.; Al-Mssallem M.Q.; Rezk A.A.; Shehata W.F.; Attimarad M.
source: Molecules, Vol-27, No. 9
publisher: MDPI
date: 2022-01-01
rights: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
relation: ISSN: 14203049; PubMed ID: 35566390; CODEN: MOLEF
format: Online
language: English
type: Review
coverage: Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Sudheer W.N., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Lakshmaiah V.V., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Mukherjee E., Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201313, India; Nizam A., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Thiruvengadam M., Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Alessa F.M., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Al-Mssallem M.Q., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Rezk A.A., Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Shehata W.F., Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Attimarad M., Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia