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Corrosion behavior of AlCuFeMn alloy in aqueous sodium chloride solution
Medium Entropy Alloy AlCuFeMn possesses high room temperature strength and oxidation endurance. In present work, the aqueous corrosion resistance of the as-cast as well as low temperature oxidized AlCuFeMn alloy in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, is explored. Equimolar proportions of high purity copper, manganese, iron, and aluminum were arc melted and cast in a copper mold. The alloy primarily consists of a face-centered cubic and a body-centered cubic phase. Potentiodynamic polarization tests on the alloy after low temperature surface oxidation reveal an aqueous corrosion resistance comparable to AISI 304 steel and CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies confirmed that the free surface in the as-cast alloy is in partially oxidized state. The same completely oxidizes after low-temperature surface oxidation. Such low temperature surface oxidation improves pitting corrosion resistance in AlCuFeMn alloy due to increased metal/oxide layer resistance. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests coupled with microscopy confirmed that the principal corrosion mechanisms in the alloy are of the uniform and pitting type. The energy dispersive spectroscopy experiments indicate that a copper oxide enriched layer is formed on the surface oxidized specimen during corrosion. 2021 Elsevier B.V. -
Corrosion behaviour in friction stir processed and welded materials
This chapter presents a comprehensive study on the influence of friction stir processing/welding (FSW/FSP) on corrosion behaviour. It briefly discusses the different aspects of corrosion including corrosion types, measurement techniques and data analysis. The corrosion behaviour of a wide range of friction stir processed materials, including light weight metals such as magnesium and aluminum alloys, as well as high strength metals such as steel, has been discussed in detail. The influence of FSP parameters on the microstructural evolution, comprising grain-size and precipitate refinement along with its correlation with the corrosion properties, has been described for different materials. 2014 The authors and contributors. All rights reserved. -
Corrosion Characterization of Friction Stir Weld Dissimilar Aluminium Alloy Joints
The course of contact mix welding is quick acquiring conspicuousness in aviation, marine and car industry because of its benefits as far as mechanical strength, effect and hardness characteristics. There is as yet a requirement for sure fire consideration from the exploration local area to erosion in grating mix welding zones, hence the work introduced here centres around the consumption portrayal of the grinding mix weld divergent aluminium composite. This study looks into friction stir welding under various parametric settings and shows how corrosion happens in a sodium chloride electrolytic media under potentio-dynamic conditions. The friction stir weld joints of dissimilar alloys aluminium are constructed using three sets of parameters. Straight cylinder, taper cylinder, and straight triangular tool profiles; tool rotational speeds of 800, 1000, and 1200 rpm; tool feed rates of 100, 120, and 140 mm/min; and tool offsets of 0.5, 0 mm, and-1.5 mm. The corrosion current (Icorr) reduces as tool rotating speed increases up to 1200 rpm, after which it slightly increases due to the creation of ridges all around the periphery of the friction stir weld area. 2022, Books and Journals Private Ltd.. All rights reserved. -
Corrosion inhibition of mild steel using eco-friendly porous nanocarbon derived from waste mango kernels: a step towards sustainability
The pervasive corrosion of mild steel in acidic media poses a significant challenge in various industrial applications. While existing synthetic corrosion inhibitors are effective, their high cost and environmental toxicity necessitate the development of more sustainable alternatives. In this study, we present a novel approach to corrosion mitigation employing a porous nanocarbon synthesized from mango kernels, a sustainable source of agricultural waste. The CNS inhibitor was synthesized via pyrolysis at 800 C, yielding a high surface area (1090.2 m2 g?1) as confirmed by BET analysis. FE-SEM revealed a well-developed spherical morphology with an average particle size of 6070 nm. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of CNS was evaluated for mild steel in 1 M HCl using a combination of electrochemical techniques, including open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The CNS derived from waste mango kernels, exhibited excellent inhibition performance, achieving an efficiency of up to 87.1% at 800 ppm. PDP results revealed a mixed-type inhibition mechanism with suppression in both anodic and cathodic reactions. The thermodynamic parameter, adsorption free energy () of about ?20.0 kJ mol?1, indicates a spontaneous process and predominantly physical adsorption. Adsorption behavior was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model. Surface analyses using SEM, EDS, optical profilometry, and water contact angle measurements corroborated the formation of a protective inhibitor film on the steel surface. These findings highlight the potential of bio-waste-derived materials as a sustainable and environmentally benign corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2026 -
Corrosion mitigation performance of disodium EDTA functionalized chitosan biomacromolecule - Experimental and theoretical approach
Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate salt is known for its excellent coordinating properties with the metal ions. The present study deals with the investigation of the prepared Disodium EDTA functionalized chitosan in corrosion inhibition for mild steel in 1 M HCl. The modified chitosan was characterized by spectral studies, thermal analysis, and Zeta potential studies. The corrosion inhibition efficiency (%) was evaluated using the gravimetric method and electrochemical studies. The electrochemical studies included potentiodynamic polarization, linear polarization resistance, and electrochemical impedance methods. The modified chitosan polymer showed an inhibition efficiency of 96.63% for 500 ppm at 303 K. Adsorption process obeyed Langmuir isotherm. Experimental results and theoretical calculations endorsed initial physisorption followed by a chemisorption process. Surface characterization studies supported the formation of a protective film that enabled the inhibition process. Density functional theory, Monte Carlo studies, and molecular dynamics simulation studies show a good agreement with the experimental results. Two-way Analysis of Variance was performed to test the influence of immersion period and inhibitor concentration on the corrosion rate using the statistical software IBM SPSS 20.0. A quartic model was generated as the best fit with the highest R2 value of 0.973. Design Expert software was employed for statistical modeling fit. 2021 -
Corrosion studies on low-cost solid lubricant coated stainless steel specimen
AISI 304 stainless steel is widely used in industries owing to its many desirable qualities like excellent formability, drawability and resistance to corrosion. However, AISI 304 stainless steel corrodes when exposed to halide environment such as chloride and fluoride. This study is primarily focused to assess the anti-corrosion properties of AISI 304 steel when coated with CaF2 solid lubricant. CaF2 solid lubricant was synthesized from the discarded egg-shells by ion exchange method by treating the egg-shell powder with hydrogen fluoride solution. Thermal spray coating method was used to coat the synthesized CaF2 solid lubricant on the AISI 304 stainless steel specimen. Slurry erosion test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test were conducted on the coated and uncoated specimen to assess the corrosion resistance. From the experimental results, the corrosion rate of the coated specimen was found to be very effective compared to the uncoated specimen. 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Coset component signed graph of a group
In this paper, the notion of a newly derived signed graph called a coset component graph, based on cosets of subgroups of a group is introduced. Let G be a group and H be its subgroup. Then, the coset component graph of H in G, denoted by ?cc, is a simple graph with the vertex set consisting of elements of G and two vertices say, a, b ? ?cc are adjacent if either aH = bH or Ha = Hb. A coset component signed graph of H in G is a signed graph whose edges get the sign in accordance with their inclusion in the edge set of the corresponding coset component graph. The structure and important properties of the coset component signed graphs are determined in this paper. 2024 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Cosmic acceleration from topological fluctuations of quantum spacetime
The observed late-time acceleration of the Universe challenges our understanding of gravity and the quantum vacuum. We investigate the framework of Topological Dark Energy, where cosmic acceleration emerges not from a fundamental cosmological constant or exotic fields, but from the topological structure of quantum spacetime. In this picture, the vacuum is a dynamic spacetime foam in which gravitational instantons-non-perturbative configurations in Euclidean quantum gravity-nucleate and alter global topology. The cumulative effect of these processes, coupled to macroscopic gravity through the Gauss-Bonnet invariant, yields a dynamical effective cosmological constant, ?eff. Its sign and magnitude are determined by the statistical ensemble of instantons, allowing the dark energy equation of state to evolve across the phantom divide. By embedding the Topological Dark Energy in a FriedmannLemareRobertsonWalker background, we derive its background and linear perturbative cosmological dynamics and confront the model with DESI DR2 BAO, Union3 supernova, and Planck CMB data. The results show that Topological Dark Energy is observationally viable, reproducing key features of the expansion history while offering a theoretically motivated alternative to ?CDM. 2026 Elsevier B.V. -
Cosmic bounce in boundary-corrected symmetric teleparallel gravity
This study delves into modified f(Q,B) gravity, with a primary emphasis on solving field equations within the FLRW metric framework. It investigates bouncing scenarios by scrutinizing two nonlinear cosmological models and assesses energy conditions to authenticate bouncing cosmologies as viable alternatives to the conventional Big Bang theory. Furthermore, this analysis extends to examining geometrical parameters to shed light on the accelerating universe, providing significant insights into the implications of modified gravity for our comprehension of cosmic evolution. In addition, a perturbative analysis is performed for both models, showing that a nearly scale-invariant scalar spectral index ns and a suppressed tensor-to-scalar ratio r can be achieved for suitable parameter ranges, thus supporting the observational viability of the proposed bouncing framework. 2025 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Cosmic structure growth and perturbation analysis in logarithmic f(Q) gravity
In this work, we explore a cosmological model within the framework of modified gravity, specifically a logarithmic form of f(Q) gravity. Using recent observational datasets including RSD and DESI, we constrain the model parameters via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. Our analysis focuses on both background and perturbation-level cosmological diagnostics, evaluating the evolution of cosmographic parameters and the growth rate of structure through f?8. The results demonstrate consistency with observational data, particularly supporting a quintessence-like accelerated expansion. Additionally, the model addresses the S8 tension and provides insights into the late-time behavior of dark energy. The Author(s) 2025. -
COSMOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF BIANCHI TYPE-II BARROW HOLOGRAPHIC DARK ENERGY UNIVERSE; [????????I??? ?I????????? ????????I???? ?????? ?????I? ?????I?? ?????? ???? ?I???I-II]
In this paper, we investigate a Bianchi type II anisotropic cosmological model in the framework of Barrow holographic dark energy, considering both the Hubble horizon and GrandaOliveros scale as infrared cutoffs. To obtain exact solutions of the Einstein field equations, we assume a suitable relation between the metric potentials. Using Hubble cosmic chronometer data, we constrain the model parameters and obtain the best-fit values b4= ?0.091+0.013 ?0.012and H0= 72.32.7 km s?1Mpc?1The H(z) fit shows excellent agreement with observational data and overlaps with ?CDM at low redshifts, with mild deviations at higher z. The physical behaviour of the model is examined through a detailed analysis of cosmological parameters. The deceleration parameter q(z) reveals a smooth transition from an early decelerating phase to the present accelerating epoch. The equation of state parameter ?deshows quintom-like dynamics, evolving across the cosmological constant boundary and entering the phantom regime, consistent with late-time acceleration. Stability is tested using the squared sound speed vs2, which remains positive in the recent Universe, ensuring classical stability. The ?de?dephase plane indicates that both models lie in the freezing region, corresponding to faster acceleration. The statefinder diagnostics (r,s) and (r,q) further confirm the transition from the standard cold dark matter dominated phase to a de Sitter-like attractor, with trajectories showing clear deviations from ACDM. U.Y.D. Prasanthi, D. Tejeswararao, Diddi Srinivasa Rao, Y. Aditya, D. Ram Babu, 2026. -
Cost Effective and Energy Efficient Drip Irrigation System for IoT Enabled Smart Agriculture
The conventional methods of smart farming consume a significant percentage of the resources such as water, electricity, and manpower. This approach demands more time, money, and effort. The state of the art drip irrigation methods make use of the solenoid valve to control the water flow. The problem with such a system is reflected in its power consumption which is a significant factor for large-scale demands. The method proposed in this paper addresses this problem by developing an automated drip irrigation system that replaces components used in conventional methods with its economical counterparts in the market. A system using Node MCU, DC submersible motor, and soil moisture sensor is developed to automate the irrigation process ensuring efficient water and energy consumption. Since the proposed system utilizes economically cheaper components, it provides an upper edge over other systems in terms of expenditure and in turn economically feasible for large-scale demands. A mobile application is also developed to control, monitor, and schedule irrigation processes. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Cost effective porous areca nut carbon nanospheres for adsorptive removal of dyes and their binary mixtures
Novel porous nanospheres from areca nuts (ACNPs) were synthesized via one-step pyrolysis without the use of any chemical treatment and the materials were used as adsorbents for the removal of cationic methylene blue (MB) and anionic methyl orange (MO) as well as their binary mixtures. Around, 67 tonnes of areca nut biowaste is generated every year which are then burnt due to their slow rate of decomposition resulting in higher carbon footprints. Biosorbents are generally a preferable alternative for dye adsorption but involve chemical modification for surface enhancement and complex sample treatment. In this work, ACNPs, were investigated for their efficiency in the raw form and were characterized by SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, and BET techniques before and after subjecting to the dye adsorption studies. The BET analysis of the adsorbents showed a high specific surface area of 693.8 m2/g when prepared at 1000 C, while the N2 adsorption-desorption plot showed type-IV isotherm, suggesting the microporous nature of the carbon matrix. Batch equilibrium studies showed the removal efficiency of >95% for both the dyes and their binary mixtures under the optimum conditions of 0.15 g/L dosage, 10 ?M concentration and contact time of 70 min. Due to the synergistic effects of the binary dyes, higher removal efficiency of MB compared to MO was observed in the binary mixture. Adsorption results were tested using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, and Elovich isotherms to assess the best fit of the models. The qm value of MB was found to be 97.37 mg/g, while that of MO was 71.22 mg/g which is higher compared to individual dye components having lower values of 86.12 mg/g and 50.35 mg/g, respectively. Extended Langmuir and Jain and Snoeyink isotherms were used for binary data interpretation. The kinetic results showed good agreement with the Pseudo-second order equation, indicating internal diffusion. The possible mechanism involved electrostatic and ?-? interactions between the dye molecules and ACNPs. This approach is comprehensible and cost effective and can be utilized for dye removal in textile industries. 2023 Elsevier Inc. -
Cost Sensitive based Support Vector Machine for Energy Efficient Clustering and Routing
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are ideal for applications requiring rapid deployment, as they operate without the need for a pre-existing network infrastructure. WSNs have constrained capacity to manage large volumes of data, and processing, transmitting as well as receiving this data consumes substantial energy. On account of their constrained power usage and bandwidth, sensors are unable to transmit each gathered information to a Base Station (BS) or sink for analysis. Thus, this research proposes the Cost Sensitive based Support Vector Machine (CS-SVM) approach for the energy efficient clustering and routing. The proposed approach minimizes an energy consumption at data transmission and clustering, extending network lifetime through effectively selects CHs according to energy levels as well as node distribution. The CH selection considers the three important fitness functions such as distance from sink to CH, distance from CH to sensor nodes and residual energy. Then, the routing considers the two important fitness functions. The various performance indices are considered to validate the effectiveness of proposed method. The simulation outcomes proven that the proposed CS-SVM approach attains the better energy consumption of 8.32J as compared to the previous approach named Distributed Energy-efficient two-hop-based Clustering and Routing (DECR). 2025 IEEE. -
Cost-effective cryptographic architecture in quantum dot cellular automata for secured nano-communication
Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) provide rapid computational efficiency, high density and low power consumption, which is an alternative for CMOS technology. In digital world, cryptography is an important feature to protect digital data. To ensure the data protection in nano-communication, a QCA-based cryptographic architecture is proposed in this article. In the proposed design, the encryption and decryption are done with the help of random keys which is produced by the pseudo random number generator (PRNG). In this paper, architectural component of cryptographic architecture includes XOR block, 1 to 4 de-multiplexer and PRNG, which are realised using QCA. Finally, an integration of the individual components through clock zone-based crossover, lead to the generation of a novel cryptographic architecture. This design achieves low cost compared to the existing literature, as it uses minimum number of majority gate and inverters with clock zone-based crossover. Copyright 2024 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Cost-effective route to nanodiamonds from low-rank coal and their fluorescent & dielectric characteristics
The synthesis of nanodiamonds from abundant and inexpensive precursors has recently piqued the curiosity of researchers. It has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of nanodiamonds and open up a plethora of new applications. In this work, fluorescent nanodiamonds with smaller particle sizes with rich surface functionality are synthesized from low-grade coal lignite by employing a facile acidic oxidation and ultrasonication approach. The extracted nanodiamond particles are hydrophilic and display high excitation-dependent fluorescence in the aqueous medium. The excitation-dependent fluorescence can be ascribed to the collaboration and competition of the OH and COOH functional groups. The as-synthesized nanodiamonds also show good dielectric permittivity and ac conductivity over a wide frequency range at room temperature. The present research opens up the possibility of mass production of nanodiamonds on the industrial scale from a low-cost precursor. 2021 -
Cost-enabled QoS aware task scheduling in the cloud management system
Maintaining the quality of service (QoS) related parameters is an important issue in cloud management systems. The lack of such QoS parameters discourages cloud users from using the services of cloud service providers. The proposed task scheduling algorithms consider QoS parameters such as the latency, make-span, and load balancing to satisfy the user requirements. These parameters cannot sufficiently guarantee the desired user experience or that a task will be completed within a predetermined time. Therefore, this study considered the cost-enabled QoS-aware task (job) scheduling algorithm to enhance user satisfaction and maximize the profit of commercial cloud providers. The proposed scheduling algorithm estimates the cost-enabled QoS metrics of the virtual resources available from the unified resource layer in real-time. Moreover, the virtual machine (VM) manager frequently updates the current state-of-the art information about resources in the proposed scheduler to make appropriate decisions. Hence, the proposed approach guarantees profit for cloud providers in addition to providing QoS parameters such as make-span, cloud utilization, and cloud utility, as demonstrated through a comparison with existing time-and cost-based task scheduling algorithms. 2021 - IOS Press. All rights reserved. -
Cotton-derived carbon fibers and MoS2 hybrids for efficient I3? reduction in bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells
In light of recent advancements, a novel platinum-free counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been developed utilizing hierarchical MoS2 structures in conjunction with bio-derived carbon materials. Carbon fibers produced from cotton and molybdenum-doped carbon rods synthesized from melamine were fabricated through a straightforward hydrothermal process, which significantly enhanced both electrocatalytic activity and stability. The resulting counter electrodes exhibited notably low charge transfer resistances of 9.45 ? and 6.43 ?, thus facilitating efficient redox reactions. Consequently, DSSCs incorporating these materials achieved remarkable power conversion efficiencies of 7.04 % and 7.58 %, surpassing traditional platinum-based counter electrodes, which recorded an efficiency of 7.50 %. Furthermore, the high optical transmittance of these materials renders them suitable for bifacial DSSCs, broadening their potential applications. This research underscores the promise of bio-inspired carbon composites as sustainable and efficient alternatives in solar energy technologies, offering an environmentally friendly substitute for conventional noble metal electrodes. 2025 Elsevier Ltd -
Counseling and psychotherapy in india: Professionalism amidst changing times
India is a melting pot of diversity in castes, communities, geographical regions, languages, religions, and practices, within a geographical area of 32,87,263 kilometers, with 28 states and seven union territories. Although the notions of counseling and psychotherapy are Western, the process of mentoring and assisting individuals through their developmental issues was already present in ancient models of care in India, such as the Guru Shishya System,1 the Joint Family Network,2 and traditional healing. Counseling and psychotherapy do not exist as completely distinct disciplines in India. Although counseling grew out of a strong guidance format and led to a proliferation of trained and lay counselors and psychotherapy arose from a strong theoretical clinical psychology background, these differences are blurred in society. As Arulmani (2007) points out: all that is termed as counseling today was embedded within a complex support system of social relationships (p. 70). Although these fields progressed, difficulties with accreditation exist. The Indian Association of Clinical Psychologists (IACP), along with other bodies such as the Counseling Association of India, offer discussions of matters related to psychotherapy counseling and clinical psychology, and provide the code of conduct in India (IACP, 1993). Varma (1982) highlighted seven distinct features of the Indian population that strongly infiuence how counseling and psychotherapy are practiced and received by clients: Mutual interdependence, lack of psychological sophistication involving introspective and verbal abilities, social distance between the doctor and the patient due to class hierarchies, religious belief in rebirth and fatalism and related accountability, guilt attributed to misdeeds in past life and social approval-related shame, and lower emphasis on confidentiality as society can be therapeutic allies. India is a collectivistic society wherein the self is relational (Roland, 2005), though recent socio-economic changes have resulted in a contradictory mix of traditional and modern elements in families (Murthy, 2003). Shah and Isaac (2005) note that relationship problems dominate themes in clinical interviews and in the process of individual, couple and family therapy sessions in India. 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
Counseling and Psychotherapy in India: Radha's Story
This chapter discusses the case of Radha, who presented with depression and infertility. The focus of counseling was to alleviate Radha's psychological distress, help her redefine her identity, and explore alternatives to infertility in the individual and marital context. The counselor's suggestion to use traditional healing practices, especially Pranayama, greatly helped the client, as she used these practices as for preventive coping. Handling the sensitive issue of infertility was challenging for the counselor, especially dealing with the ingrained cultural resistance to infertility and the client's value system that contributed to her own psychological state. Classical approaches to counseling and psychotherapy are indeed useful but require contextualization and an understanding of eclectic practice. Along with eclectic practice, integration of alternative systems of care, such as traditional healing practices, is seen as essential in the practice of counseling and psychotherapy in India. 2015 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.