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A Survey on Feature Selection, Classification, and Optimization Techniques for EEG-Based BrainComputer Interface
In braincomputer interface (BCI) systems, the electroencephalography (EEG) signal is extensively utilized, as the recording of EEG brain signals is having relatively low cost, the potentiality for user mobility, high time resolution, and non-invasive nature. The EEG features are extracted by the BCI to execute commands. In the feature set obtained, the computational complexity increases, and poor classifier generalization can be caused by the utilization of a lot of overlapping features. The irrelevant features accumulation could be avoided with the feature selection procedures application. The feature selection algorithms are utilized to select diverse features for each classifier. Classifiers are the algorithms that are run to attain the classification. The researchers have examined diverse classifier implementation techniques to identify the feature vectors class. A review of EEG-BCI techniques available in the literature for feature selection, classifiers, and optimization algorithms is presented in this work. The research challenges, gaps, and limitations are identified in this paper. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
A survey on next-generation mixed line rate (MLR) and energy-driven wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks
With the ever-increasing traffic demands, infrastructure of the current 10 Gbps optical network needs to be enhanced. Further, since the energy crisis is gaining increasing concerns, new research topics need to be devised and technological solutions for energy conservation need to be investigated. In all-optical mixed line rate (MLR) network, feasibility of a lightpath is determined by the physical layer impairment (PLI) accumulation. Contrary to PLI-aware routing and wavelength assignment (PLIA-RWA) algorithm applicable for a 10 Gbps wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) network, a new Routing, Wavelength, Modulation format assignment (RWMFA) algorithm is required for the MLR optical network. With the rapid growth of energy consumption in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), recently, lot of attention is being devoted toward "green" ICT solutions. This article presents a review of different RWMFA (PLIA-RWA) algorithms for MLR networks, and surveys the most relevant research activities aimed at minimizing energy consumption in optical networks. In essence, this article presents a comprehensive and timely survey on a growing field of research, as it covers most aspects of MLR and energy-driven optical networks. Hence, the author aims at providing a comprehensive reference for the growing base of researchers who will work on MLR and energy-driven optical networks in the upcoming years. Finally, the article also identifies several open problems for future research. 2015 by De Gruyter. -
A survey on next-generation Mixed Line Rate (MLR) and energy-driven Wavelength-Division Multiplexed (WDM) optical networks /
Journal of Optical Communications, Vol.36, Issue 2, pp.516-532, ISSN No: 2191-6322. -
A Survey on P4 Challenges in Software Defined Networks: P4 Programming
Software Defined Networking (SDN) has been a prominent technology in the last decade that increases networking programmability. The SDN philosophy decouples the application, control, and data plane to increase the network programmability. The data plane is an essential but unsolved component that receives less attention than control and application planes. Traditionally, the data plane uses fixed functions that forward packets using a limited number of protocols. The P4 (Programming Protocol-independent Packet Processors) language makes it possible to program SDN data plane, which push the SDN to the next level. In the research community and industry, programming the data plane has garnered significant attention. Surprisingly, there has been no comprehensive reviews of programmable data-plane switches, which have many advantages in today's networks. The authors reviewed the evolution of networks from legacy to programmable data planes, explained the fundamentals of programmable switches, and summarized the network generation from traditional to programmable networks. In this paper, SDN is described from a P4-centric standpoint and discusses over 75 related research papers. Several taxonomies for the field are provided, outline potential research areas, and provide greater details regarding the patterns that have led to the development of this technology. 2013 IEEE. -
A Survey on Solution of Imbalanced Data Classification Problem Using SMOTE and Extreme Learning Machine
Imbalanced data are a common classification problem. Since it occurs in most real fields, this trend is increasingly important. It is of particular concern for highly imbalanced datasets (when the class ratio is high). Different techniques have been developed to deal with supervised learning sets. SMOTE is a well-known method for over-sampling that discusses imbalances at the level of the data. In the area, unequal data are widely distributed, and ensemble learning algorithms are a more efficient classifier in classifying imbalances. SMOTE synthetically contrasts two closely connected vectors. The learning algorithm itself, however, is not designed for imbalanced results. The simple ensemble idea, as well as the SMOTE algorithm, works with imbalanced data. There are detailed studies about imbalanced data problems and resolving this problem through several approaches. There are various approaches to overcome this problem, but we mainly focused on SMOTE and extreme learning machine algorithms. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
A survey on the intersection graphs of ideals of rings
Let L(R) denote the set of all non-trivial left ideals of a ring R. The intersection graph of ideals of a ring R is an undirected simple graph denoted by G(R) whose vertices are in a one-to-one correspondence with L(R) and two distinct vertices are joined by an edge if and only if the corresponding left ideals of R have a non-zero intersection. The ideal structure of a ring reects many ring theoretical properties. There is so much research that has been conducted during the last decade to explore the properties of G(R). This is a survey of the developments in the study on the intersection graphs of ideals of rings since its introduction in 2009. 2022 by the authors. -
A survey on various applications of internet of things on blockchain platform
[No abstract available] -
A Survey on Various Handoff Methods in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Environment
Communication has never been the same since the advent of cellular phones and numerous applications with different functionalities seem to crop up on a daily basis. Various applications seem to crop up on a daily basis. Ad hoc networks were developed with the intent of creating networks made up of interconnected nodes, on-the-go. Ad hoc networks have numerous applications, the most popular being vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). In VANETs, moving vehicles are considered to be the mobile nodes and mobile vehicular nodes move at high speeds. Mobility of the nodes makes it difficult to maintain stable communication links between the nodes and the access points. A process known as handoff is used to bridge this gap and is considered to be one of the solutions for unstable communication links over larger distances. Handoff can usually be seen when the nodes are mobile and start to move away from the access points. This paper discusses and compares various handoff methods that were proposed by various researchers with an intent to increase positive attributes while negating the rest of the components that do not support in increasing the efficiency of the handoff process. 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
A Sustainability Approach to Geopolymer Brick Manufacture Using Mine Wastes
India has tons of by-products of industries like fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and mine tailings from different ores. By incorporating these wastes in bricks, the carbon footprint can be minimized. This research pivots around the use of iron ore tailings (IOT) and slag sand as a substitute for clay or shale in the manufacture of stabilized geopolymer blocks. Iron ore tailings and slag sand were used for substitution in the range of 20-40% and 15-40% with increments of 5%. Fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and sodium silicates (Na2SiO3) were used with a constant value of 15%. The bricks were cast and cured at ambient temperature. The study includes testing of mechanical properties of geopolymer bricks as per IS recommendations. To study the macroanalysis, SEM and XRD analyses were also carried out on raw materials and developed composites. The outcomes of this investigation show that the inclusion of 25% of IOT and 30% of slag sand is acceptable as brick material. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. -
A sustainable approach for fish waste valorization through polyhydroxyalkanoate production by Bacillus megaterium NCDC0679 and its optimization studies
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are considered as the only class of truly biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. Although extensive research has been carried out in producing them from a wide variety of organisms, their commercialization still faces hurdles majorly associated with the cost of production media. This research work exploits the use of discarded fish scale waste as a major media component for biopolymer production. The major novelty of the research work is the utilization of a Bacillus megaterium NCDC0679 for PHA production using fish scale waste that is not reported previously. Furthermore, a sequential and systematic statistical optimization strategy employing response surface methodology was used to trace out the level of the most significant variables and their interaction effects on PHA production add to the significant novelty of this work. The significance of the model developed was determined from the p values of ANOVA. Under optimized levels of glucose (50g/L), NaCl (0.125g/L), and fish scale hydrolysate concentration (62.5% v/v), maximum PHA yield of 6.33g/L was achieved in the shake flask culture system. This was found to be 5.50-fold higher than the unoptimized medium. The ANOVA results established the significance of the model (p < 0.05). The extracted polymer was characterized through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thus, the present investigation suggests an innovative method for valorization of fish scale waste for commercial production of PHA. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
A sustainable non-enzymatic approach for determination of cholesterol using piper nigrum derived porous carbon/?-Fe2O3 composite electrode
Activated porous carbon (APC) obtained from Piper nigrum along with ?-Fe2O3 have been used to modify carbon paste electrode (CPE) for the highly sensitive and selective electrochemical determination of cholesterol. The enhanced synergistic properties observed between the biomass-derived APC and ?-Fe2O3 uplifts the electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode (APC-Fe2O3/CPE). The prepared ?-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical techniques were used to study the physico-chemical properties of the modified electrodes. Experimental conditions such as effect of pH, scan rate and concentration of cholesterol were optimized. Wide linear dynamic range between 25 nM and 300 nM, low limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 8 nM and 26 nM respectively make the method very effective and sensitive. Cholesterol in human blood serum samples was non-enzymatically determined using the developed method. 2021 The Electrochemical Society. -
A SWOT analysis of integrating cognitive and non-cognitive learning strategies in education
Students must receive the knowledge and skills they require for succeeding in a constantly changing world. Meeting each student's diverse needs, nevertheless, is difficult. For the purpose to promote student development and improve educational outcomes, this review study attempts to give a thorough conceptual framework for integrating both cognitive and non-cognitive learning methodologies. While non-cognitive learning focuses on social and interpersonal skills, emotional intelligence, and resilience, cognitive learning involves the acquisition of intellectual skills and critical thinking. Both types of education are essential for children's holistic development. Integrating non-cognitive and cognitive approaches in education sector has several advantages. It promotes a well-rounded education by offering a balanced approach that addresses the intellectual, emotional, and social elements of student progress. To support the suggested conceptual framework, a thorough analysis of recent research on the subject is conducted. The implementation of cognitive and non-cognitive learning in the present condition is examined through a bibliometric analysis, which identifies research trends and gaps. In addition, a SWOT analysis has been done to assess the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and threats related to these strategies. The issues and areas that require additional research and development are better understood due to this analysis. The research's conclusions demonstrate the importance of adopting a well-rounded educational strategy which considers various demands of students. The education system can encourage academic performance, critical thinking, socio-emotional well-being, and prepare students for success in a variety of spheres of life by integrating cognitive and non-cognitive learning. It also points out the research gaps and underlines the value of further study for enhancing comprehension and cognitive and non-cognitive learning methodologies' application. 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
A Systematic Literature Review on Image Preprocessing and Feature Extraction Techniques in Precision Agriculture
Revolutions in information technology have been helping agriculturists to increase the productivity of the cultivation. Many techniques exist for farming, but precision agriculture (PAg) is one technique that has gained popularity and has become a valuable tool for agriculture. Nowadays, farmers find it difficult to get expert advice regarding crops on time. As a solution, image processing techniques (IPTs) embedded PAg applications are developed to support farmers for the benefit of agriculture. In recent years, IPT has contributed a lot to provide a significant solution in PAg. This systematic review provides an understanding on preprocessing and feature extraction in PAg applications along with limitations. Preprocessing and feature extraction are the major steps of any application using IPTs. This study gives an overall view of the different preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification methods proposed by the researchers for PAg. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
A Systematic Review of AI Privileges to Combat Widen Threat of Flavivirus
In order to prevent the extraordinary spread of sickness caused by Flavivirus, the healthcare business as well as public health are working tirelessly. Individual lives have been affected, but mosquito-infested public locations have made a considerable influence on the general publics health. Site adaptability, climate change, and inadequate healthcare services and surveillance all contribute to the spread of the virus. The potential dangers of this virus, on the other hand, have been uncovered through extensive and ongoing research in the healthcare business. Modern healthcare facilities may benefit from the reasoning capabilities and ever-evolving analysis techniques provided by artificial intelligence. More conclusive findings have been demonstrated in the realm of AI applications in healthcare domains such as cancer, neurology, and cardiology. A number of research works have justified the use of AI-oriented algorithms for intelligently handling unstructured and huge healthcare data. When it comes to using artificial intelligence (AI) to identify, forecast, diagnose, and treat disease using data from public health and biological databases, the current effort aims to undertake an extensive examination. There may be issues in integrating assistive technology into the current healthcare system, as well. Because of this review, we hope that by merging AI research with clinical and public health specialists, critical knowledge may be extracted from data in order to unchain the relevant information of Flavivirus disease from its chains. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
A Systematic Review of Challenges and Techniques of Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning
Machine learning (ML) techniques are the backbone of Prediction and Recommendation systems, widely used across banking, medicine, and finance domains. ML techniques effectiveness depends mainly on the amount, distribution, and variety of training data that requires varied participants to contribute data. However, its challenging to combine data from multiple sources due to privacy and security concerns, competitive advantages, and data sovereignty. Therefore, ML techniques must preserve privacy when they aggregate, train, and eventually serve inferences. This survey establishes the meaning of privacy in ML, classifies current privacy threats, and describes state-of-the-art mitigation techniques named Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning (PPML) techniques. The paper compares existing PPML techniques based on relevant parameters, thereby presenting gaps in the existing literature and proposing probable future research drifts. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
A Systematic Review of Challenges, Tools, and Myths of Big Data Ingestion
Each sector of the digital world generates enormous data as human life continues to transform. Areas like data analytics, data science, knowledge discovery in databases (KDD), machine learning, and artificial intelligence depend on highly distributed data which requires appropriate storage in a data lake. Collecting the data from different heterogeneous sources and creating a single lake of data is called data ingestion. Ironically, data ingestion has been treated as a less important stage in data analysis because it is considered a minor first step. There are several misconceptions in the data and analytics domain about data ingestion. The survey employed in this research presents a list of significant challenges faced by information technology (IT) industries during data ingestion. The available frameworks are compared in terms of standard parameters that are set against the existing challenges and myths. The findings from the comparison are compiled in a tabular format for easy reference. The paper places emphasis on the significance of data ingestion and attempts to present it as a major activity on the big data platform. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
A Systematic Review of Fish-Based Biomaterial on Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Processes
Objective: To conduct a systematic literature review to study the effects of fish-based biomaterials on wound healing in both in vivo and in vitro animal models. Approach: This review covers the study reported in different articles between 2016 and August 2022 concentrating mainly on the cytotoxicity evaluation of different fish-based biomaterials on inflammation, reepithelialization and wound healing. Significance: This review shows considerable amount of research work carried out with fish-based biomaterials and collagen for treating burn wounds. Surprisingly there are only a few commercial products developed so far in this particular regard for surgical purpose and therefore, there is a way out and need for developing medical support product from fish-based biomaterials to treat and cure wounds. Recent Advances: Three-dimensional skin bioprinting technique is a large-scale solution for severe burn wounds that requires collagen as a raw material for printing, wherein fish collagen can be used in place of bovine and porcine, as it is biocompatible, promotes cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration, and degrades enzymatically. In the recent times, there are a few fish-based surgical products that have been formulated by Kerecis in United States. Critical Issues: The different fish-based biomaterial products are all mere supplements taken in orally as food or supplements till date and there is no proper proven medications that has been formulated so far in the field of wound healing and inflammation based on fish biomaterials except the surgical products that can be finger counted. Future Directions: Fish-based biomaterials are known for the medicinal properties that are used throughout the world and further investigations should be carried out to understand the actual physiochemical properties of its derivatives for the discovery of novel products and drugs. Copyright 2024 by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. -
A Systematic Review of Green Apparel Manufacturing
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a systematic review of the literature on green manufacturing practices in the apparel industry to map green practices across various apparel manufacturing departments. The review includes academic journal articles that were retrieved between March 2013 and March 2023 from several different databases. As part of a comprehensive literature assessment, content analysis was applied to 138 publications that were published in peer-reviewed journals over ten years. Green practices in garment manufacturing process are covered, including product design, raw material procurement, fabric spreading, cutting, sewing and assembly, washing, printing and embroidery, finishing, and packing. The review of eco-friendly production practices at each phase of the production process shows the variety and complexity of green practices in apparel production companies. However, there is a lack of research on the conditions of developing countries, where the majority of apparel production takes place, as well as on the methods used in the manufacture of garments. The study is distinct in that it focuses solely on the garment manufacturing industry, and will not include textiles because the production processes for textiles and clothing are fundamentally different. This study assists managers in building a companys sustainability competency by outlining best practices at various phases of production. It also provides scholars with a uniform representation of environmentally sustainable practices to spur additional scholarly investigation. 2023, Kauno Technologijos Universitetas. All rights reserved. -
A Systematic Review of Various Advancements Implementation in the Field of Crop (Plant) Production
An essential component of agricultural output is pest management, especially in fertigation-based farming. Although fertigation systems in Malaysia are beneficial for irrigation and fertilization, they frequently don't have effective pest control techniques. Because pests usually live beneath crop leaves, hand spraying is difficult and labor-intensive. Insect pests have the power to seriously harm, weaken, or even kill agricultural plants, which can lead to lower yields, worse-quality goods, and unsalable outcomes. Furthermore, insects may still cause harm to processed or stored items after harvest. Therefore, creating an autonomous pesticide sprayer specifically designed for chilli fertigation systems is the main goal of this research. The main goal is to create a sprayer arm that is flexible enough to reach under crop leaves. The goal of this project is to build an autonomous, unmanned pesticide sprayer. The goal of autonomous operation is to reduce the amount of dangerous pesticides that people are exposed to, especially in enclosed spaces like greenhouses. In addition, the sprayer arm's adaptability to different agricultural circumstances makes it a valuable tool in both greenhouse and outdoor settings. It is expected that the successful adoption of the autonomous pesticide sprayer would completely transform fertigation-based farming's approach to pest management. 2024 IEEE. -
A Systematic Review on e-Wastage Frameworks
The electronic devices that are targeted to the end users have become day to day essential parts. Traditional methodologies have changed drastically resulting in efficient mode of communication and fast information retrieval. As the demand and the production are exponentially growing, patterns of sales, storage and their destruction and then again, their collection have also been changed. This paper analyses many such behaviors of (electronic) waste management and recommends solutions like recycling management, different directives and policies required to be followed. Authors have emphasized on providing substantial information that can be useful to the regulating authorities responsible for waste management or the manufacturers of various electronic products and then the policy makers. With an extensive review of electronic wastages, authors have emphasized three variables (sales, stock and lifespan) for replacing/upgrading the older products with advanced versions. The root causes of electronic wastages are found in industrializing countries like India, China, Vietnam, Pakistan, the Philippines, Ghana and Nigeria whereas industrialized countries also play equally important role for its generation. This paper signifies the importance of e-waste management practice to reduce the emerging electronic waste hazards. Authors focus on todays demand of electronic devices, importance of e-waste management and management practices. The paper recommends key findings based on surveying data regarding the lack of regulation to manage the e-waste. The review concludes that the lack of regulation and improper awareness are the basic factors responsible for e-wastage and requires major focus to manage the e-waste. 2021. All Rights Reserved.