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Characteristic Mode Analysis of Fashion Brands Conductive Logos as Potential Radiators
A few popular fashion brand logos, which can be employed as potential radiating elements, are investigated in this paper based on the theory of characteristic mode (TCM). Such an analysis would further help design multi-band wearable antennas within the frequency range from 1 to 6 GHz. The resonant behavior and bandwidth capability for various modes are presented and discussed. It is observed that all the studied logos demonstrate a first resonant frequency around 1.5 GHz, while both Lacoste and Louis Vuitton logos show wider modal bandwidths capabilities. 2023 IEEE. -
Characteristic Mode Analysis of Metallic Automobile Logo Geometry
This paper presents a characteristic mode analysis of a few popular automobile logo geometries. It is performed to get an insight into the physical behavior of those geometries which can be employed as a radiating element, such as an antenna. Such an analysis helps design multi-band and multi-mode antennas suitable for 5G sub-6 GHz bands. The resonant behavior, bandwidth capability, and modal current distribution analysis are presented for various modes of different automobile logo geometries, demonstrating that Audi, Suzuki, and Volkswagen logos show multi-band performance. Moreover, due to having symmetric modes, the BMW logo was found to be suitable for designing a circularly polarized antenna. 2023 IEEE. -
Characteristics of chitin extracted from different growth phases of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, fed with different organic wastes
Insect chitin was isolated from different life stages of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens, such as instar stages, prepupae and pupae, reared separately on fruit and vegetable waste substrates after removal of fat, protein and minerals. Chitin yield was high in prepupae fed with vegetable waste (11.78 0.13%) followed by fruit waste (6.82 0.36%). The extracted chitin was compared with a commercial chitin from shrimp by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that both chitins from commercial shrimp source and the H. illucens had similar chemical structures and physicochemical properties indicating the H. illucens chitin samples to be of ?- chitin orientation type. With regards to the H. illucens samples, small physiochemical changes were noticed. Furthermore, the polymers derived from BSF are equivalent to commercial polymers in terms of purity and structural morphology, indicating their utility for industrial and medical applications. Thus, H. illucens prepupae is a promising alternative source of chitin. 2023, African Association of Insect Scientists. -
Characteristics of Users Seeking Romantic Relationships on AI-Powered Dating Platforms and With AI Companions
AI now underpins nearly every major dating platform, influencing how people discover partners, express themselves, and form romantic bonds. This chapter explains why studying AI in romance has become essential, outlining how algorithmic matching, behavioural design, and personalisation shape digital relationships. It identifies key demographic groups, personality traits, and attachment styles that are drawn to AI-enhanced dating contexts, and examines their motivations, attitudes, and self-presentation patterns across various platforms. The chapter also explores the rise of artificial intimacy, showing how AI companions provide emotional safety, stability, and reinforcement that encourage ongoing engagement. Using psychological approaches, it discusses how users perceive AI as a romantic or supportive figure and how these perceptions interact with individual needs. Ultimately, the chapter highlights how user characteristics and AI design together drive the emergence of new forms of digital intimacy and their broader psychological and social implications. Copyright 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global Scientific Publishing is prohibited. Use of this chapter to train generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is expressly prohibited. The publisher reserves all rights to license its use for generative AI training and machine learning model development. -
Characterization and Analysis of Carbon Fiber and Nano hBN Reinforced Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites by Conventional Sintering
As mono composites focus solely on improving one property at a time, the significance of hybrid composites grows day by day. The incorporation of carbon fiber (CF) and nano hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) particles as reinforcement for Aluminium has gained significant popularity because of their superior properties. In this work, the AA 7050 is reinforced with carbon fiber and nano hBN and fabricated by powder metallurgy method. To achieve an effective nanoparticle distribution in the matrix, premixing of the particles was done. The reinforcements were effectively dispersed by ball milling, and the composite was created using a traditional powder metallurgy. Dispersion of the particles in the matrix was analyzed by optical microscope. The effect of adding reinforcement to the matrix was investigated using properties such as micro hardness and compression test, and wear characterization. A significant increase in mechanical and wear properties was achieved for the combination of 0.25 wt. % carbon fiber and 0.5 wt. % hBN addition due to the uniform dispersion of nano particles along with the carbon fiber presence. The microhardness, compressive strength and wear rate is improved by 33%, 66% and 54 % respectively than the bare alloy. This study provides insight into the importance of hybrid Aluminium nano composites for high strength applications. Author(s) 2024. -
Characterization and comparison studies of Bentonite and Flyash for electrical grounding
Earthing or Grounding is an Electrical system consists of electrodes which serves as an electrical connection from an electric circuit in the system to the earth or ground. Traditional Earthing- where we mix charcoal and salt offers low resistance to the fault current flow developed from a Low operating Voltages. Since operating voltages are high now a days, Short circuit current also increased. Traditional method of Earthing is replaced by chemical Earthing.Bentonite which is mainly used in chemical Earthing serves the requirement of Low resistance Earthing pits and also have the property to retain the moisture. In this paper an attempt had been made to assure the Flyash usage in the grounding pit and this paper discusses the Characterization, Comparison and Field Studies on Earthing Pit constructed with Bentonite and Fly ash layers. 2015 IEEE. -
Characterization and properties of plant extract-derived nanostructured carbon materials
The remarkable features of carbon nanomaterials, which include graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon nanofibers, have elevated them to the forefront of material science study. These nanoparticles are very desirable for a variety of applications, such as electronics, energy storage, composites, and biomedical devices, due to their exceptional mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical properties. This chapter offers a thorough rundown of the essential characteristics and cutting-edge methods for characterizing carbon nanomaterials. We examine the inherent qualities of several carbon nanostructures, emphasizing their surface chemistry, electrical and thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength. Every one of these characteristics is essential for figuring out whether carbon nanoparticles are appropriate for a given application. The chapter also covers cutting-edge characterization methods that are crucial for assessing the caliber and characteristics of carbon nanomaterials. AFM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and other spectroscopic techniques are covered in detail. These methods offer vital information on the shape, composition, purity, density of defects, and electrical characteristics of carbon nanomaterials. 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Characterization of bioactive compounds from Saraca asoca and their antibacterial activity against fish pathogens in Oreochromis niloticus
Saraca asoca, known for its therapeutic properties in Ayurveda, is the focus of this study, aiming to identify and quantify the bioactive compounds in its leaf extract using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The study also investigates the antibacterial efficacy of methanol, ethanol and acetone extracts of S. asoca against fish pathogens in Oreochromis niloticus like Vibrio alginolyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Aeromonas hydrophila through the well-diffusion method. GC-MS confirmed the presence of compounds such as 3- hydroxy biphenyl, n-hexa decanoic acid, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, 4,5-diethyl octane and 9-tetradecen-1-ol. In contrast, FTIR spectra revealed several significant peaks, indicating the presence of specific functional groups in the S. asoca leaf fraction. The results exhibited high absorbance in the wavenumber ranges of 4000-3500 cm-1, 3000-2500 cm-1, 1800-1500 cm-1 and 1100-950 cm-1. The findings of the antibacterial assay suggest that the methanolic extract exhibited a strong inhibitory effect against bacterial pathogens, with zones of inhibition ranging from 6 0.21 to 18 0.57 mm in size. These results indicate that S. asoca leaf extract contains bioactive compounds effective against the pathogenic bacteria in O. niloticus, supporting the growing shift towards reducing antibiotic use in aquaculture. (2025), (Horizon e-Publishing Group). All rights reserved. -
CHARACTERIZATION OF BOUNDS FOR ??ADJACENCY ENERGY OF A GRAPH
Recently Nikiforov et.al [9] put forward the ??adjacency energy of a graph G. In this paper, we continue the work on ??adjacency energy and obtain bounds for this new parameter in terms of order, size and the first Zagreb index. Indian Mathematical Society, 2023. -
Characterization of Diesel soot from the combustion in engine by X-ray and spectroscopic techniques
International journal of Electrochemical science . Vol. 4, Issue 4, pp. 3215-3221 ISSN No. 1452-3981 -
Characterization of diesel soot from the combustion in engine by X-ray and spectroscopic techniques
Carbon nanomaterials formed during the combustion of Diesel inside engine is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and spectroscopic techniques. The soot are collected from the Engine and washed with Acetone. Carbon Nanomaterials produced from diesel soot show the morphology of carbon nanospheres mixed with carbon nanotubes. X-ray diffraction investigation shows the presence of carbon nanotubes in association with amorphous nanomaterial. EDS analysis of Diesel soot indicates that the soot particles to be composed of primarily carbon and oxygen along with hydrogen. NMR spectrum of the soot reveals significant aliphatic component with predominance of methyl and methylene groups on ? and ? positions to aromatic rings. There is significant fraction of hydrogen on the ? position at 0.864 ppm, which suggests the existence of large aliphatic chains or saturated rings joined to aromatic rings. The IR spectrum shows characteristic signals in the region 1700-1000 cm -1, where the most important one correspond to C=O stretching of carboxylic acids at 1639 cm -1, C=C stretching of aromatic groups at 1533 cm -1, and aliphatic C-H plane deformation of CH 2/CH 3 groups at 1380 cm -1 and 1445 cm -1 respectively. 2012 by ESG. -
Characterization of Erd?s matrices by their zero entries
An Erd?s matrix E is a bistochastic matrix whose sum of squares of entries (Frobenius norm squared) equals its maxtrace (maximum value of the trace of ?E, as ? varies over permutation matrices). We characterize all Erd?s E by the patterns of their zero entries; showing that each such skeleton has at most one E. We present an algorithm to find all n Erd?s matrices, which finds them up to n?5 quickly and also size n=6. We further show some presently known RCDS matrices (E in which the trace of ?E remains constant across all the permutations that avoid every zero-entry position in E) to be Erd?s. 2026 Elsevier Inc. -
Characterization of interval-valued fuzzy bridges and cutnodes
In this paper, we characterize interval - valued fuzzy bridges and interval-valued fuzzy cutnodes in terms of ? strong arcs. We discuss about the behaviour of arcs in a strongest path of an interval - valued fuzzy graph. An example is provided to prove that strongest paths are not in general related to strong paths in an interval - valued fuzzy graph. Finally we give a particular condition under which strong paths and strongest paths are equivalent. 2019 Author(s). -
Characterization of Line-Cut Signed Graphs
A signed graphS= (Su, ?) consists of an underlying graph Su and a function ?: E(Su) ? { + , - }. For a graph G, its lict graph written as Lc(G) is the intersection graph ?(E(G) ? C(G)). For a signed graph S, its line-cutsigned graph (in short called lict signed graph) is denoted by Lc(S) has underlying graph Lc(Su) and two vertices u and v joint by negative edge if u and v both are negative adjacent edges of S or u is a negative edge incident to a cut-vertex v of negative degree odd in S and by positive edge otherwise, here C(S) is the set of cut-vertices of S. In this paper, we establish structural characterization of lict signed graphs Lc(S). 2020, The National Academy of Sciences, India. -
Characterization of nano-crystalline carbon from camphor and diesel by x-ray diffraction technique
Hydrocarbons are by far the most widespread precursors among carbon sources employed in the production of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanosphers. In the present study, diesel and camphor have been used as precursors for nanomaterials. Carbonaceous soot produced from combustion of diesel in engine shows the presence of significant amount of carbon nanomaterials. The ? band at about 19.28 has been attributed to the presence of amorphous carbon and surface defects in carbon nanotubes. The ? band at about 25.81 corresponds to e2g mode of graphite which is related to vibration of sp2bonded carbon atoms and the presence of ordered carbon nanotubes in diesel soot. The SEM micrographs provide a clear indication that nanoparticle formed in diesel soot are clusters of carbon nanospheres. Energy dispersive spectrum analysis of diesel soot confirms that the soot particles to be composed of primarily carbon and oxygen along with hydrogen. The camphor soot shows ? and ? bands which reveals the presence of crystalline graphitic carbon. The SEM micrographs of camphor show the presence of carbon nanostructures. It is found nanomaterials formed in the diesel soot consists more of disordered carbon, whereas in camphor it is more of ordered graphite like carbon. -
Characterization of nanocarbon based electrode material derived from anthracite coal
Nanocarbon derivatives (NCD's) have wide range of scope in the field of sensors, supercapacitors and charge storage application. In the present study, anthracite is used as a precursor to synthesis nano-carbon derivatives. One of the important aspects of this study is to intercalate the synthesized NCD's with Li-ion to enhance its electrochemical and optical properties. The prepared NCD with Li-ion interface is used as an electrode material to study charge-discharge capacity and cyclic stability. The NCD shows a specific capacitance 65.4 mF g-1 and retention of capacitance after 200 cycles. However, adding small amount of supportive electrode material with NCD's enhances the capacitance after 160 cycles. The drastic increase in electronic conductivity of NCD's by adding supportive Li-ion permits the electrochemical activity of electrode material to be effectively utilized for practical applications. 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd. -
Characterization of Negative Exponential Distribution Based on Patil-Seshadri Condition
In this paper, the different characterizations of the negative exponential distribution in the context of the Patil-Seshadri (P-S) condition are analyzed. To support this conclusion, we next show in the case of several continuous probability distributions including the generalized logistic, Laplace, lognormal and more, that under certain conditions they can be seen as a damaged rendition of the negative exponential distribution. The results offer new insights into the ways to continue previous research on how damaged data may appear to follow simpler exponential forms. The paper also presents the theoretical judgments of these characterizations and practical uses in biological frameworks, fund and signal handling where exponential developments and decays are usual scenes. Our research aims to have the following implications to these fields; it provides a fresh view to exponential model. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Characterization of product cordial dragon graphs
The vertices of a graph are to be labelled with 0 or 1 such that each edge gets the label as the product of its end vertices. If the number of vertices labelled with 0's and 1's differ by at most one and if the number of edges labelled with 0's and 1's differ by at most by one, then the labelling is called product cordial labelling. Complete characterizations of product cordial dragon graphs is given. We also characterize dragon graphs whose line graphs are product cordial. 2024 Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. -
Characterization of signed paths and cycles admitting minus dominating function
Let G = (V, E, ?) be a finite signed graph. A function f: V ? {?1, 0, 1} is a minus dominating function (MDF) of G if f(u) + Pv?N(u) ?(uv)f(v) ? 1 for all u ? V. In this paper we characterize signed paths and cycles admitting an MDF. 2020 Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University -
Characterization of the Forgotten Topological Index and the HyperZagreb Index for the Unicyclic Graphs
Let G be a molecular graph with V (G) and E(G) be the vertex set and edge set, respectively. Various investigations show that many degree and distance based topological indices are used to exhibit strong intrinsic connection between the molec- ular structures and the physico-chemical properties of the chemical compounds. In this paper, we focus on two degree-based topological indices, namely, the forgotten topological index and the hyper-Zagreb Index expressed as F(G) = P u2V (G) d(u)3 and HM(G) = P uv2E(G)(d(u) + d(v))2, respectively, where d(u) and d(v) are the degrees of the vertices u and v, respectively, in the graph G. We show that the unicyclic graphs can take any even positive integer except 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 34, 36, 38, 42, 46, 50, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 78, 86 and 94 for the forgotten index. A comparable result for the hyper-Zagreb index is also presented. 2020 University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science. All rights reserved.