Nanobiosensors: A Promising Tool for the Determination of Pathogenic Bacteria
Electrochemical nanobiosensors; Limit of detection; Linear range; Nanobiosensors; Optical nano biosensing; Pathogenic bacterial detection; Point-of-care detection
Pathogenic bacterial detection is a significant concern for the well-being of all human beings. These tiny microbes are capable of causing numerous diseases, which can be nipped in the bud through proper monitoring and controlling at the early stages itself. Some common pathogenic bacteria include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., etc. These microbes contaminate air, food, and water through different modes of transmission. The classical methods used for the identification of these bacteria are time-killing and backbreaking. Rapid pathogenic bacteria determination became possible through the intervention of biosensors. Biosensors are further modified with nanoparticles to build nanobiosensors that are tenfold efficient in bacterial detection. The optical and electrochemical nanobiosensors provide hassle-free detection of pathogenic bacteria, and pointof- care detection is also possible. This book chapter aims to give a brief idea about nanobiosensors starting from the principle to the advantages and disadvantages of bacterial detection. Relevant works of literature on different methods to detect bacteria, types of nanobiosensors, and their efficacy in pathogenic bacterial detection portray the current stand and the need for more innovations in the area of nanobiosensors. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Agnihotri A.S.; George A.M.C.; Marimuthu N.
Nanotechnology for Infectious Diseases, pp. 475-495.
Agnihotri A.S., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India; George A.M.C., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India; Marimuthu N., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
Removal of Struvite in Wastewater Using Anammox Bacteria
Ammonia and phosphate recovery; Struvite; Wastewater
Struvite precipitation in wastewater has proved to be an effective method in treating wastewater and has helped in the recovery of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus. Nutrient recovery from wastewater has become a new trend attracting the interests of several researchers. Extraction of the nutrients based on struvite crystals as nutrition sources from wastewater has been acknowledged as a need of the hour solution to tackle the water pollution issue. This review focuses on the featured characteristics of struvite as a chemical fertilizer for plant and the struvite formation process related to physiochemical conditions in wastewaters. In the present work, struvite precipitation in the actual swine wastewater is studied by strategically controlling aeration, pH, and mixing of anammox bacteria. The effect of organic solids in the wastewater has also been studied. Laboratory experiments were conducted by optimizing pH value. pH was found to be an important parameter in the simultaneous removals of ammonium nitrogen and orthophosphate. This work reveals that the struvite removal from wastewater can be reduced to 80% using anammox bacteria. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Gayathri G.; Reddy D.S.; Beulah M.; Sudhir M.R.
Handbook of Solid Waste Management: Sustainability through Circular Economy, pp. 1951-1964.
Gayathri G., Department of Civil Engineering, ACS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India; Reddy D.S., Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India; Beulah M., Department of Civil Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Sudhir M.R., Department of Civil Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
A Sustainability Approach to Geopolymer Brick Manufacture Using Mine Wastes
Fly ash (FA); Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS); Iron ore tailing (IOT); Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3)
India has tons of by-products of industries like fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and mine tailings from different ores. By incorporating these wastes in bricks, the carbon footprint can be minimized. This research pivots around the use of iron ore tailings (IOT) and slag sand as a substitute for clay or shale in the manufacture of stabilized geopolymer blocks. Iron ore tailings and slag sand were used for substitution in the range of 20-40% and 15-40% with increments of 5%. Fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and sodium silicates (Na2SiO3) were used with a constant value of 15%. The bricks were cast and cured at ambient temperature. The study includes testing of mechanical properties of geopolymer bricks as per IS recommendations. To study the macroanalysis, SEM and XRD analyses were also carried out on raw materials and developed composites. The outcomes of this investigation show that the inclusion of 25% of IOT and 30% of slag sand is acceptable as brick material. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Beulah M.; Pratap Kumar J.; Mohan M.K.; Gopalakrishnan G.; Sudhir M.R.
Handbook of Solid Waste Management: Sustainability through Circular Economy, pp. 1461-1478.
Beulah M., Department of Civil Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Pratap Kumar J., Department of Civil Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Mohan M.K., Department of Science and Humanities, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Gopalakrishnan G., Department of Civil Engineering, ACS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India; Sudhir M.R., Department of Civil Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
Untold and Painful Stories of Survival: The Life of Adolescent Girls of the Paniya Tribes of Kerala, India
Adolescent girls; Kerala; Paniya tribe; Sexual abuse; Untold stories
Tribal adolescent girls are vulnerable to neglect, abuse and exploitation across the world. Literature on the status of adolescents belonging to the Paniya tribe is scanty. However, limited information about the Paniya tribe of Kerala indicates that they are neglected and deprived from basic facilities. According to the Census Report of India (2011), 49.5% of the Paniya tribe members are literate. The lives of adolescents in the Paniya community are distinct from those of other sections of society, and they are yet to be addressed by the government or the media. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the issues and concerns of Paniya adolescent girls of Kerala. A Paniya girl from Vattachira (Calicut) treks around 2 km during her menstruation to fetch fresh and clean water. They use pieces of clothes to manage menstruation since they do not have access to pads or tampons. Drying their garments during the rainy season is difficult, which leaves them susceptible to rashes and infections. They are provided with residential educational facilities by the government, but they are unable to adjust to the lifestyles of other members of the society and are frequently bullied and discriminated, leading to school dropouts. Sexual exploitation by strangers and community members is widespread among Paniya girls, and unmarried mothers under the age of 18 are also prevalent among this community. The chapter highlights upon some of the challenges of the Paniya Tribal adolescent girls of Kerala and offers some suggestions for improving the quality of life of this marginalized group, which will assist the policymakers and government for taking need-based measures. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Child Safety, Welfare and Well-being: Issues and Challenges, Second Edition, pp. 185-194.
Saranya T.S., Department of Psychology Sree Narayana College, Vadakara, India; Deb S., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Paul D., RGNIYD, Tamil Nadu, Sriperumbudur, India; Deb S., Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development (RGNIYD), Tamil Nadu, Sriperumbudur, India, School of Public Health and Social Work, QUT, Australia
Bioremediation of Antibiotics as a Pollutant in Soil
Antibiotics; Bioaugmentation; Bioremediation; Biostimulation; Mycoremediation; Phycoremediation; Phytoremediation
The discovery of antibiotics had been a major breakthrough in the field of medicine. Apart from its use in treating disease, it is been used extensively in agricul-tural fields and animal husbandry to improve livestock and crop yield. Improper and overuse of antibiotics have found a route in the food chain and has accumulated in environmental resources like water and soil. This is of serious concern as it leads to the development of drug-resistant microorganisms which is a global threat and also alters the microbial diversity as they are bacteriostatic and bactericidal. Bioaugmen-tation and Biostimulation approaches are effective in the degradation of antibiotics in soil. For enhanced degradation of antibiotics consortia, engineered microbes and enzyme-mediated methods are feasible methods for effective remediation of antibi-otics in soil. Currently, extensive research on the bioremediation of antibiotics is carried out as they are cost-effective and eco-friendly. The present chapter deals with various contamination sources of antibiotics in soil, adverse effects of antibiotics in soil, different bioremediation approaches, and mechanisms, and regulations in the use of antibiotics. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
Gupta A.; Bhatt Y.; Rais N.; Nagella P.; Vasantha V.L.
Microbial and Biotechnological Interventions in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation, pp. 375-403.
Gupta A., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India; Bhatt Y., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India; Rais N., Department of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305004, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India; Vasantha V.L., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India
Sustainable Consumption Practices of Rural India
Pro-environmental Behavior; Satisfaction with Life; Spirituality; Sustainable Attitude; Work-life Balance
It is said that real India lives in rural areas. Sustainability can be found very easily in traditions, practices, culture, ethics, sense of belongingness, camaraderie, mindful living of the villages, and small towns of India. They may lack the modern way of living and infrastructure, but their way of existence is such that they contribute toward making sustainable communities. This is specifically reflected in their behavior of consumption; obviously it is also related to their income but consumption in rural areas of India is way lower than those of urban areas, even if that is to be compared by keeping population size as the same. This chapter presents an informative analysis for the reasons and methods which rural population of India practices that results in sustainability. There are practices which are found wide and large such as sharing, self-sustenance because of farming, recycling, less influence of media, simpler living, work-life balance, valuing natural resources, inherent practices of protecting the environment, and pro-community sentimentalities that lead to sustainability. Attitude toward consumption is guided by the so-called spiritual way of living and having satisfaction with life. Happiness does not necessarily come by acquiring tangible resources but by having meaningful relationship, acquiring wisdom, and following indigenous way of living and transferring it to the next generation. This chapter presents a short report by having a take on economic indicators and traditional and cultural practices of rural India and hence present an explanation for how and why sustainable consumption practices are prevalent in such places. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Socially Responsible Consumption and Marketing in Practice: Collection of Case Studies, pp. 63-73.
Srivastava A., CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Bannerghatta Main Rd, Pai Layout, Hulimavu, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560076, India; Srivastava A., CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Meerut Road, Ghazibad, Mariam Nagar, Delhi NCR, 201003, India
Bioremediation and Detoxification of Asbestos from Soil
Asbestos; Asbestosis; Bioremediation; Detoxification; Mesothelioma; Phytoremediation; Pollution
Asbestos is referred to as magic mineral and used as excellent building material. It finds its application in wide range of products such as floor tiles, pipes, paper, rope, cloth, insulated partition board, etc. On average, India uses 3, 50, 000 tons of asbestos annually and asbestos fibers readily undergo weathering releasing them into soil, water and air. Occupational and environmental exposure to this asbestos is leading to asbestosis (asbestos-related disease), lung cancer, and heart failure. Considering the serious health risk, countries like Australia, Brazil, and Canada had banned the use of asbestos. As asbestos is extensively used in construction of buildings, the demolished materials are dumped in the soil and thus it finds its route in soil as pollutant. Soil borne microbes like bacteria, fungi and lichens are found to be best means to reduce the toxicity of asbestos. These microorganisms remove iron from asbestos and reduce its toxicity. Another most effective bioremediation approach is phytoremediation to clean up the soil wherein vegetative cover on contaminated soil can remove iron and breaks down asbestos as source of inorganic nutrient. The main advantage of phytoremediation is that it can be extended to any geographical area where plants can grow. This chapter emphasizes various means of use and disposal of asbestos, followed by various means of bioremediation using microbes and plants and as an alternate for the sustainable soil condition. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022, corrected publication 2022.
Gopishankar T.; Baraiya Divyeksha H.; Vasantha V.L.; Praveen N.
Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation for Sustainable Soil Management: Principles, Monitoring and Remediation, pp. 211-228.
Gopishankar T., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India; Baraiya Divyeksha H., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India; Vasantha V.L., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India; Praveen N., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India
Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites Using Phytogenic Nanoparticles
Eco-friendly; Flavonoids; Heavy metal stress; Low-cost; Phytoremediation
Heavy metals (HMs) accumulate in milieu due to various human activities that persist leading to biomagnification in food chains and cause unpleasant effects on human health and environment. Pollutants such as organic matter and HMs are reme-diated traditionally by chemical precipitation, electrochemical treatment, adsorption, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, coagulation, and photo-catalyzation, remained inef-fective. Use of nanomaterials conjugated with various compounds showed significant reduction in several contaminated sites. However, existing implication of nanotech-nology works with nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis majorly involved the use of chem-ical raw materials and physical methods which are relatively toxic and unstable. Aforesaid difficulties made researchers and entrepreneurs to reconnoitre effective, newer, and novel synthesis approaches for the replacement over older version. During the past decade, to overcome these issues plant-derived NPs are extensively used because of its less cost, efficiency, and eco-friendly in nature. Hence, advanced alternative technology like phytoremediation using nanomaterials with innovative techniques has been a boon for HM remediation. Efficiency of green synthesized NPs is based on redox reactions which makes metals stable facilitated by flavonoids and polyphenols responding to HM-stress. Several metal complexation processes are known to produce phytochelatins or other metal-chelating peptides helping the biore-mediation of HMs. Current chapter throws light on adaptive mechanism employed by NPs coupled with plant or microbial extracts in overcoming the HM stress. Further-more, here we also focus on the possible mechanism and interaction between NPs and HM in minimizing severity of polluted sites with many examples. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Shilpa B.M.; Rashmi R.; Manjula N.G.; Sreekantha A.
Shilpa B.M., CHRIST-Deemed to be University, Bangalore Kengeri Campus, Kanmanike, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Kumbalgodu, Bangalore, 560074, India; Rashmi R., School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Shavige Malleswara Hills, Kumaraswamy layout, Bengaluru, 560111, India; Manjula N.G., School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Shavige Malleswara Hills, Kumaraswamy layout, Bengaluru, 560111, India; Sreekantha A., School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Shavige Malleswara Hills, Kumaraswamy layout, Bengaluru, 560111, India
Child Mental Health in the Milieu of Online Education
Coping; Educational psychology; Flourishing; Online learning; Pandemic; School mental health
The aim of this chapter is to examine the impact of online education on mental health of children, and explore methods to improve the same. With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic, major overhauls were made in day-to-day life including work, home, and education. Shift to online mode of instruction became the primary, if not the only, channel of education. This drastic shift has led to issues like limited social interaction, learning gaps due to insufficient in-person interaction, excessive screen time on devices, and decreased physical activity, which can impact mental health of children. This chapter will explore the impact of online learning on the mental health of children from both mental ill-health and well-being perspectives, the role of parents, teachers, and educational systems, and challenges and opportunities presented by the situation. Further to this, the ways to safeguard and improve mental health of children in the milieu of online education will be discussed. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Child Safety, Welfare and Well-being: Issues and Challenges, Second Edition, pp. 353-366.
Reddy K.J., Department of Psychology, Centre for Research, Christ University, Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India; Nataraj B.M., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Pant S., Azim Premji University, Bengaluru, India
Misuse of Internet Among School Children: Risk Factors and Preventative Measures
Misuse of internet; Neurodevelopment; Prevention; Psychosocial; Risk factors; School children
The Internet has been one of the most transformative and rapidly growing technologies. In recent years, it has improved the quality of life in areas such as communication, education, recreation. On the contrary, there are growing concerns about the use of the Internet that have created adverse consequences in the areas of social life, interpersonal relationships, family environment, and school activities. School-going children were vulnerable to such unhealthy outcomes due to readily available high-speed Internet and ease of access to different Internet platforms, which resulted in risky behaviours, decreased academic performance, poor nutrition, decreased sleep quality, and a high incidence of inter-social conflicts. While the majority of the research has focused on the adolescent population in terms of problematic Internet use, only a few studies have identified the vulnerabilities of school-going children in the same context. The research also confirmed that the risk factors for problematic Internet use start as early as middle childhood. Heightened risky use of the Internet was observed in children with neurodevelopmental concerns. This study explores risk factors associated with problematic Internet use among school-going children, identifying relevant warning signs followed with preventative measures. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Child Safety, Welfare and Well-being: Issues and Challenges, Second Edition, pp. 321-334.
Reddy K.J., Department of Psychology, Centre for Research, Christ University, Bangalore, India; Balasubramanian G., Aadya Tathva, India, QPR Institute, Certified Seizure First Aid Professional from Epilepsy Foundation, United States, National Council for Mental Wellbeing, United States, Indian Epilepsy Association (IEA), Bangalore, India, International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP), Canada
Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures in Children: Prevention and Intervention Strategies
Children; Diagnosis; Dissociative seizures; Intervention; Prevention; Pseudoseizures; Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) often get misdiagnosed to be epileptic seizures, and the price that is paid for the same by the patient and the family is huge. It is called by multiple names such as pseudoseizures non-epileptic attack disorder, dissociative seizures, and functional motor disorder. Not only is it difficult to identify the disorder, but it also poses an added difficulty with comorbid epilepsy. Adding on to these, it becomes difficult for both the healthcare provider to offer psychoeducation and the family to accept since no tangible evidence such as scans portrays any abnormality. Though in a simple manner it can be said this disorder presents itself like epileptic seizures but has no neurological base, explaining the same to the patients and their family is not as simple. However, surprisingly the prognosis for PNES is better for children. This chapter thus focuses on aspects that are essential for the treatment of the disorder and prevention. In particular, the manifestation of PNES in children is discussed by introducing the disorder with epidemiological information. Further clinical picture, etiology, diagnosis and prevention and intervention are discussed. Although there are limited studies that exist on the treatment of the disorder in the pediatric population, their outcomes to reduce PNES symptoms are significant. Hence, the chapter makes an attempt to review these studies in detail and mention highlights of these studies that contribute to a reduction in the symptoms. Finally, the chapter concludes with a biopsychosocial model that explains the relationship between these factors and PNES and how this can be used in prevention. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Child Safety, Welfare and Well-being: Issues and Challenges, Second Edition, pp. 577-590.
Reddy K.J., Department of Psychology, Centre for Research, Christ University, Bangalore, India; Haritsa S.V., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Rafiq A.
Negotiating Inclusion: Minority Institutions and Constitutional-Legal Dimensions in India
Constituent Assembly; Inclusion; Minority accommodation; Minority education; Minority safeguards; Negotiation; Supreme Court
The chapter Negotiating Inclusion: Minority Institutions and Constitutional and Legal Dimensions in India is based on the premise that special provisions for inclusion of minority groups were one of the contested topics that have been negotiated in India since independence. The present chapter critically explores the two main sites of negotiation: Constituent Assembly Debates and the cases involving the question of minority rights to culture and education as adjudicated by the Indian courts. In doing so, the paper undertakes an examination of the logic of state recognition and reservations, voiced by nationalist leaders and members of the Constituent Assembly, who were apprehensive that the provisions on minority accommodation may not be compatible with Indias secular credentials. Constitutional provisions, specifically the fundamental rights embodied in Articles 29 and 30 were further debated and re-interpreted by the High Courts and Supreme Court. Further on, the issue of minority accommodation led to the establishment of institutional mechanisms in India, one such institution being the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (NCMEI)-a recent addition in the series of negotiating spaces of the religious and minority communities in India. A thorough examination of the functioning of the NCMEI, an institution which remains understudied, may inform new avenues into thinking about the sites of minority rights negotiations in India, given the shifting ideological positions at the national level. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Critical Sites of Inclusion in Indias Higher Education, pp. 41-65.
Menon M., Department of International Studies, Political Science and History, School of Social Sciences, Christ (Deemed to be) University, Bannerghatta Campus, Bangalore, India
Safety andWelfare of Children Under Institutional Care in India: A Situation Analysis
Abuse; Children; India; Institutional care; Safety; Welfare
A large number of children worldwide live under institutional care due to certain compulsions. The reasons for institutional stay vary on the basis of geopolitical situations and the nature of the children. Some of the reasons include premature loss of parents, poverty, lack of social support, parents substance dependence, neglect, involvement of children in socially undesirable behaviour and/or violation of law, abuse, exploitation and so on. The broad objective of this chapter is to discuss the evolution of childcare measures adopted by the Government of India after independence, highlight upon the need for institutional care and examine the issues and challenges faced by the children under institutional care in India. At the end of the chapter, the way forward measures are suggested for ensuring safety of the children under institutional care, creating improved living environments for them and for creating congenial social and psychological environments through empowerment of the care providers, with knowledge and information for healthy child upbringing. Cooperation from the larger society, by involving retired persons in the institutions for education of the children is suggested, justifying the need for the same. For a holistic child growth and development, the need for extra-curricular activities, physical exercises, as well as group activities, are emphasized upon. Building resilience among these children to develop confidence and face life challenges are also discussed in the chapter. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Bhuvaneswari K.; Deb S.; Paul D.; Deb S.
Child Safety, Welfare and Well-being: Issues and Challenges, Second Edition, pp. 215-232.
Bhuvaneswari K., Dept. of Psychology, Kasthurba College for Women, Pondicherry, India; Deb S., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Paul D., RGNIYD, Tamil Nadu, Sriperumbudur, India; Deb S., Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development (RGNIYD), Tamil Nadu, Sriperumbudur, India, School of Public Health and Social Work, QUT, Australia
Developments in Feeds in Aquaculture Sector: Contemporary Aspects
Aqua feed; Biopolymers; Cellulose; Chitosan; Enzymes; Fish meal; Immunostimulants; Keratin; Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Probiotics; Single-cell protein
Aquaculture, one of the largest protein food generating sectors, greatly relies on nutrition. Up to the present time, the dependency of the aqua feed sector on fish meal and fish oil as protein and lipid sources, respectively, was too high, which led to its inadequacy and over-exploitation of marine resources. Recently, numerous researches with locally available feed ingredients have been accomplished. There is urgency for a move from fish meal to plant/terrestrial animal/microbial proteins within the aquaculture industry as over-exploitation of wild fishes has negative ecological consequences. Plant proteins cannot successfully replace fish meal due to poor protein digestibility and essential amino acids imbalance, urging feed concerns to search for cheaper and nutritious fish meal alternatives from animal origin. In order to overcome the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs, the concept of probiotics in aquaculture has received firm encouragement in recent years due to their wise inhibitory mechanisms and safeness. Negative perception for synthetic antioxidants among fish farmers and their unreliable nature has resulted in the research for non-synthetic, food derived antioxidants that could encounter and neutralize the detrimental effects of free radicals. In line with this, there is a strong captivation to research on the individual or synergistic effects of protein hydrolysates, peptide fragments, and free amino acids that could innately exhibit antioxidative activity. Commercialization of economical feeds with antioxidative feed ingredients could strengthen the profits of feed processors. Recent development in the aquaculture sector propelled by the application of biotechnological methods has clearly highlighted the need for development of functional feeds through incorporation of bioactive molecules. In the last few decades, the global aqua feed industry has witnessed milestones in the development of feed ingredients from waste raw materials and sustainable alternatives to antibiotics and chemicals used to tackle the disease outbreak in aquaculture. As the health and immunity of fishes primarily depend on their nutritional pattern, a great research interest is extended on incorporation of biomolecules like single-cell proteins, animal proteins, plant metabolites, biopolymers, and enzymes as feed ingredients to enhance the nutritive quality and immune tolerance in fishes. Besides the focus on the feed ingredients, the modification and development of fermentation strategies for producing probioticbased feed and enzyme-assisted bioconversion into valuable feed ingredients is also gaining more importance. This chapter deals with the recent development in the aqua feed industry with specific reference to the incorporation of non-conventional feed ingredients like animal/microbial proteins, biopolymers, enzymes, and other immunostimulatory compounds in aqua feed and their impact analysis in improving the growth profile and pathogen tolerance in fishes. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Thazeem B.; Umesh M.; Sarojini S.; Allwyn Vyas G.; Adhithya Sankar S.; Sapthami K.; Suresh S.; Stanly L.M.
Aquaculture Science and Engineering, pp. 35-78.
Thazeem B., Integrated Rural Technology Centre (IRTC), Kerala, Palakkad, India; Umesh M., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Sarojini S., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Allwyn Vyas G., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Adhithya Sankar S., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Sapthami K., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Suresh S., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Stanly L.M., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, India
Recent Progress on the Development of Chemosensors
Chemosensors; CO2; Detection; Fluorescence; Gases
Chemosensors are the chemical structures which convert chemical stimuli into responsive form that can be easily detected, such as change of colour, fluorescence, and other electronic signal. Recently, chemosensors development for detection and monitoring of gases has been growing interest due to the significant importance in environmental and biological systems. Subsequently, the development of chemosensors for detection of various gases is considered to be a significant goal in science and among the all gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major public concern due to its role in global greenhouse warming with environmental pollution. Moreover, quite critical level of CO2 in the modern agricultural, food, environmental, oil and chemical industries is dangerous for living beings to survive such high concentration levels of CO2. Therefore, rapid and selective detection and monitoring of CO2 in the gaseous as well as in the liquid phases provides an incentive for development of new methods. The coverage of this book chapter is divided into different sections according to the use of different types of molecular backbones and the detection pathways. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
Next-Generation Nanobiosensor Devices for Point-Of-Care Diagnostics, pp. 195-209.
Das T., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Jain S., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Das A.K., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
Biosensors; COVID-19; Detector; Nanotechnology
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is an internationally recognized public health emergency. The disease, which has an incredibly high propagation rate, was discovered at the end of December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The virus that causes COVID-19 is referred to as severe acute respiratory illness. Real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assay is the primary diagnostic practice as a reference method for accurate diagnosis of this disease. There is a need for strong technology to detect and monitor public health. Early notification on signs and symptoms of the disorder is important and may be managed up to a few extents. To analyze the early signs and side effects of COVID-19 explicit techniques were applied. Sensors have been used as one of the methods for detection. These sensors are cost effective. These sensors will combine with a systematic device. It is utilized to detect the chemical compound and combined with a biological component. It is detected through physiochemical detector. Nanomaterials represent a robust tool against COVID-19 since they will be designed to act directly toward the infection, increase the effectiveness of standard antiviral drugs, or maybe to trigger the response of the patient. In this paper, we investigate how nanotechnology has been used in the improvement of nanosensor and the latest things of these nanosensors for different infections. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
Next-Generation Nanobiosensor Devices for Point-Of-Care Diagnostics, pp. 27-45.
Karthik N., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Das A.K., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
The Kerala, India Experience of Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic
COVID-19; Decentralized governance; Kerala; Kudumbashree; Publicaction; Social democracy
Kerala, a southwestern state of India, reported the first COVID-19 case in India. Its alert health department went into a detailed preparation to face the pandemic and its related effects. Kerala soon earned international attention for its handling of the COVID-19 emergency. Some of the factors that are outstanding about Kerala, apart from its achievements in education and healthcare, are decentralized governance, active public involvement, and a high level of womens participation. This chapter explores Keralas COVID-19 crisis management during the first phase of the pandemic. It explains how the welfare system of Kerala, which is the outcome of the years of accountable governance, has worked to provide a protective safety net to the people of Kerala. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
The Coronavirus Crisis and Challenges to Social Development: Global Perspectives, pp. 251-261.
George A., Christ (Deemed to be) University, Bangalore, India
Phytonanotechnology for the Removal of Pollutants from the Contaminated Soil Environment
Biomolecules; Bioremedial agent; Green synthesis; Nanofertilizers; Pollutants
Over-consumption of chemically synthesized components aids country toward industrial revolution, which symbolizes for economic prosperity. On the other hand, industrial revolution is responsible for soil pollution, due to its toxic effluents. The main source of soil pollutants includes fertilizers, pesticides, untreated wastewater used for irrigation, land application of sewage sludge due to rich organic content, petroleum leakage and leaching from landfills, etc. The crops grown out of this contaminated soil make the plant to changes its nutritional valve, bioaccumulates the chemicals, and also hinder with its vigor. Studies proved that prevent measures should prioritize in minimizing the adverse effect on the environment. Use of Phyto-nanotechnology in wastewater treatment, as nano fertilizer, nanotechnology-based biocontrol agents, and other areas before the hazardous chemicals entering soil. Green synthesized nanoparticles assist as excellent bio remedial agents as they are rich in biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and several enzymes also deter-mine its efficacy of action. Hence, this chapter highlights the various eco-friendly and inexpensive products or formulation used for removal of toxic and recalcitrant materials which are dreadfully risky to human health. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Mayegowda S.B.; Sureshkumar K.; Yashaswini R.; Ramakrishnappa T.
Mayegowda S.B., CHRIST-Deemed to be University, Bangalore Kengeri Campus, Kanmanike, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Kumbalgodu, Bangalore, 560074, India, Department of Chemistry, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Doddaballapura main road, Avalahalli, Yelahanka, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560064, India; Sureshkumar K., School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy layout, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560111, India; Yashaswini R., CHRIST-Deemed to be University, Bangalore Kengeri Campus, Kanmanike, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Kumbalgodu, Bangalore, 560074, India; Ramakrishnappa T., School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy layout, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560111, India
Biosynthesis; In vitro production; Pharmacology; Plant secondary metabolite; Saponins
Plants have been utilized as food, feed, and fodder since the dawn of civilization. Plants are also thought to be a rich source of bioactive compounds with a variety of pharmacological actions. Saponins are one such group of molecules which are present in various plant species. As triterpenoid glycosides, they have a 30C oxidosqualene precursor aglycone moiety (sapogenin), which is then linked with glycosyl residues to form saponin. These saponins have a unique platform in the field of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Saponins are used for the treatment of various diseases which include cancer, diabetic, cardiac, hepatic, and nervous disorders. The production of saponins through conventional approaches is time-consuming and hard to extract pure compounds, and thus to achieve this, in vitro methods have been developed and enhanced the production and extraction of the metabolites. The present chapter focuses on the in vitro production of saponins through various tissue culture techniques such as shoot, callus, cell suspension, adventitious root, hairy root culture, and applications of bioreactors at commercial level. The chapter also focuses on biosynthetic pathway, extraction methods, and biological activities of saponins. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Naik P.M.; Sudheer W.N.; Dubey S.; Ulhas R.S.; Praveen N.
Nutraceuticals Production from Plant Cell Factory, pp. 229-263.
Naik P.M., Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Karnataka, Dharwad, India; Sudheer W.N., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Dubey S., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Ulhas R.S., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Praveen N., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
Environmental Applications of Green Engineered Copper Nanoparticles
Anticancer; Bioremediation; Crop management; Cu nanoparticles; Dye degradation; Green synthesis
Naturally engineered nanomaterials in recent times have myriad potential in different fields. Moreover, green derived nanoparticles (NPs) encourage broader implementation for wider applications. Amongst many metals, copper and its oxide-based nanoparticles (CuONPs) have increased utmost consideration owing to its specific characteristics, abundance, and cost-effectiveness. Major setback of chem-ical and physical methods of synthesising CuONPs involves high cost along with environmental hazards. Aforementioned challenge compelled researchers to explore green synthesised CuONPs that is much cheaper, efficient, economically beneficial, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. Existing plant-based CuONPs have potential efficiency to enhance the toxic effects against the plant pathogens and combating environmental pollution through bioremediation. Several extracts of plant derivatives have been used for the synthesis of CuONPs such as Azadirachta indica, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Murraya koenigii, Moringa oleifera, Tamarindus indica, Eclipta prostrate, Olea europaea, etc. Microbes as cell factories are more efficiently used as NPs compared to larger plants such as, green algae Botryococcus braunii, brown algae Macrocystis pyrifera, Bifurcaria bifurcate etc. Bio-based CuONPs have been applied in numerous fields such as pharmaceutical, molecular biology, bioremediation, cosmetics, textiles etc. Several of them also employed in dye degradation, water treatment, food preser-vation, Photovoltaic devices, solar energy conversions, and field emission emitters. However, as in clinical setup due to their efficacy these are exclusively used as anti-cancer, antimicrobial agents. Further, their high antioxidant potential renders them as an invaluable tool for biomedical devices. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Manjula N.G.; Sarma G.; Shilpa B.M.; Suresh Kumar K.
Manjula N.G., School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560111, India; Sarma G., School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560111, India; Shilpa B.M., School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560111, India, Christ-Deemed to be University, Bangalore Kengeri Campus, Kanmanike, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Kumbalgodu, Bangalore, 560074, India; Suresh Kumar K., Department of Chemistry, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Doddaballapur Main Road, Avalahalli, Yelahanka, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560064, India