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Plant Disease Detection and Classification using Emperor Penguin Optimizer (EPO) based Region Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN)
Agriculture stands as India's most crucial industry, despite grappling with a 35% annual loss in crop yield attributed to plant diseases. Traditionally, the detection of plant diseases has been a laborious process, hampered by insufficient laboratory infrastructure and expert knowledge. Plant disease detection methods that are automated provide a useful way to expedite the labor-intensive process of keeping an eye on large-scale agricultural fields and recognizing disease symptoms as soon as they appear on plant leaves. Current developments in deep learning (DL) and computer vision have highlighted the benefits of creating autonomous models for plant disease identification based on visible symptoms on leaves. In this study, we propose a novel method for detecting and classifying plant diseases by combining the Emperor Penguin Optimizer (EPO) with a Region Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN). The suggested methodology uses EPO to improve the discriminative power of features extracted from plant pictures, allowing for a more robust and accurate classification procedure. The Classification Region Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN) is used to leverage spatial correlations within the image, allowing for exact disease region localization. The goal of this integration is to increase the overall efficiency and dependability of plant disease detection systems. The investigations made use of the well-known PlantVillage dataset, which comprises 54,305 data of different plant disease types in 38 categories. Furthermore, an analysis was carried out in comparison with similar advanced investigations. According to the experiment results, RCNN-EPO outperformed in terms of classification accuracy, achieving 94.552%. 2024 IEEE. -
Plant disease diagnosis and solution system based on neural networks
Plant diseases are one of the major factors affecting crop yield. Early identification of these diseases can improve productivity and save money and time for the farmer. This paper presents a novel technique to diagnose plant diseases using a mobile application. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was built and trained using MobileNetV2 architecture with the help of image processing techniques and transfer learning. A dataset comprising 87,000 images that contain 38 classes of diseases belonging to 14 different crops was used to train the model. The model achieved an accuracy of 98.69% and a loss of 0.5373. A mobile application was built in Android Studio with the help of a trained model. The mobile application built works without a need for a remote server. The application can identify the disease, gives information regarding the identified disease and also suggests necessary remedies to tackle the disease. 2021, Engg Journals Publications. All rights reserved. -
Plant Identification Using Fitness-Based Position Update in Whale Optimization Algorithm
Since the beginning of time, humans have relied on plants for food, energy, and medicine. Plants are recognized by leaf, flower, or fruit and linked to their suitable cluster. Classification methods are used to extract and select traits that are helpful in identifying a plant. In plant leaf image categorization, each plant is assigned a label according to its classification. The purpose of classifying plant leaf images is to enable farmers to recognize plants, leading to the management of plants in several aspects. This study aims to present a modified whale optimization algorithm and categorizes plant leaf images into classes. This modified algorithm works on different sets of plant leaves. The proposed algorithm examines several benchmark functions with adequate performance. On ten plant leaf images, this classification method was validated. The proposed model calculates precision, recall, F-measurement, and accuracy for ten different plant leaf image datasets and compares these parameters with other existing algorithms. Based on experimental data, it is observed that the accuracy of the proposed method outperforms the accuracy of different algorithms under consideration and improves accuracy by 5%. 2022 Tech Science Press. All rights reserved. -
Plant Leaf Disease Classification Using Optimal Tuned Hybrid LSTM-CNN Model
Tomatoes are widely cultivated and consumed worldwide and are susceptible to various leaf diseases during their growth. Therefore, early detection and prediction of leaf diseases in tomato crops are crucial. Farmers can take proactive measures to prevent the spread and minimize the impact on crop yield and quality by identifying leaf diseases in their early stages. Several Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) frameworks have been developed recently to identify leaf diseases. This research presents an efficient deep-learning approach based on a hybrid classifier by optimizing the CNN and LSTM models, which helps to enhance classification accuracy. Initially, Median Filtering (MF) is used for leaf image pre-processing. Then, an improved watershed approach is used for segmenting the leaf images. Subsequently, enhanced Local Gabor Pattern (LGP) and statistical and color features are extracted. An optimized CNN and LSTM are used for classification, and the weights are tuned using the SISS-OB (Self Improved Shark Smell With Opposition Behavior) algorithm. Finally, we have analyzed the performance using various measures. Since we have done segmentation, feature extraction, and optimization improvisations, our proposed methodology results are higher than other available methods and existing works. The results obtained at Learning Percentage (LP) is 90% which is far superior to those obtained at other LPs. The FNR (False Negative Rate) is much lower (0.05) at the 90th LP. The proposed model achieved better classification performance in terms of Accuracy of 97.13%, Sensitivity of 95.09%, Specificity of 95.24%, Precision of 94.31%, F measure of 96.71% and MCC 87.34%. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Plant Secondary Metabolites: The Weapons for Biotic Stress Management
The rise in global temperature also favors the multiplication of pests and pathogens, which calls into question global food security. Plants have developed special coping mechanisms since they are sessile and lack an immune system. These mechanisms use a variety of secondary metabolites as weapons to avoid obstacles, adapt to their changing environment, and survive in less-than-ideal circumstances. Plant secondary metabolites include phenolic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, and terpenoids, which are stored in specialized structures such as latex, trichomes, resin ducts, etc. Secondary metabolites help the plants to be safe from biotic stressors, either by repelling them or attracting their enemies, or exerting toxic effects on them. Modern omics technologies enable the elucidation of the structural and functional properties of these metabolites along with their biosynthesis. A better understanding of the enzymatic regulations and molecular mechanisms aids in the exploitation of secondary metabolites in modern pest management approaches such as biopesticides and integrated pest management. The current review provides an overview of the major plant secondary metabolites that play significant roles in enhancing biotic stress tolerance. It examines their involvement in both indirect and direct defense mechanisms, as well as their storage within plant tissues. Additionally, this review explores the importance of metabolomics approaches in elucidating the significance of secondary metabolites in biotic stress tolerance. The application of metabolic engineering in breeding for biotic stress resistance is discussed, along with the exploitation of secondary metabolites for sustainable pest management. 2023 by the authors. -
Plant- based Metabolites as Source of Antimicrobial Therapeutics: Prospects and Challenges
Plants are used as traditional medicines from ancient times to today as they are the largest living storehouses of bio- chemicals and pharmaceuticals known on Earth (Abdallah, 2011). The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) database reported in April 2021 that there are 1,383,297 plant names with 996,093 plants identified at species level, constituting 342,953 accepted vascular plant species (Govaerts et al., 2021). Around 10% of the reported vascular plants are used as medicines (Salmer- Manzano et al., 2020). According to the MPNS, 33,443 species are recorded as being used for medicinal purpose (MNPS, 2021). Medicinal plants are those that have therapeutic properties which can pose pharmacological effect on the human or animal body (Namdeo, 2018). About 80% of the world's population depends on plant- based medicine for treatment of diseases (Okoye et al., 2014). The medicinal property of a plant is attributed to rich and diverse secondary metabolites (Allemailem, 2021). Secondary metabolites are intermediates or products of primary metabolism that are not involves directly in the growth and development of the plant (Jain et al., 2019). Plants generate secondary metabolites in response to stresses posed by biotic factors (bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, pests, weeds, and herbivore animals) and abiotic environmental factors (temperature, salinity, drought, UV radiation etc.) so as to adapt and survive in response to environmental stimuli during their life time (Yang et al., 2018). 2023 selection and editorial matter, Arti Gupta and Ram Prasad; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Plant-Derived Nanocellulosic Material: A Promising Technology Application in Environmental Bioremediation
Nanocellulose (NC) polymers derived from plant sources are gaining enormous interest in environmental remediation owing to their low cost and potential for renewable adsorption. Plant-derived nanocellulose is applied in waste water treatment because of its unique features and functionality. The word nanocellulose refers to cellulosic materials having a dimension of nanoscopic scale/or nanoscale. One such nanomaterial is a cellulose-based material with a well-aligned nanocellulose composition indicating its structural hierarchy. Nanocellulose has been recognized as a remarkable natural biomaterial adsorbent which is obtained from renewable sources such as wood, plants, fruit peel, can be found abundantly on earth, and biodegradable and can be easily used in the surface fabrication. Due to its increased surface area, nanocellulose has gained considerable advantage over conventional cellulose fibers. Application of nanocellulosic material in environmental remediation and wastewater treatment has recently emerged as a potential adsorbent generating, and aroused much attention in addressing the environmental issue. Nanocellulose may adsorb a wide range of contaminants, such as heavy metals, dissolved pollutants (organic), dyes, petroleum oil, and unwanted effluents. This review provides focus on the structure, properties, isolation, and adsorbent classes of nanocellulosic materials, as well as their applications in environmental remediation. 2025 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. -
Plant, Animal, and Microbial Sources of Dyes and Mordants
Synthetic dyes and mordants have been used by various industries, including food, cosmetics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals, for many decades. However, their potential hazards to the environment and human health, such as carcinogenicity and teratogenicity, have raised global concerns. In earlier decades, people used naturally extracted dyes and mordants from plants and insects for purposes like painting, dyeing clothes, and enhancing skin and hair, using substances like henna, turmeric, and saffron. However, chemically synthesized dyes quickly replaced natural dyes due to their easy availability and low cost. Currently, consumers are becoming more conscious of the use of synthetic dyes and their effects, which can cause allergies and toxicity. This has led to a resurgence of eco-friendly dyes and biocolors, which have gained importance. There has been advanced and increased development in utilizing naturally occurring bioresources to produce sustainable biocolors with multifunctional applications. Natural colors have not only increased their market value due to their aesthetic appeal but also for their various properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Indeed, biocolors derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms have better degradability and compatibility with the environment. These naturally occurring pigments need to be explored from various natural sources to meet the increasing global demand, using suitable techniques for their extraction. 2025 Apple Academic Press, Inc. -
Plasma sprayed magnesium aluminate and alumina composite coatings from waste aluminum dross
The absence of structured waste management practices for tons of black aluminum dross (Al-dross) when land-filled affects the ecosystem we live in. Researchers and technologists are now working towards three goals (a) minimization of Al-dross production (b) reducing its toxic effects on the environment and (c) treating the Al-dross to beneficiate useful materials from it in an environmentally friendly manner and to generate useful industrial products. The third aspect has been addressed in this study. Al-dross is an aluminum industry generated waste that mainly contains Al metal (oxidized during processing), Aluminum Nitride (AlN), ?-aluminum oxide (?-Al2O3) and magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4). The oxides are highly suitable for refractory and thermally insulating material applications, but AlN is detrimental for two reasons - (a) thermal conductivity higher than the oxides and (b) carcinogenic gas evolution during processing. Hence AlN must be removed from Al-dross for further processing into refractories. In this work, AlN with minor quantities of halides were removed from Al-dross to extract the major useful refractory oxide constituents in an environmentally friendly manner. The process methodology involved sieving Al-dross to < 600 m particles, aqueous media treatment to remove the nitrides in the form of NH3 gas, oven drying and calcination at 10001150 C for 2 h (in an electrical muffle furnace in ambient air atmosphere) to obtain a mixture of the composite oxide powder of ? 99.0% purity. The calcined compound was mixed with suitable organic binders and sieved to obtain plasma sprayable powder and plasma spray-coated onto bond coated (commercial NiCrAlY) steel substrates. XRD and SEM with EDS facility were used to characterize the powders and coatings. A polished metallographic cross-section was prepared to study the microstructure and interface characteristics. The findings are presented. 2022 -
Plasma sprayed nano refractory coatings
Nano powders may be reconstituted into micron sized plasma sprayable powders either by using a spray drier or a manual process by employing organic binders to agglomerate them. This paper deals with the synthesis of nano sized alumino-silicate plasma sprayable powders and plasma sprayed coatings prepared from them. Nano sized raw materials involving kyanite and andalusite refractory powders were converted into plasma sprayable powders by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) binders. The preparation methodology involved obtaining free flowing, micron sized agglomerated nano-alumino-silicates particles which could be plasma spray coated by using an Atmospheric Spray Coating Facility. About 220 microns thick nano-alumino silicate coatings were deposited on 75 microns thick commercial NiCrAlY bond coat on stainless steel substrates. The challenges involved in plasma spray coating the nano material with low density was in obtaining good deposition efficiency, retaining the nano micro structures and the structural phase composition of the coating. The coatings were evaluated for materials characteristics such as crystal structural phase via XRD, microstructure via SEM and chemical composition via EDS. The microstructure depicted fine grained nano-sized surface morphologies, kyanite and andalusite phase structure, with high potential for application as refractory coatings. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. -
Plasma Sprayed Refractory Coatings from Aluminium Dross
Refractory coatings on metals offer a unique blend of chemical inertness, stability and mechanical properties at temperatures higher than what the metal can normally withstand. However, a balance must be struck with many factors: Thickness, adhesion, performance, durability, economy and suitability for specific end use requirements. The present-day technology requires the coating to give effective service under extreme temperatures while being environmentally friendly and be easily available. One application of refractory coating is in steel industry-pipe linings. This research works highlights the potential to use aluminum dross, an industrial waste material to generate refractory coatings, comprised of Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 after suitable processing. Al dross is a byproduct of the Aluminium smelting process which can be recycled mechanically to separate the residual Aluminium metal from the Aluminium oxide. These are usually produced in tones every year and are found to be dumped in landfills and other empty spaces which generate toxic fumes like methane and other gases when reacted with moisture. The Aluminium dross used in this work was analyzed and found to comprise of its usual constituents such as metallic Al, MgAl2O4, Al2O3, AlN and other oxides and nitrides in minute quantities. Manual procedures were conducted to synthesize plasma spray-able dross which was further introduced to standard laboratory tests for the removal of undesirable constituents like AlN and other nitrides which led to the optimization of quality of powders. Atmospheric plasma spray (APS) coating methodology was used to deposit 250?m thick coatings of re-processed Al dross, involving the spraying of the processed powder onto a bond coated (NiCrAlY) steel substrate. The raw, reprocessed and the plasma sprayed coated Al dross were evaluated for their material characteristics by employing X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) for crystal structural phases, microstructure and chemical composition by employing sophisticated microscopy (SEM) technique and EDS associated with the SEM. The paper is presented keeping in in view the aptness of reprocessed Al dross, an industrial waste material to be utilized as refractories for use in engineering industries. 2019 Elsevier Ltd. -
Plasmonic Nanocomposite for Visible Light-Modulated Bimorph-Actuator
Soft actuators have great potential applications in sophisticated movement and sensitive devices due to their flexible nature, good interaction, and precise control. However, existing carbon-based optical actuators are limited in their response under visible light irradiation. The limited visible light absorbance of the carbon nanostructure brought the metallic nanoparticle into the soft actuators that can absorb visible light. This study introduces a new type of plasmonic photothermal-bimorph actuator, using graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and silver nanorods (Ag NRs) to overcome the limitations of traditional optical actuators. The bimorph film is actuated by visible and near-infrared light stimuli with various power densities showing reversible deformation behavior. The actuator shows significant bending associated with a ?50 change in bending angle under visible light irradiation with a response time of ?5 1 sec. Furthermore, a smart photo-controlled non-contact switch is fabricated based on photo-thermal conversion properties, demonstrating perfect integration of plasmonic bimorph actuators. The density functional theory based molecular dynamics calculations provide an additional understanding of the bending of actuators under external stimulus. Using illustrative demonstrations of actuators, these results hint at a method for generating multipurpose visible light-based soft robots, supporting a new approach to developing an optical locking system. 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Platelets to surrogate lung inflammation in COVID-19 patients
The neoteric severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been jeopardizing the world with the symptoms of seasonal flu. The virus contagion predicted to have been originated from Wuhan, China has by far trapped 4,198,418 cases from 212 countries in the world with two international conveyances with 284,102 deaths as of 11 May 2020 (10:18 GMT). Researchers around the globe have indulged in deciphering viral mode in the body for devising a cure. Affirmations from autopsies and preliminary findings on SARS-CoV-2 hypothesized on viral pathogenesis within the host, for instance, source of inflammation in lungs and pneumonia. This hypothesis assigns the platelets as agents of infection after viral entry. Presently, curbing infection to stall the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is the prima facie intervention employed, worldwide. However, public health authorities must monitor the state of affairs scrupulously, as the deeper our understanding of this novel virus and its associated outbreak, the better we can deal with it. Knowing this idea might be far-fetched, yet this postulate would serve as the groundwork for the present situation. 2020 Elsevier Ltd -
Platform Business Model for Intelligent Supply Chain Operations
Platform economy involves technology to connect the dispersed network of participants. The Platform Business Model denotes a triangular participation between; the platform itself, the supplier and the consumer. The global market is witnessing a rise of digital platforms with an increase in the power of algorithms and cloud-based computing, connecting millions of participants in the network. The technological advancement makes the digital platforms a formidable force that ushers in change and brings out economic revolution across the globe. Many entrepreneurs have been created by these platforms, the workforces have the freedom to choose their work time and job, leading to an economically vibrant society. Platform businesses exist across various verticals, even in manufacturing setup. A variety of goods can be produced in a flexible assembly line. Hence the concept of outsourcing may require new definition from low-cost labour-based countries to high technology low-cost countries. There may be a transformation of economies shifting towards service, as major manufacturers may reorient themselves into service operators. Overall, the platform business model would make the entire operation more transparent with real time data transfer between the participants, leading to efficiency across the entire chain of business activities. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023. -
Platinum decorated phosphorous doped graphitic carbon nitride supported molecularly imprinted carbon fibre electrode as a nano-interface for the detection of butylated hydroxy anisole
This research generated an electrochemical sensor using a carbon fibre (CFP) paper electrode coated using platinum-decorated phosphorous doped graphitic carbon nitride (Pt/PgCN). This sensor was designed to detect butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) selectively and sensitively. The molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were synthesized onto the Pt/PgCN coated CFP surface through electropolymerization using BHA as a template and 3-thiophene acetic acid as monomer. Numerous analytical methods were used to characterise the sensor electrode, including cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. The results showed that the synergetic effect of PgCN, Pt nanoparticles, and PTAA, PgCN and Pt had a positive impact on the electrochemical detection, the sensor's linear range was determined to be between 5 10?10 M and 2.1 10?7 M. The sensor demonstrated excellent stability, good reproducibility, and high selectivity for detecting BHA. Moreover, the proposed sensor successfully detected BHA in real samples. 2024 Elsevier Ltd -
Platinum decorated polythiophene modified stainless steel for electrocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol
Abstract: Platinum nanoparticles were electrochemically deposited on conducting polymer polythiophene (PTh)-coated stainless steel (SS) substrate. A thin layer of PTh on the steel substrate facilitates uniform deposition of Pt nanoparticles on the substrate, thereby improving the surface area to a great extent. The electrochemical properties of the modified electrodes were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The physicochemical properties of the modified electrodes were investigated by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The proposed method has been applied for the electrocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol in the presence of a mediator, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO). Cyclic voltammetric studies reveal that the electrocatalytic activity of PtPTh/SS electrode is higher than that of PTh/SS electrode toward the conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. 2019, Springer Nature B.V. -
Platt number of total graphs
The degree of an edge uv is defined as the number of edges incident on vertices u and v other than itself. The Platt number of a graph is the sum of degrees of all its edges. In this paper, the concept of degree of an edge is analysed in social networks. The Platt number is investigated in certain classes of graphs and their total graphs. Also related bounds are proposed on connected graphs. An algorithm developed to determine the Platt number of any connected graph is presented. 2018 Academic Publications. -
Play and Play Spaces for Global Health, Happiness, and Well-Being
Play has a significant role in an individuals learning and holistic development. Play and recreation are a need and right. Research on play indicates that the significance of play is neglected among the current generation. Play spaces are shrinking, and physical play is becoming extinct in most communities. This current scenario may or have led to poor physical and mental health outcomes. The proposed book chapter aims to present play and play spaces in physical and mental health. The literature of play theories in child development shows the role of play in socioemotional, physical, and cognitive development. The current paper brings together literature on play across the lifespan, highlighting how play and recreation impacts children, youth, adults, and older adults physical and mental health. The change in lifestyle patterns has contributed to the neglect of play and recreation. The paper throws light on the need for the attention of professionals and policymakers for interventions and advocacy at both local and global levels in promoting play and preserving natural play spaces. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Taylor and Francis Pte Ltd. 2022. -
Playing With Differences: Social-Emotional Learning to Reduce Bullying and Promote Inclusivity
Inclusivity is a key indicator for the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. At the school level, bullying mars the appreciation of individual differences and acts as a barrier to inclusivity. The use of social-emotional learning is recommended to promote inclusivity and reduce bullying. Play is an enjoyable form of learning social-emotional skills for all age groups. It is also known to promote positive peer relationships and enable learners to develop a wide range of skills. Hence, educators can incorporate play through digital pedagogical tools and grade-wise play activities to engage students. Resultantly, learners can become emotionally intelligent individuals, sensitive to and respectful of differences. 2023 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Pluronic f127 encapsulated titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Evaluation of physiochemical properties for biological applications
The infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to drugs are very bad for human health and kill thousands of people every year. Also, both human actions and natural processes make surface waters more likely to have drug-resistant bacteria grow and spread in the environment. Because of this, researchers need to find new ways to treat bacterial infections quickly becoming resistant to drugs as soon as possible. Drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles have enhanced biocompatibility, biocidal properties, pharmacokinetics, tumor targeting, and stability while exhibiting non-toxicity to normal cells and overcoming drug resistance. In the present work, the pluronic-F127 encapsulated titanium dioxide (PF127/TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a green process using Morinda citrifolia leaf extract. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) revealed that synthesized NPs exhibit an anatase structure. FESEM and TEM images of synthesized PF127/TiO2 NPs showed a polymorphic structure and an average particle size of 5060 nm. The chemical composition of the prepared NPs, which included elements like carbon, titanium, and oxygen, was identified using the EDAX spectrum. With the DLS spectrum, the hydrodynamic sizes of PF127/TiO2 NPs were 176 nm. In the FTIR spectrum, the metal oxide stretching bands like O-Ti-O were located at 664 cm?1 for PF127/TiO2 NPs. The surface defects, including Ti and O vacancies, were studied using the photoluminescence spectrum. The prepared PF127/TiO2 NPs exhibited significant microbial activity for inhibiting hospital pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains, specifically (Staphylococcus aureus) S. aureus, (Streptococcus pneumoniae) S. pneumonia, (Klebsiella pneumoniae) K. pneumonia, (Shigella dysenteriae) S. dysenteriae and (Candida albicans) C. albicans. In addition, PF127/TiO2 NPs had highly anti-cancer properties against human blood cancer (MOLT-4) cell lines. Furthermore, we found that synthesized PF127/TiO2 NPs exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. 2023