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Design of decision support system to identify crop water need
Crop Water Need (ET crop) is referred to as the amount of water needed by a crop to grow. ET crop has high significance to identify the adequate amount of irrigation need. In this paper, a decision support system is proposed to identify Crop Water Need. The proposed decision support system is implemented through sensors and android based smartphone. Internet of Things (IoT) based temperature sensor (DHT11) is used to acquire the real time environmental factors that affect the ET crop. The sensor will communicate with android based smartphone application using Bluetooth Technology (BT-HC05). This proposed system has been compared with available evapotranspiration and existing manual method of evapotranspiration and it was found that proposed system is more correlated than existing manual method of evapotranspiration. The correlation coefficient obtained between proposed system and available evapotranspiration is 0.9783. The proposed decision support system is beneficial for farmers, agriculture researchers and professionals. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Design of digital filters for multi-standard transceivers
This paper addresses on three different architectures of digital decimation filter design of a multi-standard RF transceivers. Instead of using single stage decimation filter network, the filters are implemented in multiple stages using FPGA to optimize the area, delay and dynamic power consumption. The proposed decimation filter architectures reflect the considerable reduction in area and dynamic power consumption without degradation of performance. The filter coefficients are derived from MATLAB, the filter architectures are implemented and tested using Xilinx SPARTAN FPGA.First, the types of decimation filter architectures are tested and implemented using conventional binary number system. Then the two different encoding schemesi.e. Canonic Signed Digit (CSD) and Minimum Signed Digit (MSD) are used for filter coefficients and then the architecture performances are tested.The results of CSD and MSD based architectures show a considerable reduction in the area and power against the conventional number system based filter design implementation. The implementation results reflect that considerable reduction in area of 47.89% and dynamic power reduction of 28.64% are achieved using hybrid architecture. 2015 School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics. All rights reserved. -
Design of Grovers Algorithm over 2, 3 and 4-Qubit Systems in Quantum Programming Studio
In this paper, we design and analyse the Circuit for Grovers Quantum Search Algorithm on 2, 3 and 4-qubit systems, in terms of number of gates, representation of state vectors and measurement probability for the state vectors. We designed, examined and simulated the quantum circuit on IBM Q platform using Quantum Programming Studio. We present the theoretical implementation of the search algorithm on different qubit systems. We observe that our circuit design for 2 and 4-qubit systems are precise and do not introduce any error while experiencing a small error to our design of 3-qubit quantum system. 2022 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. -
Design of Heart Rate Monitoring System Using Visual Simulation Tool
In this research paper, a wireless heart rate and temperature monitoring system using Packet Tracer is proposed and put into operation. A wearable bracelet with sensors that can track temperature and heart rate in real time is integrated into the system. The patient and the attending physician receive the gathered data wirelessly for in-depth health monitoring and analysis. This system is used to provide a practical and effective way to track vital signs in real-time, especially temperature and heart rate. The system's functionality and performance can be thoroughly evaluated and validated in a controlled environment thanks to this simulation. Additionally, the system includes functions for data analysis and visualization to help medical professionals make well-informed decisions. To increase the accuracy and accessibility of heart rate monitoring, which would eventually enhance patient outcomes and general wellbeing, the proposed initiative aims to address these challenges. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
Design of Lowpower 4-bit Flash ADC Using Multiplexer Based Encoder in 90nm CMOS Process
This work describes a 4-bit Flash ADC with low power consumption. The performance metrics of a Flash ADC depend on the kind of comparator and encoder used. Hence open-loop comparator and mux-based encoder are used to obtain improved performance. Simulation results show that the simulated design consumes 0.265mW of power in 90nm CMOS technology using cadence-virtuoso software. The circuit operates with an operating frequency of 100MHz and a supply voltage of 1V. The Author(s). -
Design of Machine Learning Model for Health Care Index during COVID- 19
Predicting stock prices and index movement in the field of finance is always challenging. The events in the macro-economic framework affect the trends of the market and the COVID-19 pandemic was a major reason for the slowdown of the global economies in the short run. It was assumed that the healthcare industry has completely been transformed due to changing behavioral habits of individuals. The study presents the time series approach with the help of historical prices on the Bombay Stock Exchanges (BSE) Health Care Index, both in the long and short run, using the ARIMA model. The period of the study is from February 1999 to August 2020. The ARIMA equations are used to forecast the future price movement of the Health Care Index till December 2020. The findings reveal that the market will continue with the same volatility, and investors should give due attention to analysis and logical reasoning rather than following their feeling of overconfidence. 2024 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
Design of personalized diet and physical activities recommendation framework for hypothyroid patients
These days, hypothyroid disease is quickly growing among individuals. In India, one out of eight women experiences hypothyroid disorder because of iodine deficiency. It is necessary to maintain the thyroid hormone levels because it may lead to thyroid cancer. There is a need to consume an adequate amount of iodine intake and other nutrients required to balance thyroid hormones levels. So, patients should follow a customized daily diet and exercise plan to meet their nutritional needs. These recommendations help hypothyroid patients to enhance their metabolism and to adjust thyroid hormones levels. Most of the existing online systems usually provide diet recommendations in general forms. Such recommendations are insufficient for any patient suffering from a specific disease. This paper provides a personalized recommendation framework to provide appropriate diet plans and physical activities to patients. These recommendations are based on their clinical data and personal choices. Validation of recommendations can be made by combining both domains like human expertise and computer technologies. BEIESP. -
Design of pseudo stator generator
In today's energy generation scenario, the extensive use of conventional sources are causing lot of environmental issues. It is necessary that humankind should come up with a strategy to produce clean energy. Even though we cannot completely stop relying on non-renewable sources of energy, lot of research is happening to find the ideal substitute for conventional sources of energy and also for migrating towards renewable energy sources from conventional sources. Its gaining popularity because of the fact that availability of fossil fuels are reducing at an alarming rate. Thus, these research works will aid in producing clean energy and also make the existing systems more efficient. A better substitution would be to design a machine which would use less conventional sources of energy and gives required output. Thus it is necessary to come up with a new technology which would suffice the above stated requirements. The proposed project is an novel idea aimed at designing an alternator which has higher power output at lower RPM when compared to conventional alternators. This model finds application in automobiles, WECS, Aerospace, hybrid vehicles in the near future. 2016 IEEE. -
Design of Reconfigurable Filter Structure Based on FRM for Wideband Channelizer?
A reconfigurable FIR bank of filters are essential for digital channelizer in wideband system. FRM is a extensively used method to generate a sharp transition width sub-bands or channels for digital channelizer. The aim of this work is to design multiple non-uniform sharp transition width FIR bank of filters with reduced number of multipliers and group delay for wideband channelizer. The design parameters of the proposed structure are evaluated in an efficient way. The proposed structure is designed based on FRM filters and exponential modulation (EM) technique. The performance of the proposed structure is illustrated with the help of an example. Result shows that the number of multipliers of the proposed structure is less compared to other existing techniques. 2022 IEEE. -
Design of Reconfigurable FRM Channelizer using Resource Shared Non-maximally Decimated Masking Filters
This paper presents a reconfigurable frequency response masking (FRM) wideband channelizer architecture which is characterized by low computational and hardware complexity. The proposed hardware efficient architecture is realized by incorporating resource shared non-maximally decimated filter bank in the implementation of the FRM wideband channelizer structure. The coefficients of the proposed architecture are optimized and made multiplier-free using Pareto based meta-heuristic algorithm in the canonic signed digit (CSD) space for reducing the total power consumption of the architecture. The architecture is finally designed and synthesized using Xilinx Vivado and Cadence RTL Encounter compiler for the area and power analysis and is compared with existing channnelizer architectures. The comparison highlights the advantages of the proposed architecture in terms of hardware complexity, power and workload in realizing sharp wideband channel filters. 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Design of reconfigurable multiplier-less filter structure based on IFIR for digital channelizer
The flexibility in frequency allocation is essential for high throughput satellites (HTS). The digital channelizer based transponder system has a crucial role in enhancing the performance of HTS. In this work, the design and implementation of a low computational complexity digital channelizer for HTS is proposed. The proposed reconfigurable filter structure for digital channelizer is to generate non-uniform and sharp transition width FIR filters for transponder of the satellite systems. The multipliers and group delay needed in the digital channelizer that employ the proposed structure are reduced when compared to FRM and traditional IFIR based digital channelizer. An example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design. Results reveal that the proposed structure has a lower multiplier complexity than existing techniques. The proposed structure once implemented effectively, the power dissipation and hardware complexity are reduced. With the help of CSD, MOABC, and SIDC-CSE optimization, the filters used in this structure are made multiplier-less. Hence this structure is adaptable for the digital channelizer in the transponder of the satellite communication systems. 2023 Elsevier GmbH -
Design of Smart and Secured Healthcare Service Using Deep Learning with Modified SHA-256 Algorithm
Background: The modern era of human society has seen the rise of a different variety of diseases. The mortality rate, therefore, increases without adequate care which consequently causes wealth loss. It has become a priority of humans to take care of health and wealth in a genuine way. Methods: In this article, the authors endeavored to design a hospital management system with secured data processing. The proposed approach consists of three different phases. In the first phase, a smart healthcare system is proposed for providing an effective health service, especially to patients with a brain tumor. An application is developed that is compatible with Android and Microsoft-based operating systems. Through this application, a patient can enter the system either in person or from a remote place. As a result, the patient data are secured with the hospital and the patient only. It consists of patient registration, diagnosis, pathology, admission, and an insurance service module. Secondly, deep-learning-based tumor detection from brain MRI and EEG signals is proposed. Lastly, a modified SHA-256 encryption algorithm is proposed for secured medical insurance data processing which will help detect the fraud happening in healthcare insurance services. Standard SHA-256 is an algorithm which is secured for short data. In this case, the security issue is enhanced with a long data encryption scheme. The algorithm is modified for the generation of a long key and its combination. This can be applicable for insurance data, and medical data for secured financial and disease-related data. Results: The deep-learning models provide highly accurate results that help in deciding whether the patient will be admitted or not. The details of the patient entered at the designed portal are encrypted in the form of a 256-bit hash value for secured data management. 2022 by the authors. -
Design of Triple Tuned Passive Harmonic Power Filter - A Novel Approach
Nowadays, there is a race between active and passive harmonic filters and still ambiguity persists. It is a proven fact that active harmonic filters (AHFs) are costly solutions though have proved better than passive harmonic filters. Except sizing and resonance problems, tuned passive harmonic filters (TPHFs) are proved to give economical solutions with little compromise on their performance. The accurate design of TPHFs gives a greater impact on its performance. The triple-TPHF (TTPHF) is essential to alleviate first three dominant ac side current harmonics simultaneously at the high voltage direct current (HVdc) converters and it is proved better than the single and double TPHFs. Existing equivalent methods of TTPHF design failed to give satisfactory performance under dynamic conditions. Hence, this article introduces a novel parametric method-based design of TTPHF, which will give better performance under static and dynamic loading conditions. The results also reveal that the proposed TTPHF design method will perform better than the existing methods. 2021 IEEE. -
Design ofSIRW-Based Self-diplexing Slot Antenna withLow Cross-Polarization Level forMillimeter-Wave Applications
This article presents a miniaturized self-diplexing slot antenna utilizing a substrate-integrated rectangular waveguide (SIRW) for millimeter-wave applications. The proposed antenna is built using a rectangular cavity, a slot on the top conductor, and two microstrip-feed lines. The rectangular cavity is realized for operation at TE110 mode (26.5GHz), which is perturbed for radiation at two distinct frequency bands by loading a slot on the top conductor. Two microstrip-feed lines are employed for excitation of the slot, which generates two operating bands. For better understanding of radiation phenomena, the electric field distribution, equivalent circuit model, and parametric analysis are provided. To further validate the proposed design, a millimeter-wave self-diplexing antenna operating at 22 and 28GHz is built and full-wave simulated. The proposed antenna occupies a smaller footprint area of 0.396?g2 with an isolation greater than 20 dB. Additionally, the suggested antenna offers low cross-polarization level better than ?30 dB. The realized gain and efficiency of the proposed antenna at lower (upper) frequency bands are 5.5 dBi (5.4 dBi) and 90.6% (94%), respectively. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Design optimisation and fabrication of amino acid based molecularly imprinted sensor for the selective determination of food additive tartrazine
In this work, we developed a new molecularly imprinted polymer detector for tartrazine's rapid and selective detection. Electropolymerisation using L-Methionine resulted in the polymer immobilised on the carbon fibre paper electrode's surface. MIP film was formed by electropolymerisation in the presence of the template tartrazine. The polymer frame comprises cavities after template removal, which can specifically bind to the analyte molecule. Without pre-treatment, the developed sensor MIPMet/CFP detects tartrazine in beverage samples precisely and rapidly. The sensor has a linear response in the concentration range of 0.6 nM- 160 nM, high sensitivity (601964 AM-1cm?2), and a low detection limit of 27 pM under optimum conditions. MIPMet/CFP sensor displayed the ability to distinguish target analyte from interferants selectively. The performance of the MIPMet/CFP sensor in assessing tartrazine in different saffron powder and packed juice samples suggests that it could be used to detect tartrazine fast and effectively. 2022 Elsevier Ltd -
Design Optimization of Electrical Connector Assembly using FEA
Due to the increasing number of devices and systems connected to an electric system, the need for reliable and high-quality electrical connectors has become more prevalent. This project aims to optimize the design of an electrical connector during its two most critical stages: insertion and retention of housing using FEA. A structural analysis is performed during the insertion and retention stages of housing. This process involves calculating the dimensional deformations and maximum strains developed during the steps mentioned above to determine the reliable functioning of electrical contacts. The input geometry is fed to the finite element analysis. The forces applied on the connectors latch on their respective connection are ensured to be under the limit. The analysis and simulation results are reflected to validate the safe forces in the connector assembly and a proper justification for an experimental set up in the laboratory. 2022, Books and Journals Private Ltd.. All rights reserved. -
Design requirements of a spectropolarimeter for solar extreme-ultraviolet observations and characterization of a K-mirror based on Brewster's angle
Measuring the linear polarization signal in extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectral lines, produced by the Hanle effect, offers a promising technique for studying magnetic fields in the solar corona. The required signal-to-noise ratio for detecting the Hanle polarization signals is on the order of 101 (off-limb) to 106 (disk center). Measuring such low signals in the photon starved observations demands highly efficient instruments. In this paper, we present the design of an instrument, SpectroPOLarimeter for Extreme-ultraviolet Observations (SPOLEO), which utilizes reflective components with suitable mirror coatings and thicknesses to minimize the throughput losses. We analyze the system performance within the spectral range from 740 to 800 The K-mirror-based polarimeter model provides a polarizing power of 20%40% in this wavelength range. Based on the system throughput and polarizing power, we discuss various possibilities for achieving the required signal-to-noise ratio, along with their limitations. Due to lack of facilities for fabrication and testing in the EUV, we have calibrated a prototype of the reflection-based polarimeter setup in the laboratory at the visible wavelength of 700 nm. 2024 Optica Publishing Group. -
Design space exploration of optimized hybrid SVPWM techniques based on spatial region for three level VSI
The performance of a multilevel inverter depends upon design and selection of an appropriate modulation technique. Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique offers more flexibility than other pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques. However, conventional SVPWM technique becomes more complex for multilevel inverter because of increased number of space vectors and redundant switching states. This paper presents a design space exploration method of hybrid SVPWM techniques for three level voltage source inverter (VSI) to reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) and switching loss over wide linear modulation range. A new parameter Harmonic Loss (product of weighted total harmonic distortion factor of the line voltage (Vwthd) and normalized switching loss) is introduced as an objective function, and a spatial region identification algorithm is proposed to determine the optimized switching sequences for hybrid SVPWM technique. Two optimized hybrid SVPWM techniques are proposed based on the optimized switching sequences for three level VSI. The proposed hybrid SVPWM techniques are implemented on a low cost PIC microcontroller (PIC 18F452) and applied on an experimental prototype of three phase three level VSI with an induction motor as load. The experimental results are demonstrated to validate the performance of the proposed hybrid SVPWM techniques. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature. -
Design space optimization for the extraction of anti-thrombin-rich phenolics and flavonoids from Justicia adhatoda L. using response surface methodology and in silico validation of their anti-thrombin activity
The study focused on optimizing the extraction of anti-thrombin phenolics and flavonoids from the stem and flower ofJusticia adhatoda(JA) using response surface methodology (RSM). Key factors utilized for the optimization included HCl concentration (0.11N), extract concentration (50150mg/mL), methanol proportion (0100%), and incubation temperature (32 2C for hot and 6 2C for cold). Fluorescence microscopy identified plant parts enriched with pharmacologically active compounds. The optimized extracts demonstrated substantial levels of phenolics, flavonoids and thrombin inhibitory activity across all samples. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Furthermore, multivariate optimization enhanced the antioxidant properties of the extracts. LCMS analysis of the optimized extracts fromJA(stem and flower) identified the presence of 22 compounds, with anti-thrombin polyphenols and flavonoids predominating, constituting approximately 30% and 35%, respectively. In silico studies, including molecular docking and dynamic simulations, revealed that the flavonoid Naringenin (?4.868kcalmol?1) had a higher inhibitory potential against the thrombin protein compared to the reference drug Dabigatran (?4.269kcalmol?1). This study demonstrated that flavonoids with significant anti-thrombin activity can be effectively extracted fromJ. adhatodastem and flower using this optimized extraction procedure. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences 2025. -
Design techniques in carry select adder using parallel prefix adder for improved switching energy
A new architecture of Carry select adder has been proposed with improved switching energy using parallel prefix adder. The conventional Carry select adder is the use of two Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) and a multiplexer. The findings in this work are the replacement of one RCA block by Brent Kung adder and the other RCA block by excess-1 converter. Simulation results show that the proposed Carry select adder is proved to have improved switching energy when compared with the other adders in 45nm CMOS process. 2021 Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT. All rights reserved.