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A top-down approach for studying the in-silico effect of the novel phytocompound tribulusamide B on the inhibition of Nipah virus transmission through targeting fusion glycoprotein and matrix protein
The proteins of Nipah virus ascribe to its lifecycle and are crucial to infections caused by the virus. In the absence of approved therapeutics, these proteins can be considered as drug targets. This study examined the potential of fifty-three (53) natural compounds to inhibit Nipah virus fusion glycoprotein (NiV F) and matrix protein (NiV M) in silico. The molecular docking experiment, supported by the principal component analysis (PCA), showed that out of all the phytochemicals considered, Tribulusamide B had the highest inhibitory potential against the target proteins NiV F and NiV M (-9.21 and ?8.66 kcal mol?1, respectively), when compared to the control drug, Ribavirin (-7.01 and ?6.52 kcal mol?1, respectively). Furthermore, it was found that Tribulusamide B pharmacophores, namely, hydrogen donors, acceptors, aromatic and hydrophobic groups, contributed towards the effective residual interactions with the target proteins. The molecular dynamic simulation further validated the results of the docking studies and concluded that Tribulusamide B formed a stable complex with the target proteins. The data obtained from MM-PBSA study further explained that the phytochemical could strongly bind with NiV F (-31.26 kJ mol?1) and NiV M (-40.26 kJ mol?1) proteins in comparison with the control drug Ribavirin (-13.12 and ?13.94 kJ mol?1, respectively). Finally, the results indicated that Tribulusamide B, a common inhibitor effective against multiple proteins, can be considered a potential therapeutic entity in treating the Nipah virus infection. 2024 Elsevier Ltd -
Designing Bifunctional Electrocatalysts Based on Complex Cobalt-Sulfo-Boride Compound for High-Current-Density Alkaline Water Electrolysis
In the quest to harness renewable energy sources for green hydrogen production, alkaline water electrolysis has emerged as a pivotal technology. Enhancing the reaction rates of overall water electrolysis and streamlining electrode manufacturing necessitate the development of bifunctional and cost-effective electrocatalysts. With this aim, a complex compound electrocatalyst in the form of cobalt-sulfo-boride (Co-S-B) was fabricated using a simple chemical reduction method and tested for overall alkaline water electrolysis. A nanocrystalline form of Co-S-B displayed a combination of porous and nanoflake-like morphology with a high surface area. In comparison to Co-B and Co-S, the Co-S-B electrocatalyst exhibits better bifunctional characteristics requiring lower overpotentials of 144 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction and 280 mV for oxygen evolution reaction to achieve 10 mA/cm2 in an alkaline electrolyte. The improved Co-S-B performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of sulfur and boron on cobalt, which was experimentally confirmed through various material characterization tools. Tafel slope, electrochemical surface area, turnover frequency, and charge transfer resistance further endorse the active nature of the Co-S-B electrocatalyst. The robustness of the developed electrocatalyst was validated through a 50 h chronoamperometric stability test, along with a recyclability test involving 10,000 cycles of linear sweep voltammetry. Furthermore, Co-S-B was tested in an alkaline zero-gap water electrolyzer, reaching 1 A/cm2 at 2.06 V and 60 C. The significant activity and stability demonstrated by the cobalt-sulfo-boride compound render it as a promising and cost-effective electrode material for commercial alkaline water electrolyzers. 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. -
Investigation of corrosion behavior of Cenosphere reinforced iron based composite coatings
In the present study cenopshere was reinforced with FeCrNiC (Metco 42C) as matrix material and prepared four different feedstock powders such as FeCrNiC+0%Cenosphere, FeCrNiC+5%Cenosphere, FeCrNiC+10%Cenosphere and FeCrNiC+15%Cenosphere were coated by plasma spray technique on T22 substrate. Evaluation of the substrate and coatings potential under salt spray test was performed. Dense fog of 5% NaCl salt water was used to create a corrosive atmosphere within the chamber. The salt water's pH was kept constant at 6.57. The materials that underwent corrosion were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FeCrNiC+15%Cenosphere and FeCrNiC+10%Cenosphere coatings exhibited reduced weight loss during a 168-h corrosion test compared to the FeCrNiC+5%Cenosphere, FeCrNiC coatings, and substrate. The excellent chemical stability and corrosion resistance of Cr23C6, SiO2, NiO, and Cr2O particles contribute to gradually avoid the formation of red rust on Fe-based coated samples with exposure approaches to 52 and 130 h. 2024 The Authors -
A Theoretical Article: Exploring the Evolutionary Dynamics of Couples and Family Therapy
This article provides a comprehensive review of how the field of family therapy has evolved, tracing its roots from early practices influenced by eugenics to its current diverse theoretical frameworks, which are ever-expanding. In the mid-20th century, family therapy expanded beyond its eugenic roots, embracing diverse theoretical frameworks and giving rise to various therapeutic modalities like behavioral and emotionally focused family and couples therapy. However, due to cultural disparities, these concepts and models cannot holistically capture the essence of family therapy in India. They do not compute the central role of the intergenerational subsystem or understand hierarchical dynamics. What is deemed okay in the Western context does not hold true in the Indian context. Postmodern approaches show a marked improvement in dealing with these problems in cultural adaptations of family and couples therapy by integrating diverse therapeutic practices, technological advances, and cultural and diversity-sensitive practices. However, despite these advancements, the adapted modalities have a scope for improvement, posing a pressing need for research that bridges this gap. Moving forward research should focus on family change mechanisms, symptom improvement factors, and prioritizing culturally sensitive approaches to meet the unique needs of Indian families. The Author(s) 2024. -
Unravelling Financial Resilience in India: A Multi-Group Analysis of Socio-Economic Factors
This research investigates the intricate relationship between financial literacy (FL), financial behavior (FB), and financial resilience (FR) across various socio-economic dimensions such as age, gender, income, and education. Building on previous studies, this paper focuses on how these factors may moderate the connection between FL and FR, with FB's role as a mediator. Conducted in Kerala, a region renowned for its high literacy rate, data from 270 participants was collected through an online survey using convenience sampling. The data was then analysed using IBM SPSS AMOS for Structural Equation Modelling, a widely accepted statistical tool. The analysis reveals robust evidence supporting positive relationships between FL-FB, FB-FR, and FL-FR. Additionally, FB partially mediates the FL-FR relationship. Multigroup analysis highlights distinct impacts across subgroups, emphasizing the nuanced interplay between these socioeconomic factors and financial outcomes. The study's conclusions, which highlight the urgent need for focused initiatives to improve financial literacy and promote responsible financial behaviour across a range of demographic groups, provide important new insights into financial dynamics. Such initiatives are essential for bolstering financial resilience and ensuring economic stability amidst varying socio-economic contexts and should be a priority for policymakers and practitioners. 2024, Iquz Galaxy Publisher. All rights reserved. -
Drivers and inhibitors of consumers adoption of AI-driven drone food delivery services
This study sheds light on the determinants of consumers adoption of artificial intelligence-driven drone food delivery service (AI-driven DFDS) using a mixed-methods approach. Interviews with hospitality industry professionals revealed several drivers and inhibitors of AI-driven DFDS adoption. Using these findings, we developed a theoretical model AI-driven DFDS adoption based on the premise of the behavioral reasoning theory and innovation resistance theory. The model was tested using data collected from 1240 consumers. The results suggest that drones relative advantage, perceived ubiquity, social influence, and green image positively influence attitudes and adoption. Risk, usage, and experience barriers have an adverse influence on attitudes and adoption. Consumers openness to new technology has a positive influence on reasons for using AI-driven DFDS. The research makes an important theoretical contribution to research on the adoption of AI-driven DFDS. The study also provides important practical implications for marketers and industry professionals. 2024 Elsevier Ltd -
A constrained multi-period portfolio optimization model based on quantum-inspired optimization
Multi-period portfolio optimization (MPO) is one of the most important problems to be solved to help investors select optimal portfolios for investment plans. The portfolios are influenced by the risk factors in the market and it is important to select optimal portfolios that can maximize the returns with minimum risk values. Other than the risk factor, there are several other influential factors that reduce the optimality of the portfolios. Therefore, by considering all possible constraints, this study proposes a multi-constraint MPO model that selects the optimal portfolio based on the asset returns. To solve the multi-constrained problem, a novel quantum-inspired whale optimization algorithm (QWOA) is introduced in this paper. The proposed algorithm enhances the traditional optimization model to work in a multi-constrained scenario. Here, quantum entanglement is adapted to reduce the slow convergence issue of whale optimization. Apart from considering only the risk factors, this paper also considers certain higher-order moments (HOM), such as skewness, kurtosis, transaction cost, diversification, boundary and budget constraints. These factors affect the portfolios as the market is dynamic, and timely changes are always seen. Thus, optimizing the mentioned factors aids in attaining an optimal portfolio. Empirical evaluations are performed, and the results suggested that the proposed model provided beneficial outcomes as compared with other algorithms like whale optimization algorithm (WOA), gray wolf optimization (GWO), fruitfly optimization algorithm (FOA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and fruitfly algorithm (FA). The overall net return rate of the proposed model is always above 0.85% for different values of upper bounds, and the obtained Sharpe ratio, Sortino ratio, STARR ratio, information ratio, Shannon entropy, and downside deviation values of the proposed algorithm are 5.016254, 0.89327, ? 0.01987, 0.103826, 3.04452 and 0.2854. Hence, the proposed approach is highly effective for optimizing the constrained MPO. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Unravelling Post-harvest Ripening Metabolomics of a New White Variety Guava Fruit (Cv Arka Mridula) with Special Emphasis on Phenolics and Corresponding Antioxidants
The phenolic, antioxidant and metabolic profiling of a new white variety guava fruit Arka Mridula (AM) was performed during its storage at theroom temperature (28 2 C). The comparative profiles were generated at three ripening stages (pre-ripe, ripe and over-ripe) of the fruit. Generally, a steady decrease of the phenolic and antioxidant content from the pre-ripe to the ripe stage and a subsequent increase from the ripe to over-ripe stage was observed. Further, a powerful correlation between the phenolic content and antioxidant principles was noted through the principal component analysis. We could identify 53 compounds for the hydro-methanolic fruit extract through LC and GC-MS aided metabolic analysis, and the identified compounds were dominated by phenolics (~ 44%). The statistical analysis revealed that phytochemicals catechin, myricitrin, myricetin, kaempferol glycosides and n-hexadecanoic acid contributed significantly towards the ripening process of AM, during the storage. The present study is expected to provide important insight into the ripening biochemistry of AM. Subsequently, it may help in the future development of metabolically stable guava cultivars with extended post-harvest shelf life. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
A dual-functional rhodamine B and azo-salicylaldehyde derivative for the simultaneous detection of copper and hypochlorite: synthesis, biological applications and theoretical insights
A multifunctional rhodamine derivative containing azo-salicylaldehyde (BBS) was designed and synthesized as a colorimetric and fluorescence turn-on probe for the selective detection of copper cations (Cu2+) and hypochlorite anions (OCl?) in aqueous media. In the presence of Cu2+, the probe BBS exhibited turn-on absorption and fluorescence change at 554 nm and 585 nm, respectively. The binding mechanism of BBS with Cu2+ induces the opening of a spirolactam ring in the rhodamine moiety by the formation of a metal-ligand complex, achieving 10-fold enhancement in fluorescence and quantum yield, along with a binding constant of 1 104 M?1 and a detection limit of 2.61 ?M. Addition of OCl? enhanced the absorbance and fluorescence intensities at 520 nm and 575 nm, respectively. The probe BBS underwent hypochlorite-mediated oxidation, followed by hydrolysis, resulting in the formation of rhodamine B itself, which is detectable by the naked eye via the color and fluorescence enhancement by 11-fold with a high quantum yield and a detection limit of 1.96 ?M. For practical applications, sensor BBS can be used to detect Cu2+ in water samples and on cotton swabs. For biological applications, the interaction of the BBS-Cu(ii) complex with transport proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ct-DNA was investigated through UV-vis and fluorescence titration experiments. Additionally, the structural optimization of BBS and the BBS-Cu(ii) complex was demonstrated using DFT, and the interactions of the BBS-Cu(ii) complex with BSA and ct-DNA were analysed through theoretical docking studies. Bioimaging studies were conducted by capturing fluorescence images of BBS with Cu2+ and OCl? in a physiological medium containing living plant tissue using green gram seeds. 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Where to Check Homework? The Emphasis on Supportive Feedback via Social Media by Teachers in CALL and Its Consequences on EFL Learners' Self-assessment, Academic Success, Academic Enjoyment
This study investigates the impact of Facebook-mediated supportive feedback on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' self-assessment, academic enjoyment, and academic success in a Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) context. Using a sequential exploratory methodology, this study holistically investigates the research objectives using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Two intact classrooms of lower-intermediate EFL students in an Iraqi language institute were selected; one class was designated as the experimental group receiving Facebook-mediated tasks and the other as the control group using conventional teaching strategies. Among the tools for data collecting were a teacher-made test, semi-structured interviews, and observation. Compared to the control group, the experimental groupwhich received extra Facebook-mediated tasks and conventional course materialsshowcased notably greater degrees of self-assessment, academic enjoyment, and academic success. Positive perceptions of Facebook-mediated interactions were found through the qualitative analyses of observations and interviews, thereby stressing learners' higher motivation, collaboration, and sense of community. The implications of the study are discussed. 2024, The Pacific Association for Computer Assisted Language Learning (PacCALL). All rights reserved. -
Controlled reaction time of TiO2 and cocktail co-sensitization for improved DSSC performance
Solar energy stands out as a promising alternative to traditional energy sources, with dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) proving to be a highly effective means of harnessing this renewable energy. However, recent studies highlight the efficacy of employing a photoanode with mixed phases of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in DSSCs. The conventional approach to preparing mixed-phase TiO2 involves a time-consuming process with high-temperature annealing. In the present work, a novel microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of mixed-phase TiO2, which significantly reduces the preparation time has been reported. Moreover, we have enhanced device performance by co-sensitizing carbon dots (CDs) with various natural dyes and synthetic dye. The device prepared using CDs co-sensitized with Brassica oleraceavar.capitataf.rubra exhibited comparable efficiency (3.66%) with that obtained for N719-sensitized DSSC (3.85%). Further improvement in efficiency (4.81%) was obtained on sensitizing CDs with N719 dye. The comprehensive analysis of device performance using these innovative methods represents a noteworthy advancement in the realm of solar energy harvesting, with unexplored possibilities that could shape the future of sustainable energy solutions. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Indole-3-Carbinol Upconversion with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Supported Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Sustainable Approach
Electro-organic chemistry offers a sustainable and efficient approach to organic synthesis by utilizing electrochemical processes. This field has gained significant attention due to its potential for minimizing waste, reducing energy consumption, and enabling selective transformations. Herein, we report the development of a graphitic carbon nitride-coated carbon fiber electrode modified with electropolymerized amino-2-thiazole and electrodeposited Cu2O nanoparticles from copper nitrate trihydrate for the oxidation of Indole-3-carbinol (IC). Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies were carried out to characterize the developed electrode. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and bulk electrolysis techniques were employed for the electrochemical studies. The enhanced electrochemical activity of the Cu2O-pAT-GCN-TCFP electrode compared to the individual GCN and polymer electrode was studied using electrochemical characterization, which revealed a 3-fold increase in the current response for Cu2O-pAT-GCN-TCFP (0.0011 A) compared to the bare electrode. The reaction was carried out using an aqueous carbonate buffer solution as an electrolyte via bulk electrolysis at a set potential of 0.82 V. The product obtained was isolated by column chromatography to obtain a yield of 74% and characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Additionally, the Cu2O-pAT-GCN-TCFP electrode was studied for its stability, reproducibility, and selectivity. 2024 The Electrochemical Society (ECS). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved. -
Echoes of Conflict: Unveiling the Interconnected Tapestry of Russia-Ukraine Warfare, Oil Price Ballet, and the Asian Stock Symphony
The purpose of this research is to look into the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the relationship between oil prices and the Asian stock market. While earlier studies have investigated the impact of oil prices on stock markets, there has been little research into the impact of crude oil prices on the Asian stock market in the context of the Russia-Ukraine war. For this purpose, the data is collected from NSE and Bloomberg database the study's findings imply that the Russia-Ukraine war has had a major impact on the relationship between crude oil prices and stock market indices in numerous Asia-Pacific countries. The study suffers from a few limitations such as it only examines the relationship between crude oil prices and stock market indices but there are other macroeconomic factors, such as interest rates, inflation, and political instabil ity which also affect the market. 2024, ASERS Publishing House. All rights reserved. -
Amorphous versus crystalline Al2O3nanoparticles: A comparative study in photocatalytic dye degradation
This study focuses on the synthesis of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles and compares their amorphous and crystalline phases, emphasizing their suitability for photocatalytic dye degradation. The as-prepared Al2O3, synthesized using the sol-gel technique, is found to have an amorphous nature, which is later annealed at 1200C to obtain its ? phase of crystalline nature. Despite the widespread applications of aluminum oxide in various fields, the differences between its amorphous and crystalline phases are not well understood. This work bridges this gap by evaluating the amorphous and crystalline phases of Al2O3, particularly for dye degradation. As technologies advance to enhance aluminum-containing photocatalytic materials by doping, composites, and hybrids, understanding the impact of material phase on photocatalytic capabilities becomes crucial. The research comprehensively assesses structural, functional, morphological, optical, and dye degradation characteristics. Remarkably, amorphous Al2O3 demonstrates superior dye degradation efficacy compared with its crystalline counterpart, achieving an enhanced degradation efficiency of 87.2% for rhodamine B, a commonly used azo dye in the printing and textile industries. 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited: All rights reserved. -
Exploring How Gender and Culture Shape the Lived Experiences of Indian Clients with Emotional Abuse: A Social Justice Approach to Counselling
In this study, we have carried out an in-depth, idiographic exploration of how Indian clients describe their experiences of emotional abuse in a parent-adult child context from a social justice lens. This study focused on the contribution of persisting systemic influences, including gender and culture, in maintaining emotional abuse. We collected data from seven participants through a semi-structured interview schedule, and utilized an interpretative phenomenological analysis for the research design and analysis. Findings indicatedvarious cultural and gender norms were responsible for contributing to and maintaining emotional abuse. The five master themes developed included Unmet Emotional Needs, Mental Health Issues due to Impact of Emotional Abuse, Gender and Culture Norms as Backgrounded, Unfair and Oppressive Norms and Attitudes, and Intergenerational Nature of Norms, Beliefs, and Abuse. Implications for counsellors, policymakers, and researchers in the fields of counselling and psychotherapy, social justice, social psychology, and critical psychology are discussed. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
A Clinic for the Past
In Time Shelter, Georgi Gospodinov asks whether there is an existence without memory. 2024 Economic and Political Weekly. All rights reserved. -
Ensemble approach of transfer learning and vision transformer leveraging explainable AI for disease diagnosis: An advancement towards smart healthcare 5.0
Smart healthcare has advanced the medical industry with the integration of data-driven approaches. Artificial intelligence and machine learning provided remarkable progress, but there is a lack of transparency and interpretability in such applications. To overcome such limitations, explainable AI (EXAI) provided a promising result. This paper applied the EXAI for disease diagnosis in the advancement of smart healthcare. The paper combined the approach of transfer learning, vision transformer, and explainable AI and designed an ensemble approach for prediction of disease and its severity. The result is evaluated on a dataset of Alzheimer's disease. The result analysis compared the performance of transfer learning models with the ensemble model of transfer learning and vision transformer. For training, InceptionV3, VGG19, Resnet50, and Densenet121 transfer learning models were selected for ensembling with vision transformer. The result compares the performance of two models: a transfer learning (TL) model and an ensemble transfer learning (Ensemble TL) model combined with vision transformer (ViT) on ADNI dataset. For the TL model, the accuracy is 58 %, precision is 52 %, recall is 42 %, and the F1-score is 44 %. Whereas, the Ensemble TL model with ViT shows significantly improved performance i.e., 96 % of accuracy, 94 % of precision, 90 % of recall and 92 % of F1-score on ADNI dataset. This shows the efficacy of the ensemble model over transfer learning models. 2024 -
Effect of Chicken Feather Hydrolysate on Growth of Spinach through Soil Amendment Method: Unraveling A Potential Liquid Biofertilizer
The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of chicken feather hydrolysate for promoting the growth of Spinacia oleracea L., a commonly consumed leafy green vegetable. An earlier isolated and identified keratinolytic bacterial species Bacillus tropicus was utilized for the preparation of chicken feather hydrolysate through submerged fermentation. Minimal media which was supplemented with chicken feather was used for the preparation of hydrolysate. The bacterial strain degraded chicken feather within 4 days of incubation after which the feather hydrolysate was collected and tested to check plant growth promoting activity through the seed germination trials and greenhouse study. Upon characterization of feather hydrolysate, it was found that the hydrolysate was a cocktail of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) as well as other micro elements needed for plant growth. Four different concentrations of feather hydrolysate were employed for both the seed germination and greenhouse study which ranged from 25% (v/v), 30% (v/v), 35% (v/v) and 40% (v/v) including a control group (CN) which was not supplemented with feather hydrolysate. The hydrolysate supplementation brought about plant growth in all the four test concentrations with 35% (v/v) giving the highest result of 14 cm and 27.6 mg/g for tested parameters like plumule length and total chlorophyll content, respectively. The same concentration supported maximum seed germination and highest radicle extension for the germination studies as well. This study investigates the efficacy of chicken feather hydrolysate in promoting spinach growth, elucidating its potential as a fertilizer. The Author(s) 2024. Open Access. -
Synthesis, Photophysical, and Computational Studies of Mono-Azo-Bridged, Meso-Tris(2-Furyl/2-Thienyl) Substituted Porphyrin-Arene Hybrids
Porphyrins hybrids have been used as models to study various energy/electron transfer processes. The linkers connecting various subunits in such hybrids are vital in establishing good electronic communication between the subunits and the azo-bridge can be one of the efficient linkers to do so. Despite of these, the mono azo-bridged porphyrin-arene hybrids reported in the literature are only handful and the methods used to create them are not that efficient. In addition, the porphyrins used in this field so far contains only six-membered meso-substituents. By keeping these points in mind, we have developed a mild, one-pot, work-up-free, high-yielding method to synthesize mono-azo-bridged, porphyrin-arene hybrids which also features porphyrins containing three five-membered substituents like 2-furyl or 2-thienyl on their meso-positions. Along with the NMR and mass characterizations, the photophysical and computational studies of all the reported hybrids are presented. The hybrids containing meso-tris(2-furyl/thienyl) substituted porphyrins displayed red-shifted absorption and emission bands compared to their all-meso-aryl-containing counterparts. In general, all the hybrids displayed enhanced fluorescence quantum yields compared to their precursor porphyrins. Among the series, the meso-tris(2-furyl) substituted porphyrin-arene hybrids exhibited the more significant Stokes shift and small bandgap. The computational studies were in good agreement with the experimental findings. 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Temperature-induced variations in the structural, morphological and optical features of cobalt oxide nanoparticles synthesized via hydrothermal method
Cobalt oxide is a promising material that attracts the researchers to find its application in various fields like catalysts, dielectric applications, gas sensors and electronics devices, etc. In this work, we investigated the effect of temperature in the structural, elemental, morphological and optical properties of Co3O4 nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal method. The as-prepared and annealed samples were observed for their structural and optical properties. The structural analysis and micro-strain effects of Co3O4 nanoparticles with cubic spinel structure were carried out through X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The crystallite size of as-prepared and annealed samples were around 27 nm and 29 nm, respectively. Raman spectrum showed the lattice vibrations of both oxidation states of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. Elemental analysis were observed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The morphology and chemical composition of the samples were determined from the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) image and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). Moreover, the internal structure of both samples were compared through transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies. The optical studies were done using the absorption spectrum and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Two direct band gaps (1.8 and 3.2 eV) were observed in the as-prepared, which got red-shifted on annealing (1.7 and 2.5 eV) due to size effects. The charge transfer process in two oxidation states of cobalt oxide could be identified from these bandgaps. Emission peaks in the photoluminescence spectrum of samples are due to the recombination of free-excitons and point defects in the crystal lattice. 2024