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Spectral and power efficiency investigation in single- and multi-line-rate optical wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks
In order to tackle the increasing heterogeneous global Internet traffic, mixed-line-rate (MLR) optical wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks have emerged as the cost- and power-efficient solution. In MLR WDM networks, channels are structured as sub-bands, each of which consists of wavelengths operating at a similar data rate. By reducing the (1) spacing within a sub-band, or (2) spacing between sub-bands operating at different data rates, spectral efficiency can be improved. However, owing to high physical layer impairment levels, decrease in sub-band spacing adversely affects transmission reach of the channels, which results in higher power consumption due to requirement of increased signal regeneration. In this work, we compare power efficiency of various MLR and single-line-rate (SLR) solutions, and also investigate the trade-off that exists between spectral and power efficiency in a WDM network. Simulation results indicate that (1) for high transmission capacities, a combination of 100Gbps transponders and 40Gbps regenerators will obtain the highest power efficiency; (2) for long connection distances, a point ofmerging occurs for various SLR and MLR designs, where power consumption is independent of the frequency band distribution; and (3) for MLR systems, both spectral and power efficiency can be improved by using either shorter links with higher bandwidth assignment to 100Gbps wavelengths, or longer links with higher bandwidth assignment to 40Gbps wavelengths. Finally, the results indicate that focusing on spectral efficiency alone results in extra power consumption, since high quality of transmission and spectral efficiency leads to increased regeneration. 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York. -
Launch power determination algorithm for dynamic traffic provisioning in mixed-line-rate optical wavelength division multiplexed networks
In transparent mixed-line-rate (MLR) optical networks, different line rates, on different wavelengths, can coexist on the same fibre. However, along the path, signal experiences various physical layer impairments (PLIs), and its quality also degrades. A major factor that affects transmission quality is launch power of the optical signal. On one hand, power must be high enough to ensure less noise at receiver; on the other hand, it must be lower than the limit where PLIs start to distort the signal. Further, high launch power is disruptive to both, the actual lightpath and its neighbours. In this study, we investigate the problem of determining appropriate launch power for provisioning dynamic connection requests in transparent MLR networks. We propose a heuristic that determines the appropriate launch power of a lightpath. The PLI-average (PLI-A) approach is based on the optical reach of signals, is practical, and can adapt to the needs of network operators. Results show that performances of the proposed approach are better than the existing schemes. Copyright 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Physical layer impairment-aware routing and wavelength assignment (PLI-RWA) strategy for mixed line rate (MLR) wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks
The ever increasing global Internet traffic is resulting in a serious upgrade of the current optical networks' capacity. The legacy infrastructure can be enhanced not only by increasing the capacity, but also by adopting advance modulation formats, having increased spectral efficiency at higher data rate. In a mixed-line-rate (MLR) optical network, different line rates, on different wavelengths, can coexist on the same fiber. Further, studies have shown that migration to data rates higher than 10Gbps requires implementation of phase modulation schemes. However, the co-existing On-Off Keying (OOK) channels cause critical physical layer impairments (PLIs) to the phase modulated channels, mainly due to cross-phase modulation (XPM), which in turn limits the network's performance. In order to mitigate this effect, a more sophisticated PLI-Routing and Wavelength Assignment (PLI-RWA) scheme needs to be adopted. In this work, we investigate the critical impairment for each data rate and the way it affects the quality of transmission (QoT). We propose a novel PLI-RWA algorithm for MLR optical networks. The proposed algorithm is compared through simulations with the existing shortest path and minimum hop routing schemes. 2015 IEEE -
A novel launch power determination strategy for physical layer impairment-aware (PLI-A) lightpath provisioning in mixed-line-rate (MLR) optical networks
In mixed-line-rate (MLR) networks, various data rates, on varied wavelengths, exist on a fiber. In MLR networks, end-to-end lightpaths can be established with the desired line rate; requiring advanced modulation formats for higher data rates. However, along the route, the signals experience different physical layer impairments (PLIs), and their quality also worsens. The transmission signal quality is affected by the launch power, which must be high for lesser noise at the receiver, and must also be low, such that the PLIs do not start to distort the signal. Further, higher launch power also disrupts the existing lightpath and its neighbours. We propose a weighted strategy for provisioning PLI-aware (PLI-A) lightpaths in MLR networks. Through the simulations, we compare and demonstrate that the proposed strategy demonstrates better performances than our previously proposed algorithm (i.e. PLI-Average (PLI-A)), and existing approaches. 2016 IEEE. -
Climate change and health risk perception in India: A replication of the climate change risk perception model
Behavioral science insights into attitudinal antecedents of climate change risk perception in India are limited. Addressing the lack of nationally diverse samples in environmental psychology research, this study replicates the climate change risk perception model (CCRPM, van der Linden, 2015) in the Indian context. In a nationally comparable sample (N = 749), participants were measured on sociodemographic, cognitive, experiential, and socio-cultural factors associated with climate risk perception. Results of hierarchical regression analyses found that the CCRPM explained 32.85 % of climate change risk perception. Confirmatory factor analysis outcomes empirically support a two-factor structure of risk perception, personal, and societal/generalized in the Indian context. Moreover, the CCRPM explains limited (19.5 %) variance in perceptions of health risks associated with climate change. Experiential factors (such as affect, and personal experience) and prescriptive norms were strongly associated with climate change and health risk perception in India. Highlighting the vulnerabilities associated with health and climate change may prove essential to communicating climate change risks in India. 2025 Elsevier Ltd -
Forbidden subgraphs and prohibited colorings for vertex identification in graphs
A red-white coloring of a graph G of diameter d is done by assigning the colors red and white to the vertices of the graph such that, there should be at least one red vertex. Then, each of the vertices is assigned a vector of length d called code in which the value of ith coordinate is equal to the number of red-colored vertices at distance i from this vertex, i ? {1, 2, 3,,d}. A red-white coloring when the code assigned to each vertex is different than that coloring is called an ID-coloring and a graph which has an ID-coloring is an ID-graph. The minimum number of vertices required to be colored red to get an ID-coloring is called the ID-number. ID-coloring is not possible for all graphs. There exist many properties which prevent ID-coloring. In this paper, we explore some forbidden induced subgraphs and certain prohibited red-white colorings which prevent the existence of ID-coloring. 2025 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Leveraging history to invoke nationalism: from the annals of history to social engineering of present and future in Hindi cinema
Nationalism calls for ones loyalty and affiliation towards their chosen nation. Various versions of nationalism emphasise that one must prioritise said nation above themselves and their personal ethics, hence, allowing the nation to overpower the nationalists individuality. In this article, we use Critical Discourse Analysis to deconstruct the narratives of nationalism as portrayed in two popular films, viz. The Kashmir Files and Uri: The Surgical Strike, which are based on real historical eventsthe exodus of Kashmiri Hindus and the surgical strike by the Indian Army in retaliation to the Uri attack. Both films use narrative strategies to frame key historical events into certain ideological contexts, and hence they serve the populist purpose of swaying viewers opinion in favour of the dominant socio-political class. 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Education as a Determinant of E - Governance Adoption: A Cse Study of Tele Centres of Karnataka
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 13, pp. 32-38. -
Cognitive Amplification in Education: Navigating Ethical Frontiers of Human Enhancement Technology
Cognitive amplification in education explores the transformative potential and ethical implications of enhancing human cognitive abilities through advanced technologies. This field encompasses interventions such as neuroenhancement, brain-computer interfaces, and smart drugs, aiming to elevate learning capabilities and educational outcomes. While these advancements promise significant benefits, including personalized learning experiences and bridging educational gaps, they also pose ethical challenges. Key concerns include equity in access, consent, and the potential for unintended psychological and societal impacts. As educational systems integrate these technologies, it is imperative to navigate these ethical frontiers with caution, ensuring policies that safeguard against misuse and promote inclusive benefits. This paper underscores the dual nature of cognitive amplification: a beacon of educational innovation and a complex ethical landscape requiring careful scrutiny and responsible governance. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
Transparency and effective e-governance: A case of telecentres in the Indian state of Karnataka /
Transforming Government : People, Process And Policy, Vol.11, Issue 4, pp.506-522, ISSN: 1750-6166. -
E-governance service quality and effective e-governance: A qualitative evaluation of telecentres of Karnataka /
Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 7, Issue 3, pp. 1272-1288, ISSN: 2249-7315. -
E-governance diffusion in the telecenters of Karnataka - a gender analysis /
International Journal of Business Information Systems, Vol.24, Issue 4, pp.452-468, ISSN: 1746-0980 (Print), 1746-0980 (Online). -
A survey on next-generation Mixed Line Rate (MLR) and energy-driven Wavelength-Division Multiplexed (WDM) optical networks /
Journal of Optical Communications, Vol.36, Issue 2, pp.516-532, ISSN No: 2191-6322. -
A novel dynamic Physical Layer Impairment-Aware Routing and Wavelength Assignment (PLI-RWA) algorithm for Mixed Line Rate (MLR) Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) optical networks /
Journal of Optical Communications, Vol.37, Issue 4, pp.349-356, ISSN: 2191-6322 (Online) 0173-4911 (Print). -
Theoretical investigation of optical WDM network performance in the presence of FWM and ASE noise /
Journal of Optical Communications, Vol.38, Issue 1, pp.101-109, ISSN: 2191-6322 (Online) 0173-4911 (Print). -
Launch power determination algorithm for dynamic traffic provisioning in mixed-line-rate optical wavelength division multiplexed networks /
International Journal Of Internet Protocol Technology, Vol.9, Issue 1, pp.23-33, ISSN No: 1743-8209. -
Spectral and power efficiency investigation in single- and multi-line-rate optical wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks /
Photonic Network Communications, Vol.33, Issue 1, pp.39–51, ISSN: 1572-8188 (Online) 1387-974X (Print). -
Factors Affecting Intra-Relations of Backend Cost Drivers in Multi-Brand Retail Domestic Super Market Under Convenience Stores Format : A Customer Aligned Model of Supply-Chain Optimism Framework
Asian Journal of Management, Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp. 78-86, 2321-5763 -
Factors Affecting Consumer Buying Behaviour, Consumer Satisfaction and Consumer Loyalty in the Ghee Industry- A Perspective of Bangalore Ghee Market
Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp. 18-34, ISSN No. 2249- 7307