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Regression Test List Sharding in a Distributed Test Environment
One of the major issues during the regression test of the new version of Real Time Operating System (RTOS) is the time involved in test case execution. The main reason being a single embedded system device under test (DUT) is used to execute the test list containing several test cases. This traditional method of regression test also leads to wasted productivity of the other devices at hand that could be otherwise used during this regression test. Hence, in this paper, we propose a technique that aims at reducing the overall regression test cycle time of a newer version of a Real Time Operating System (RTOS) by employing a method known as "test-list sharding"in a distributed test environment. In the proposed work, multiple DUTs are connected to the test server via a communication network. The test server executes the test list containing several test cases and performs the test-list sharding, that is, distributing test cases to different DUTs and executing them in parallel. After the test is executed on the DUT, the test results are sent back to the test server which will summarize all the results. In the proposed work, the sharding is done by distributing the test cases without overloading or under loading any of the DUTs. Test list is sharded in such a way that the same tests are not sent to multiple DUTs. The main advantage of the proposed method is that the test sharding can be easily scalable to accommodate any number of devices that can be connected to the test server. Also, the test list sharding is done in a dynamic way so that the tests are distributed to an idle DUT that has completed a test execution and ready for another test to execute. The comparison study of executing a sample test list sequentially on a single DUT and distributed test system with multiple DUTs is performed. Results obtained showed the performance gain in terms of test cycle time reduction, scalability, equal load distribution and effective resource utilization. 2023 EDP Sciences. All rights reserved. -
FISCAL PERFORMANCE OF PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS (PRIs): AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH IN PRE AND POST-BIFURCATION PERIOD
The effectiveness of democratic decentralisation depends on the financial strength and independence of the local bodies. Financial autonomy is vital to reap the full potential benefits of decentralisation as the transfer of funds, functions, and functionaries will enable local bodies to be institutes of self-governance and not just delivery mechanisms. In the context of persistent fiscal distress across the local bodies, an attempt is made to empirically examine the fiscal performance of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in Andhra Pradesh during 2010-11 to 2017-18, i.e. pre- and post-bifurcation periods of the State. The fiscal autonomy and the revenue dependency of PRIs across all three tiers in the State during the same period was also analysed. The study finds that the fiscal autonomy of top tiers, i.e. Mandal Praja Parishads (MPPs) and Zilla Praja Parishads (ZPPs) is negligible in both periods, while Gram Panchayats showed relatively better fiscal autonomy in both periods. 2022 National Institute of Rural Development. All rights reserved. -
Customer Behavior Analysis Using Unsupervised Clustering and Profiling: A Machine Learning Approach
Now-a-days, client conduct models are reliably established on information mining of client information, and each model is supposed to answer one solicitation at one point on schedule. Anticipating client conduct is a problematic and irksome task. Thus, making client conduct models requires the right strategy and approach. Right when an estimate model has been fabricated, it is challenging to restrict it for the motivations driving the advertiser, to pick the very thing displaying moves to make for every client or for the party of clients. Notwithstanding the multifaceted nature of this arrangement, most client models are completely fundamental. As the need might arise, most client conduct investigation models ignore such endless proper factors that the gauges they make are overall not altogether strong. This paper plans to encourage a connection rule mining model to expect client conduct using a typical electronic retail store for data combination and concentrate critical examples from the client conduct data. In this undertaking, a solo grouping of information on the customer's records from a regular food item company's data set will be played out. Customer segmentation is the act of clustering customers into bunches that reflect likenesses among customers in each group. Customers are separated into sections to advance the meaning of every customer to the business. To change items as indicated by unmistakable requirements and practices of the customers. It additionally assists the business with obliging the worries of various kinds of customers. Customers were clustered using a technique known as agglomerative clustering, which is a type of hierarchical clustering. Agglomerative clustering is a method for clustering data in a hierarchical order. It entails merging cases until you reach the appropriate number of clusters. The number of clusters to be produced is determined using the Elbow Method. 2022 IEEE. -
Carbon Dot-Based Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Systems for Biomedical, Sensing, and Imaging Applications
Carbon dots (CDs) emerge as a potential group of photo-luminescent nano-materials due to their excellent optical, electrical, and chemical properties, as well as their competence in a wide range of environmental applications. CDs have unique and appealing properties such as excellent stability, low toxicity, water solubility, and derivability. When coupled with CDs, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) results in the development of highly sensitive ratiometric fluorescence sensor probes with potential applications in bio-imaging, metal sensing, membrane dynamics, and environmental sensing. In this review, the progress and recent developments in CDs based FRET systems utilized for various environmental applications are conferred. An in-depth description is provided regarding the numerous donor/acceptor systems which when integrated with CDs generate efficient FRET systems. The review enables researchers to identify and develop specific systems which can be utilized to generate a FRET pair with potential physicochemical properties that aid the development of the same for various applications. 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Facilitating Faculty Development for Training in Multicultural Competence in Health Service Psychology Graduate Programs Through an International Collaboration
A critical aspect of strengthening graduate-level clinical and counseling psychology training in cultural competence is to build capacity among faculty teaching in these programs to provide effective training. We addressed this need through an international collaboration between a university in India and another in the United States that included faculty travel to another country, peer mentoring groups, and review of curricula. This article describes faculty perceptions of this program and its perceived impact on their professional development and outlines curricular and research outcomes that resulted from the program. Across 4 years, a total of eight faculty visits took place with Indian faculty (n = 13) visiting the United States and US faculty (n = 11) visiting India. After each visit, faculty at both institutions responded to open-ended questions about the usefulness of these visits and completed a rating scale at the end of the program through an online survey. Faculty from both countries indicated that the visits contributed to enhanced cultural awareness and sensitivity by broadening their perspectives and learning about cultural similarities and differences. Indian faculty described learning about new pedagogical methods and enhanced motivation to engage in research and publish, along with new collaborative opportunities. US faculty described incorporating cultural competence more centrally in their teaching and clinical supervision through increased commitment, as well as inclusion of more global and diverse content and assignments aimed to increase students cultural competence. These responses provide preliminary support for the usefulness of cultural immersion experiences for faculty professional development. 2024 American Psychological Association Inc.. All rights reserved. -
Is my culture influencing me?: Client experiences of mental illness and psychotherapy in a transitional Indian culture
The client therapy experience has been the focus of many bodies of literature in psychotherapy, even across cultures. While researchers have emphasized on the use of indigenous approaches in Indian psychotherapy, how much of this is applicable in the present scenario? The experience has become increasingly tricky to understand given the complexities arising from the influence of urbanization and westernization. Thus, the present study aimed to explore the experience of mental illness and psychotherapy in modern day India. Using the integrated, holistic idea of the person and their needs, the study conducted semi-structured interviews with ten cis-gender, urban Indian participants between 21 and 39years of age. Data analysis using thematic analysis uncovered the global theme of Transitional Culture Impacting the Therapeutic Experience. The major organizing themes and basic themes have been elaborated as well. In essence, the study concludes that the increased awareness and acceptance of psychotherapy in urban India, combined with the exposure to Western methodologies, may be related to an increase in the expectations for similar therapeutic services. Implications and recommendations have been discussed. The Author(s) 2023. -
Impact of Celebrity Credibility in Social Advertising: A Systematic Review of Rahul Dravids Anti-tobacco Campaign Endorsement
Tobacco cessation programs have had their share of hits and misses. While state-controlled organizations invest in such programs every year, it is hard to trace their effectiveness. This is a bigger challenge when celebrities are enrolled to endorse such programs. Several studies that track celebrity endorsements for marketing commercial products have validated the influence of celebrities on brand-related outcomes. This study provides a systematic review of a celebrity endorsement of an anti-tobacco advertisement. To conduct a systematic review of a celebrity endorsement, we examined the responses of celebrity fans on source (celebrity) credibility factors and their attitude towards the social cause endorsement. A sample of 258 celebrity fans was surveyed using a questionnaire. The survey instrument contained a 15-item scale to measure celebrity factors of physical attractiveness, expertise and trustworthiness. Further, demographic details, social media activity and cigarette consumption details were captured along with cognitive and affective responses towards the anti-tobacco endorsement featuring the celebrity. It was found that physical attractiveness and trustworthiness of the celebrity were found to be influencing the attitude of the fan towards social cause. In addition, the study revealed the significant influence of education on attitude towards social cause in contrast to age and gender as evident in previous studies. The study provides very important insights for advertisers of social causes on effective use of celebrities as part of their communication campaigns. 2021, School of Management Sciences. All rights reserved. -
Transformational Impact of COVID-19 on Savings and Spending Patterns of Indian Rural Households
COVID-19 has spread across the globe at a shocking level and significantly affects the world economy. The pandemic has significantly impacted rural households, the primary workforce for industrialized urban areas, in every sector of rural businesses, including agriculture. Furthermore, the dearth of employment in the primary industry has also adversely influenced rural inhabitants livelihood and financial decisions. COVID-19 changed the perception of people regarding their income and expenditure. This study is intended to analyse the transformation of savings and spending of rural households during COVID-19. A questionnaire was developed using a Likert scale to elicit study variables, and the collected data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that all types of savings had a positive and significant relationship with the savings motive of rural households during COVID-19. Further, customary and spontaneous spending had a positive and significant relationship spending pattern of rural households. Rural inhabitants were interested in compromising their spending and other forms of savings to have more emergency savings. Earlier studies have examined either the savings or the spending pattern of rural households, and studies on both savings and spending by rural households are very few. The present study thus adds to the existing literature in the field. The Author(s) 2022. -
Unraveling connections with artificial sweeteners and their impact on human health: A comprehensive review
There is a recent trend showing an uptick in the artificial sweetener's usage, particularly the nonnourishing variety. The allure of a low-calorie choice that lets people indulge in their sweet tooths while consuming less calories overall is what motivates this. Children's food products often contain a substantial number of artificial sweeteners due to their properties that aid in moisture retention, act as fillers, and serve as bulking agents. This article provides a comprehensive overview of artificial sweeteners and influences in human wealth. Studies have linked the use of artificial sweeteners to premature birth, highlighting the teratogenic potential of these compounds, particularly in beverages. Pregnant women who incorporate nonnutritive sweeteners into their diet during pregnancy are more likely to have children with birth defects, as indicated by studies on the subject. Artificial sweeteners should not be added to food for children because studies show that eating them while a child's body is still developing might disturb the balance of gut microbiota and cause potential problems like heart disease, stroke, and cognitive decline. The ingestion of nonnourishing sweeteners has adverse effects on the fertility of both men and women. Studies indicate that exceeding the recommended daily consumption that the FDA has set for artificial sweeteners can result in conditions of infertility for both genders. Additionally, there is a connection between the onset of cancer and the use of artificial sweeteners. Presently, a considerable amount of research relies on animal models rather than human ones, creating a notable gap in research. The limitation of extensive human model studies represents a drawback in validating results. Furthermore, there is a necessity for increased research focused on advancing techniques that can minimize the adverse effects of artificial sweeteners, making them more suitable for addressing issues related to obesity and various types of diabetes. 2024 The Author(s). eFood published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. on behalf of International Association of Dietetic Nutrition and Safety. -
Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles on Fish Embryos
Nanoparticles are used widely in the in-drug delivery, diagnostics, cosmetics, paints, electronics, fabrics, solar cells, medicines etc. Their wide application is due to their special properties which include minute size, high reaction rate, increased surface area and quantum effect. Despite their multiple applications, nanoparticles have harmful effects too due to their improper disposal causing their entry into the aquatic environment greatly threatening the ecological security as well as our health. Zebra fishes (Danio rerio) are used more commonly for the evaluation of toxicity and are considered a promising animal model. Studies on Salmon and Labeo rohita have also been used for toxicity evaluation. Nanoparticles affect the embryo more easily than the adult since the embryo are more sensitive. Hence it becomes important for us to study the effect of the nanoparticles on the embryo of the fishes. These nanoparticles have the ability to cross the chorion layer and affect the developing embryo. Since the fishes are a part of the food chain, when these organisms get affected they will eventually harm the humans too. This review focuses on the effect of metal nanoparticles (NPs) like gold(Au), silver(Ag), copper(Cu), platinum and metal oxides nanoparticles like titanium dioxide, aluminium oxide, copper oxide, nickel oxide zinc oxide on the embryonic development of fish embryos. When compared to the other nanoparticles (NPs) like silver, copper and platinum, it has been observed that the gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) showed no toxicity to embryos of zebrafish though few studies contradict this. Aluminium nanoparticles showed no toxicity and role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in enhancing the toxicity of nanoparticles have also been discussed. 2021 World Research Association. All rights reserved. -
Bromelain improves the growth, biochemical, and hematological profiles of the fingerlings of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
A 6-week-long feeding trial experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of Bromelain, a blend of proteolytic enzymes present in pineapple wastes on growth performance, biochemical, and hematological profiles of the fingerlings of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. For this, 240 Nile tilapia fingerlings (9 0.11 cm) were fed a commercial diet, supplemented with different levels of pineapple peel extract (PPE) at 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratios. After 45 days of the feeding trial, growth parameters, biochemical constituents, and the level of blood cells were assessed. It was found that the growth parameters such as weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, and specific growth rate were increased (p < 0.05) along with the total protein and amino acid content and few hematological parameters; whereas the feed conversion ratio was found to be reduced significantly (p > 0.05) without changing the white blood cell count with PPE supplementation. Thus, the PPE can be a potential feed supplement in Nile tilapia aquaculture. 2022 Gopal Raaj et al. -
A Comparative Study of Nutrient Composition, Proteolytic Activity, Phytochemical Profiles, Vitamin C Content, and Antioxidant Properties in the Peels of Selected Perennial Fruits
The escalating global demand for fruits has led to a surge in fruit production, resulting in significant fruit waste, particularly peels. The present study aims to investigate the nutrient content, proteolytic activity, phytochemical levels, vitamin C and antioxidant properties of five perennial fruits, namely Carica papaya (papaya), Selenicereus costaricensis (Red dragon fruit), Ananas comosus (Pineapple), Musa acuminata (Cavendish banana), Punica granatum (Pomegranate) peels of varying ripening stages. Accordingly, two ripening stages for pomegranate, papaya and dragon fruit (PoR1 and PoR2; PaR1 and PaR2; DR1 and DR2, respectively) and three stages for banana and pineapple (BR1, BR2 and BR3; PiR1, PiR2 and PiR3, respectively) were identified based on ethylene gas emission. The elemental analysis showed that fruit peels of Pineapple (PiR3), Banana (BR2), Papaya (PaR2), and Dragon fruit (DR2) showed significantly higher content of macro and micro-elements compared to the other ripening stages. Pomegranate peels exhibited the highest proteolytic activity (5.09 0.98unitsg?1), total phenolics (246.09 0.25mgg?1), total flavonoids (158.27 1.72mgg?1), tannins (103.94 0.09mgg?1), DPPH scavenging activity (129.43 1.34%), and antioxidant activity (127.14 1.35mgg?1 by phosphomolybdate assay). A. comosus peels had the greatest vitamin C levels (95.53 3.52mgg?1). Anti-nutrient analysis revealed safe levels of oxalates, phytates, and alkaloids, except for high oxalate levels in pomegranate peels. Notably, all parameters exhibited an increasing trend with ripening stages, with a decline during senescence in Banana (BR3) and Pomegranate peel (PoR2). This knowledge of fruit peel composition can enhance their utilization by humans, pharmaceutical and food industries, while also contributing to more effective waste management. Our study addresses the pressing need for sustainable fruit peel utilization in the context of escalating fruit production and waste. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to National Academy of Agricultural Sciences 2024. -
The effect of dietary supplementation of proteases on growth, digestive enzymes, oxidative stress, and intestinal morphology in fishes A review
Optimizing utilization of nutrients and improving protein digestibility, particularly in the early stages of cultivable species, is a challenging task for the sustainable development of aquaculture. The use of protein-digesting enzymes as a feed supplement is an eco-friendly approach to improve protein digestibility. Exogenous enzymes, particularly proteases, have been shown to improve fish growth, nutrient digestibility, immunological parameters, intestinal topography, and most importantly, water quality. Although there is a clear understanding of the role of proteases and their mechanism of action, their role as a feed supplement in aquaculture remains controversial. In this review, we present updated information on the impact of proteases in improving various development indicators and fish health in general. Based on the information gathered from the current state of knowledge, it is clear that extensive research has to be made to broaden the application of proteases overcoming the drawbacks that could hinder its application in the field. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. -
Performance Analysis of Nonlinear Companding Techniques for PAPR Mitigation in 5G GFDM Systems
Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) is a 5G waveform contender that offers asynchronous and non-orthogonal data transmission, featuring several advantages, some of them being low latency, reduced out-of-band (OOB) radiation and low adjacent channel leakage ratio. GFDM is a non-orthogonal multicarrier waveform which enables data transmission on a time frequency grid. However, like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and many other multicarrier systems, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is one of the main problems in GFDM, which degrades the high-power amplifier (HPA) efficiency and distorts the transmitted signal, thereby affecting the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. Hence, PAPR reduction is essential for improved system performance and enhanced efficiency. Nonlinear companding techniques are known to be one of the effective low complexity PAPR reduction techniques for multicarrier systems. In this paper, a GFDM system is evaluated using mu law companding, root companding and exponential companding techniques for efficient PAPR reduction. The PAPR and BER graphs are used to evaluate the proposed methods in the presence of an HPA. Simulations show that, out of these three techniques, exponential companding was found to provide a trade-off between the PAPR reduction and BER performance. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Strategies to achieve carbon neutrality and foster sustainability in data centers
Data centers and transmission networks are crucial in the digital age, with the market expected to grow from $50 billion in 2021 to $120 billion by 2030. However, their extensive computing infrastructure and continuous operation generate significant heat, necessitating energy-intensive cooling systems. The IEA report revealed that data center power consumption surged by over 60% between 2015 and 2021, with transmission networks experiencing a 60% usage increase. Addressing these growing energy demands poses significant challenges for the industry, with some countries considering restrictions on new data center licenses due to environmental concerns. To mitigate the climate impact, the industry must prioritize the procurement of low-carbon or carbon-free electricity to reduce Scope 2 emissions related to electricity, heating, and cooling. Tech giants like AWS, Google, and Meta/Facebook have already adopted ambitious public targets, either running on carbon-free electricity or investing in global projects for cost-effective and large-scale emissions reduction. 2024, IGI Global. -
Explainable IoT Forensics: Investigation on Digital Evidence
This research examines the relevance of digital forensics in the field of Internet of Things and describes how different forensics tools and software are used to investigate cybercrimes. It emphasizes the importance of IoT Forensics and how it's used to tackle cybercrimes. It also discusses on the challenges faced by IoT forensics and gives an insight into the recent advancements in the field. It gives a walkthrough about how digital forensics investigation is done in 'data stolen' or 'data deleted' scenario. An outline of research potential and problems in IoT forensics is given in this chapter. The main details of IoT forensics are described. In all stages of a forensic investigation, issues linked to IoT are highlighted along with the potential that IoT presents for forensics. An illustration of an IoT forensics case is given with appropriate analytics. A brief research overview is provided, with information on the important research directions and a review of relevant articles. Future research proposals are included in the chapter's conclusion. 2023 IEEE. -
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Polyester and Epoxy Resin Matrices Reinforced with Jute, E-glass and coconut Fiber
Composite manufacturing is a novel branch of science and often finds numerous applications in several industries. Some of them are sport, automobile, aerospace and marine industries. Some of the properties that can be highlighted are good mechanical properties along with stiffness and comparatively lighter weight. There is a continuous research in this area is as the constant pursuit to achieve greater performance by changing various materials and the combinations of those with various resins are experimented. In the current work, polyester and epoxy resins were reinforced with coconut, E-glass and jute fibers of 5-6mm length and were prepared by hand layup method. The fiber and resin were taken in 18:82 weight percentages. Post production of the composites they were subjected to various physical mechanical and microstructural studies to determine various properties. The morphological features were analyzed through the microstructural study done through scanning electron microscope. In comparison with the composites manufactured, The artificial fiber reinforced composite, E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites exhibited superior tensile strength, flexural strength, impact toughness and hardness values. Among the natural fiber reinforced composite, coconut fiber reinforced composites exhibited better tensile, impact and hardness than its counterpart jute reinforced composites. Thus the resins reinforced with E-glass fiber had the highest mechanical properties when compared with jute fiber reinforced composites (JFRC) and coconut fiber reinforced composites (CFRC). The cost effectiveness of the natural fiber reinforced composites is also an added advantage over the artificial fiber reinforced composites. 2018 Elsevier Ltd. -
Rapid Prototyping Methods in Manufacturing of Biomedical Implants: A Review
The advancements in science and technology have given the flexibility in various levels for the scientists to manufacture variety of components. Rapid prototyping is one of the most sought-after techniques in the field of biomedical engineering for material manufacture. Bio-inertness, biocompatibility, and manufacturability are the desirable properties for biomedical applications. The review aims to provide a valuable contribution to the biomedical field, by identifying and comparing the rapid prototyping methods on the basis of time, quality, and cost. This work is dedicated to study, identify, and compare different methods of rapid prototyping in the manufacture of biomedical implants, the materials used for these processes. It also encompasses comparison of the process parameters for each manufacturing method and the advantages and disadvantages of the processes. Polysiloxane, hydroxyapatite, bioceramics, and titanium alloys due to its bio-inertness and nontoxic nature are some of the identified materials in the current review of the research. The highly sophisticated and complex biomedical implant manufacturing by various methods was studied and compared. Immense researches are being carried out in this novel field and are more prevalent in biomedical field due to its beautiful characteristics. The rapid advanced technological methods facilitate immediate intervention and faster treatment of the patient which reduces the risk and helps in faster recovery. 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Internet chat based intervention as a mode for therapy and counselling
Increasing mental health issues in India demands for a strong intervention to curb the rise. According to the World Health Organization, roughly around 21 Indians out of 100,000 die by suicide every year. The burden on mental health domain increases due to the existing system as most of the existing services follow a traditional approach and are most sought after but lack reachability and ease of access. This study recognises the need for programmes that help in reachability and ease of access while simultaneously maintaining anonymity, therefore, analyses the impact of chat-based therapy provided online through the platform. The paper analyses the difference in subjective unit of well-being (SUW) pre and post chat-based sessions among 2624 college students and 805 corporate employees. The Wilcoxon signed rank test between pre and post intervention indicates significant results with the p < 0.001 (Z = -44.100a) suggesting and increase in SUW scores post intervention. Further, the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that the gender of the clients has an association with the SUW scores (p < 0.05). It was also found that the duration of the sessions had a positive relation with the impact scores (p < 0.001). The Author(s), 2025. -
Development of classical swine fever virus E2-protein based indirect ELISA for detection of antibodies against the virus in pigs
Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important and highly contagious disease of pigs caused by CSF virus, genus Pestivirus. Serological diagnosis of the disease is highly valuable for surveillance and thereby containment of spread of the disease. In this study, we have demonstrated the development of CSFV envelope glycoprotein E2-based indirect ELISA (E2-iELISA) for the detection of CSFV specific antibodies. The full-length E2 protein was expressed in E. coli and the purified protein was used as a coating antigen in indirect ELISA for detecting CSFV specific antibodies in pigs. A panel of 506 pig sera samples was used to validate the ELISA and the results were highly comparable to the results obtained with the commercial antibody detection kit (PrioCHECK CSFV Ab kit). The in-house E2-iELISA demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity (95.4%) and specificity (95.5%), highlighting its potential application for sero-surveillance or monitoring of the disease in the swine population. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024.