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A meta-ethnographic synthesis of lived experience of spouse caregivers in chronic illness
Social workers routinely work with chronically ill, providing support for long term care. Several qualitative studies describe the experiences of the person and carer in a chronic illness. There is a limited synthesis of these experiences to aid practice. The current review aims to present a synthesis of the experiences of the spouses of chronically ill persons reported in the literature. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was done, and the studies were selected using PRISMA guidelines. The selected studies were subjected to quality check using CASP guidelines and a score was assigned to each of those studies. Later, qualitative synthesis of the results of the selected studies was done using the principles of meta-ethnography. 2407 studies published between 19992019 were identified and 22 studies were included in the final synthesis. The number of participants in the studies reviewed was 309, with more representation of females. The reciprocal synthesis of these studies identified loss, change, caregiving and exhaustion, barriers in providing care, illness experience, coping, socio-cultural norms and support as common themes from the accounts of the participants. Continuity of change was identified as the core concept in the lived experience of the spouses of chronically ill persons. Illness, loss and Lived experience is proposed as a model of the lived experience of the spouses. Through this synthesis, the factors influencing the lived experience of spouse caregivers is understood, which can help social work professionals in the health sector in planning interventions for the spouses of chronically ill persons. The Author(s) 2021. -
A Mini Review on the Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have emerged as key green tool in organic synthesis for their methodological simplicity. MCRs have made heterocycle synthesis more versatile. The most crucial molecule among the most often used heterocycles is pyridine, which is widely used in biological, industrial, and pharmaceutical sectors. In light of this, our mini-review highlights the literature on substituted pyridine synthesis published from the year 2016 to early 2022 via multicomponent approach. 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
A novel survey for young substellar objects with the W-band filter III: Searching for very low-mass brown dwarfs in Serpens South and Serpens Core
We present CFHT photometry and IRTF spectroscopy of low-mass candidate members of Serpens South and Serpens Core (?430 pc, ?0.5 Myr), identified using a novel combination of photometric filters, known as the W-band method. We report SC182952+011618, SS182959-020335, and SS183032-021028 as young, low-mass Serpens candidate members, with spectral types in the range M7-M8, M5-L0, and M5-M6.5, respectively. Best-fitting effective temperatures and luminosities imply masses of < 0.12M? for all three candidate cluster members. We also present Hubble Space Telescope imaging data (F127M, F139M, and F850LP) for six targets in Serpens South. We report the discovery of the binary system SS183044-020918AB. The binary components are separated by ?45 AU, with spectral types of M7-M8 and M8-M9, and masses of 0.08-0.1 and 0.05-0.07 M. We discuss the effects of high dust attenuation on the reliability of our analysis, as well as the presence of reddened background stars in our photometric sample. 2021 The Author(s). -
A Prompt Study on Recent Advances in the Development Of Colorimetric and Fluorescent Chemosensors for Nanomolar Detection of Biologically Important Analytes
Fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors for selective detection of various biologically important analytes have been widely applied in different areas such as biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental sciences. The research area based on fluorescent chemosensors has been in existence for about 150years with the development of large number of fluorescent chemosensors for selective detection of cations as metal ions, anions, reactive species, neutral molecules and different gases etc. Despite the progress made in this field, several problems and challenges still exist. The most important part of sensing is limit of detection (LOD) which is the lowest concentration that can be measured (detected) with statistical significance by means of a given analytical procedure. Although there are so many reports available for detection of millimolar to micromolar range but the development of chemosensors for the detection of analytes in nanomolar range is still a challenging task. Therefore, in our current review we have focused the history and a general overview of the development in the research of fluorescent sensors for selective detection of various analytes at nanomolar level only. The basic principles involved in the design of chemosensors for specific analytes, binding mode, photophysical properties and various directions are also covered here. Summary of physiochemical properties, mechanistic view and type of different chemosensors has been demonstrated concisely in the tabular forms. Graphical Abstract: In our current review we have focused the history and a general overview of the development in the research of fluorescent sensors for selective detection of various analytes at nanomolar level only. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
A rapid investigation of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent switch-on probes for detection and in cellulo tracking of G-quadruplex and double-stranded DNA
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in Near Infrared (NIR) fluorescence switch-on probes designed for the detection and in cellulo tracking of G-quadruplex and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). G-quadruplexes, non-canonical DNA structures, play pivotal roles in regulating various biological processes, making them critical targets for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The unique properties of NIR fluorescence probes, such as deep tissue penetration, minimal photodamage, and low autofluorescence background, offer significant advantages for bioimaging. We critically analyze the design strategies, photophysical properties, and binding mechanisms of various NIR fluorescence switch-on probes. Additionally, we discuss their efficacy and specificity in identifying G-quadruplexes and dsDNA within cellular environments. Key challenges and future directions for improving the sensitivity, selectivity, and biocompatibility of these probes are also highlighted. This review aims to underscore the potential of NIR fluorescence probes in advancing our understanding of DNA dynamics and their applications in biomedical research. 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
A Retrospection on Mercury Contamination, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity in Diverse Environments: Current Insights and Future Prospects
Owing to various industrial applications of mercury (Hg), its release into the environment at high concentration is becoming a great threat to living organisms on a global scale. Human exposure to Hg is greatly correlated with contamination in the food chain through cereal crops and sea foods. Since Hg is a non-essential component and does not possess a biological role and exhibits carcinogenic and genotoxic behaviour, biomonitoring with a focus on biomagnification of higher living animals and plants is the need of the hour. This review traces the plausible relationship between Hg concentration, chemical form, exposure, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, distribution, and ecotoxicology. The toxicity with molecular mechanisms, oxidative stress (OS), protein alteration, genomic change, and enzymatic disruptions are discussed. In addition, this review also elaborates advanced strategies for reducing Hg contamination such as algal and phytoremediation, biochar application, catalytical oxidation, and immobilization. Furthermore, there are challenges to overcome and future perspectives considering Hg concentrations, biomarkers, and identification through the nature of exposures are recommended. 2023 by the authors. -
A review of challenges and solutions in the preparation and use of magnetorheological fluids
This review of MRF (magnetorheological fluids or MR fluids) brings out the challenges in methods of preparation, difficulties encountered in storage and use, and possible solutions to overcome the challenges. Magnetorheological fluid in the rheological fluid domain has found use due to its ability to change its shear strength based on the applied magnetic field. Magnetorheological fluids are composed of magnetizable micron-sized iron particles and a non-magnetizable base or carrier fluid along with additives to counter sedimentation and agglomeration. Magnetorheological fluids can respond to external stimuli by undergoing changes in physical properties thus enabling several improved modifications in the existing technology enhancing their application versatility and utility. Thus, magnetorheological fluid, a rheological material whose viscosity undergoes apparent changes on application of magnetic field, is considered as a smart material. Such materials can be used for active and semi-active control of engineering systems. Many studies on the designs of systems incorporating MR fluids, mainly for vibration control and also for other applications including brakes, clutches, dynamometers, aircraft landing gears, and helicopter lag dampers, have emerged over last couple of decades. However, the preparation as well as the maintenance of magnetorheological fluids involves several challenges. Sedimentation is a major challenge, even when stored for moderate periods of time. A comprehensive review is made on the problems confronted in the preparation of magnetorheological fluids as well as sustenance of the properties, for use, over a long period of time. Other problems encountered include agglomeration and in-use thickening (IUT) as well as rusting and crusting. Of interest is the mitigation of these problems so as to prepare fluids with satisfactory properties, and such solutions are reviewed here. The control of magnetorheological fluids and the applications of interest are also reviewed. The review covers additives for overcoming challenges in the preparation and use of magnetorheological fluids that include incrustation, sedimentation, agglomeration, and also oxidation of the particles. The methodology to prepare the fluid along with the process for adding selected additives was reviewed. The results showed an improvement in the reduction of sedimentation and other problems decreasing comparatively. A set of additives for addressing the specific challenges has been summarized. Experiments were carried out to establish the sedimentation rates for compositions with varying fractions of additives. The review also analyzes briefly the gaps in studies on MR fluids and covers present developments and future application areas such as haptic devices. 2019, The Author(s). -
A review of cobalt-based catalysts for sustainable energy and environmental applications
In a bid to tackle the degrading climate conditions, the new age research in catalysis is predominantly focused on sustainable technologies associated with renewable energy conversion and environment purification. One of the primary motivations for the research in catalysis is the use of low-cost, earth-abundant materials that can fulfill the scale-up needs of respective technologies. Cobalt (Co) based catalysts have been an indispensable part of almost all areas of catalysis and they are often looked at as low-cost substitutes for precious metal-based catalysts. In the context of energy and environmental applications, Co-based catalysts are more commonly used for reactions such as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrolysis of chemical hydrides, CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Co-based catalysts are interesting compounds as Co plays a diverse role in facilitating different reactions. This review provides a brief account of the significance of Co-based catalysts and elaborates their advancement in each of the above-mentioned applications and presents future research directions with the use of Co-based catalysts. An in-depth analysis to gain a deeper understanding of the Co-based systems is highly desired to promote breakthroughs in catalysis. 2023 The Authors -
A Review of Comprehension and Operation of DC/DC Converters Precisely Voltage Multiplier and Voltage Lift Converters
Converters in power electronics play a significant part in the power conversion of distributed generation and grid-connected systems. This paper gives comprehension analysis and operation of various non-isolated step-up DC/DC converters for renewable energy applications using voltage multiplier or/and voltage lift techniques to attain higher voltage gain. An isolated converter structure mainly comprises a transformer which is associated with high cost, complexity, leakage inductance, losses and EMI problems with the decrease in the efficiency of the converter, hence the operation of several DC/DC converters precisely voltage multiplier and voltage lift converters are discussed with relative simulation results obtained. 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group. -
A review of hierarchical nanostructures of TiO2: Advances and applications
In the past few decades, extensive studies have been carried out on TiO2 nanostructures having hierarchical morphologies and their applications in diverse fields. By controlling the size and composition of the different TiO2 morphologies, new and improved properties have been realized, leading to significant advancements in materials chemistry, in the broad areas of energy and environment. The improved efficiency and wide applications of these materials are attributed to their physicochemical properties such as stability, efficient electronic and ionic charge transfer, higher specific surface area, etc. In this review, we discuss the different morphologies of hierarchical TiO2 nanoparticles and the properties that have been influenced by these morphologies, enabling their diverse applications. Several composites using the different TiO2 hierarchical forms have been synthesized which too find wide applications. The excellent physical properties of zero, one, two, and three-dimensional TiO2 nanostructures, the relationship between the morphologies of TiO2 nanostructures, and their activities in energy and environment applications have been discussed. 2021 The Author(s) -
A Review on Advanced Nanomaterials for Antibacterial Applications
The management of infectious diseases is one of the major public health challenges of the 21st century. Mutation of the microbes, biofilm formation, and other structural-morpholo-gical behaviors have resulted in pathogens acquiring multi-drug resistance. The development of advanced materials that can provide long-lasting and effective protection against harmful microbes is becoming a need of the hour. Biocompatibility, efficient microbial inactivation, thermal and chemical stability of nanomaterials help to reduce the excessive use of antibiotics and, thus, to overcome antimicrobial resistance. Metal and metal oxide nanostructures, graphene, carbon dots, and other two-dimensional materials exhibit excellent antimicrobial properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of antibacterial mechanisms and factors that help to inactivate the bacteria by nanomaterials. It also points out the enhanced antibacterial behaviors of the modified nanomaterials for future research concerns. 2023 Bentham Science Publishers. -
A review on anti-cancer plants of India
India has a high level of endemism and a diverse range of floral species. Cancer is one of the most significant challenges facing global health today. The indigenous peoples and residents who live in India have, for a very long time, made use of specific medicinal plants to fight cancer. This practice is still prevalent today. Several different drugs may be utilized in the treatment of cancer. Because of the potential drawbacks associated with such treatments and the development of drug resistance, the quest for new therapies that are both safer and much more effective is still the most challenging field of study. Several cancer medicines used today come from natural sources. We're returning to our old ways because medicinal plants are a good, natural way to make medicines that prevent cancer without causing major side effects. Within the scope of this study, a few herbs traditionally used to treat cancer are looked at to see what they might be good for. The cytotoxicity of these plants, the processes that lead to them, and the different compounds they make were looked into. This study has tried to focus on how these plants fight cancer. The Author(s). -
A review on ethanol tolerance mechanisms in yeast: Current knowledge in biotechnological applications and future directions
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the prominent strains in the brewing and bioethanol industries and has been used for many industrial purposes for ages. Though the organism is an outstanding ethanol producer, the major limiting factor is the stress the organism undergoes during fermentation. One of the significant stresses is the ethanol stress, created by ethanol accumulation in the medium. The ethanol starts to interact with the yeast cell membrane; further, as ethanol concentration increases, it affects a lot of cell organelles. Thereby, cellular activities get disrupted, causing cell death and hence reducing ethanol production. The organism has developed many strategies to overcome this stress by activating the stress response pathway, which regulates many genes involved in modifying the cell membrane cell wall, renaturation of proteins, and altering the metabolism. However, with higher ethanol concentrations, the yeast cells will be unable to tolerate, leading to cell death. Hence, to minimize cell death at higher ethanol concentrations, there is a need to understand the effect of ethanol and its response by the organism; this helps improve the ethanol tolerance of the organism and, thereby, ethanol production. Although many research works are carried out to understand the vital aspect of the tolerance and are reported, very few review papers cover all these points. Hence, this review is designed to include information on all the elements of ethanol tolerance, i.e., ethanol tolerance of different strains of S. cerevisiae, the effect of ethanol on the yeast cells, the mechanism used to tolerate the ethanol, and various techniques developed to improve the ethanol tolerance of the yeast cells. 2024 Elsevier Ltd -
A review on extraction and separation of cellulose fibers from agro wastes
Over the past few decades, there was significant increase in research concerning resources that have certain desirable characteristics like renewability, ease of availability, economic value, excellent mechanicalthermal properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Cellulose is one such resource that possesses these characteristics and yet various sources that constitute ample quantities of lignocellulose are discarded, as their peculiarities and applications were not widely known to the population. Agro wastes, which are generated every year at a tremendous rate, are viewed as a promising substrate for the commercial extraction of cellulose. Hence in this review, an appropriate utilization of these agricultural by-products, with respect to extraction of cellulose is discussed, so as to ameliorate their applications in an aim to diminish the disposal rate of essential commodities. 2021 World Research Association. All rights reserved. -
A Review on Fish Skin-Derived Gelatin: Elucidating the Gelatin PeptidesPreparation, Bioactivity, Mechanistic Insights, and Strategies for Stability Improvement
Fish skin-derived gelatin has garnered significant attention recently due to its abundant availability and promising bioactive properties. This comprehensive review elucidates various intricacies concerning fish skin-derived gelatin peptides, including their preparation techniques, bioactive profiles, underlying mechanisms, and methods for stability enhancement. The review investigates diverse extraction methods and processing approaches for acquiring gelatin peptides from fish skin, emphasizing their impact on the peptide composition and functional characteristics. Furthermore, the review examines the manifold bioactivities demonstrated by fish skin-derived gelatin peptides, encompassing antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, elucidating their potential roles in functional food products, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. Further, mechanistic insights into the functioning of gelatin peptides are explored, shedding light on their interactions with biological targets and pathways. Additionally, strategies aimed at improving the stability of gelatin peptides, such as encapsulation, modification, and integration into delivery systems, are discussed to extend the shelf life and preserve the bioactivity. Overall, this comprehensive review offers valuable insights into using fish skin-derived gelatin peptides as functional ingredients, providing perspectives for future research endeavors and industrial applications within food science, health, and biotechnology. 2024 by the authors. -
A review on power quality issues in electric vehicle interfaced distribution system and mitigation techniques
Electric vehicles (EV) penetration in the distribution systems is evident and intended to grow day by day. Power quality issues pop up in the distribution system with an increase in EV penetration. Distribution networks need to consider the power quality issues developed due to the penetration of EVs for planning and designing the system. The power quality issues, including voltage imbalance, total harmonic distortion, distribution transformer failure, and related issues, are anticipated due to EV penetration in distribution systems. Detailed review of power quality issues and mitigation techniques are detailed in this paper. Discussion on the effect of these power quality issues on the distribution systems and corresponding mitigation measures are detailed. Power quality impact mitigation techniques have been discussed recently, which exploits the bidirectional power flow of vehicle to grid vehicle to grid (V2G) and grid to vehicle grid-to-vehicle (G2V). Methods and methodologies that mitigate power quality problems in the EV penetrated distribution system is discussed. Bidirectional power flow during EV charging and discharging and power quality issues in this topology is detailed in this review paper. A discussion on future trends and different possible future research paradigms is discussed as the review's conclusion. 2022 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved. -
A Review on Recent Trends in Biological Applications of Non-conjugated Polymer Dots
With the advancement of zero-dimensional carbon materials, carbon dots (CDs) have received immense attention owing to their exceptional optical properties, tailoring of size, and ease of functionalization. They have wide applications in fluorescent sensing, chemical sensing, bioimaging, photocatalysis, etc. Zero-dimensional polymer nanoparticles are called polymer dots (PDs) and are classified into conjugated and non-conjugated PDs based on their conjugated system. Non-conjugated polymer dots (NCPDs) do not have specific conjugated fluorophore groups, but they have superior chemical stability and water solubility than the conjugated PDs. The carbon core of NCPDs is surrounded by polymer chains containing ample functional groups such as C=O, N=O, and C=N, which are responsible for the luminescent PDs. NCPDs are less toxic, photostable, and biocompatible and are relevant in biological explorations in bioimaging, drug delivery, biosensing, etc. This mini-review provides a systematic overview of the inherent properties and the biological applications of NCPDs. It also emphasises the synergistic impacts on the optical performance of modified PDs and significant future research concerns. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
A review on synthetic approaches towards kavalactones
Kavalactones are classes of ?-pyrone and 5,6-dihydropyrone derivatives showing various biological activities, and numerous approaches have been reported for the preparation of these molecules. In this review, we discuss the different synthetic approaches towards these naturally occurring lactones, in both racemic and enantiomerically pure forms, that have been reported in the literature to date. It is hoped that this review will assist researchers in the development of additional and efficient synthetic routes towards kavalactones. 1 Introduction 2 Synthetic Approaches for the Preparation of Kavalactones 3 Conclusion. 2021. Thieme. -
A review on the efficacy of artificial intelligence for managing anxiety disorders
Anxiety disorders are psychiatric conditions characterized by prolonged and generalized anxiety experienced by individuals in response to various events or situations. At present, anxiety disorders are regarded as the most widespread psychiatric disorders globally. Medication and different types of psychotherapies are employed as the primary therapeutic modalities in clinical practice for the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, combining these two approaches is known to yield more significant benefits than medication alone. Nevertheless, there is a lack of resources and a limited availability of psychotherapy options in underdeveloped areas. Psychotherapy methods encompass relaxation techniques, controlled breathing exercises, visualization exercises, controlled exposure exercises, and cognitive interventions such as challenging negative thoughts. These methods are vital in the treatment of anxiety disorders, but executing them proficiently can be demanding. Moreover, individuals with distinct anxiety disorders are prescribed medications that may cause withdrawal symptoms in some instances. Additionally, there is inadequate availability of face-to-face psychotherapy and a restricted capacity to predict and monitor the health, behavioral, and environmental aspects of individuals with anxiety disorders during the initial phases. In recent years, there has been notable progress in developing and utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) based applications and environments to improve the precision and sensitivity of diagnosing and treating various categories of anxiety disorders. As a result, this study aims to establish the efficacy of AI-enabled environments in addressing the existing challenges in managing anxiety disorders, reducing reliance on medication, and investigating the potential advantages, issues, and opportunities of integrating AI-assisted healthcare for anxiety disorders and enabling personalized therapy. Copyright 2024 Das and Gavade. -
A review on the electrochemical behavior of graphenetransition metal oxide nanocomposites for energy storage applications
Electrochemical energy storage devices like supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries require an improvement in their performance at the commercial level. Among them, supercapacitors are beneficial in sustainable nanotechnologies for energy conversion and storage systems and have high power rates compared to batteries. High chemical and mechanical stability, huge electrical conductivity, and high specific surface area have been beneficial for selecting graphene as a supercapacitor electrode material. The excellent properties of transition metal oxides are accountable for the application in the field of energy storage. The synergistic effects of the composites of graphene derivatives with transition metal oxides will boost the performance of the devices. Recently, several studies have been done for developing supercapacitor electrodes with these nanocomposites. This review article presents an analysis of the performance of these nanocomposites with an overview of their specific capacitance, energy density, and cycling stability for supercapacitor electrode application. A brief introduction of the theory and experimental analysis of supercapacitors is also given. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.