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Pattern of acquisition of theory of mind in pre-schoolers: A cross-sectional study from South India
Background: Theory of Mind (ToM) is an important part of children's social cognitive development. The pattern of ToM acquisition depends on many factors including culture, the number of family members, and siblings. This study aimed to examine the pattern of ToM acquisition in Indian culture. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among preschool children (three to six years) (N = 118) from rural and urban backgrounds. ToM development was assessed using the Wellman and Liu Theory of Mind Scale and the Children's Social Understanding Scale (parent report). Results: The order of acquisition of ToM in Indian children was as follows: diverse desire> diverse belief> knowledge access> explicit false belief> content false belief> hidden emotion. The number of siblings positively correlated with the total ToM task score, and the number of adults in the family did not show any positive correlation. Conclusions: Although India is a collectivistic country, the acquisition pattern of ToM in our population was like that of individualistic countries such as the United States. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Pattern of Carbon Dioxide Emission, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in South-Asian Countries: An Empirical Analysis
The main aim of this chapter is to analyse the pattern of environmental pollution as represented by per capita carbon dioxide emission (PCCO2), per capita gross domestic product (PCGDP) and per capita energy consumption (PCEC) and their nexus in case of South-Asian countries for the time period 19912014. Econometric tools such as panel co-integration and fully modified ordinary least squares have been used to study the relations. A positive significant relationship has been observed between PCGDP and PCCO2 emission. In addition, an increase in PCEC also has a positively significant impact on PCCO2 emission. Therefore, the governments of all the countries need to come together and take steps to curb the rising carbon emission since neither the problem nor the responsibility is restricted to one country alone. There is a need for countries to increase the consumption of renewable energy and explore alternate options that are fewer dependents on coal or any other fossil fuel. On priority, economies in South-Asian region should focus on sustainable economic activities by balancing growth of economy with clean environment. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Pattern Recognition: An Outline of Literature Review that Taps into Machine Learning to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals
The sustainable development goals (SDGs) as specified by the United Nations are a blueprint to make the Earth to be more sustainable by the year 2030. It envisions member nations fighting climate change, achieving gender equality, quality education for all, and access to quality healthcare among the 17 goals laid out. To achieve these goals by the year 2030, member nations have put special schemes in place for citizens while experimenting with newer ways in which a measurable difference can be made. Countries are tapping into ancient wisdom and harnessing newer technologies that use artificial intelligence and machine learning to make the world more liveable. These newer methods would also lower the cost of implementation and hence would be very useful to governments across the world. Of much interest are the applications of machine learning in getting useful information and deploying solutions gained from such information to achieve the goals set by the United Nations for an imperishable future. One such machine learning technique that can be employed is pattern recognition which has applications in various areas that will help in making the environment sustainable, making technology sustainable, and thus, making the Earth a better place to live in. This paper conducts a review of various literature from journals, news articles, and books and examines the way pattern recognition can help in developing sustainably. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna Design Using Amc Array for Enhanced 5G Performance
This paper introduces a microstrip patch antenna integrated with a novel artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) to reconfigure the antenna radiation pattern for 5 G sub- 6 GHz applications. By adopting AMC technology, the proposed antenna exhibits beam steering, pattern reconfiguration, and enhancement in gain, suitable for the high data rate demands of 5 G networks. The design process involves the evolution of antenna elements, the design of AMC unit cell (AMC-UC) to operate at the desired 3.75 GHz, and the development of an AMC integrated antenna that is suitable to control the antenna radiation pattern, achieving significant enhancements in signal directionality and minimizing interference. The simulation results demonstrate improved performance parameters, such as return loss and gain, highlighting the potential of AMC-assisted reconfigurable antennas in advancing 5G network coverage and capacity. This work provides valuable information on the achievement of versatile and efficient antenna designs for next-generation wireless communications. 2025 IEEE. -
Pattern Reconfigurable Antennas for Wireless Applications: A Review of Design Techniques and Advances
This literature survey investigates advances in pattern reconfigurable antennas that take advantage of Meta-surface (MS) technology over other techniques. The study explores how these reconfigurable antennas are transforming next-generation communication systems, addressing critical applications such as 5G/6G networks and smart wireless environments. Key research observations include the ability of MS-based designs to achieve dynamic beam steering, crucial to meeting the diverse requirements of future communication systems. The paper also identifies challenges such as design complexity, power efficiency, integration with existing systems, and scalability for practical deployments. By highlighting these advances and addressing open challenges, this survey aims to provide information on the potential of MS-enabled reconfigurable antennas to shape the future of wireless communication technologies. 2025 IEEE. -
Paytms crossroads: an analysts dilemma
Learning outcomes: This case study enables participants to:??To understand the fintech landscape in India and assess how market dynamics can impact Paytms valuation.??To evaluate the drivers affecting the value of Paytm and arrive at Paytms valuation.??To critically appraise the investment decision made. Case overview/synopsis: Rajani Chandran, a seasoned financial analyst, relooks her recommendation of Paytm in light of the recent revocation of its Payment Bank License. Paytm, the flagship service of One97 Communications Ltd., a financial technology company, is a pioneer in the Indian digital payments and financial services market. However, the developments post going public in 2021 were not always favorable. The frequent fallout with Reserve Bank of India brought restrictions on onboarding new customers and ultimately the revocation of the license. This drastic move is of huge concern to those who have invested in the company. Thus, given this backdrop, Rajani initially explored the dynamic landscape of the Indian digital payments and fintech industry, considering macroeconomic factors, competition and regulatory dynamics. She delved into Paytms financial performance to gauge its position in the market. The next phase of the careful scrutiny involved arriving at the equity value of the venture using the discounted cash flow model. Finally, Rajani critically appraised the drivers of valuation, incorporating both quantitative and the story she has crafted around Paytm. Consequently, participants in this case study are prompted to evaluate Paytm and arrive at a valuation and furnish a comprehensive recommendation based on their analyses, thus understanding the intricacies of evaluating a fintech company with immense potential. This case study serves as a valuable resource for students seeking to comprehend the complexities of financial analysis and valuation within the context of a dynamic and evolving industry landscape. Complexity academic level: The case is best suited for a course on Financial Statement Analysis while discussing how the financial statements of new-age tech companies can be analyzed and Business Valuation while introducing DCF valuation. The case serves as a comprehensive example of the multifaceted challenges and considerations that a buy-side analyst should have while valuing a company and pitching an investment within the fintech industry. Designed for second-year MBA students, the case assumes familiarity with financial reporting and strategic management concepts such as Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental (PESTLE) and strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) analyses and Business Canvas Model. Supplementary material: Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code: CSS 1: Accounting and Finance. 2025, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
Paytms crossroads: an analysts dilemma
Learning outcomes: This case study enables participants to:??To understand the fintech landscape in India and assess how market dynamics can impact Paytms valuation.??To evaluate the drivers affecting the value of Paytm and arrive at Paytms valuation.??To critically appraise the investment decision made. Case overview/synopsis: Rajani Chandran, a seasoned financial analyst, relooks her recommendation of Paytm in light of the recent revocation of its Payment Bank License. Paytm, the flagship service of One97 Communications Ltd., a financial technology company, is a pioneer in the Indian digital payments and financial services market. However, the developments post going public in 2021 were not always favorable. The frequent fallout with Reserve Bank of India brought restrictions on onboarding new customers and ultimately the revocation of the license. This drastic move is of huge concern to those who have invested in the company. Thus, given this backdrop, Rajani initially explored the dynamic landscape of the Indian digital payments and fintech industry, considering macroeconomic factors, competition and regulatory dynamics. She delved into Paytms financial performance to gauge its position in the market. The next phase of the careful scrutiny involved arriving at the equity value of the venture using the discounted cash flow model. Finally, Rajani critically appraised the drivers of valuation, incorporating both quantitative and the story she has crafted around Paytm. Consequently, participants in this case study are prompted to evaluate Paytm and arrive at a valuation and furnish a comprehensive recommendation based on their analyses, thus understanding the intricacies of evaluating a fintech company with immense potential. This case study serves as a valuable resource for students seeking to comprehend the complexities of financial analysis and valuation within the context of a dynamic and evolving industry landscape. Complexity academic level: The case is best suited for a course on Financial Statement Analysis while discussing how the financial statements of new-age tech companies can be analyzed and Business Valuation while introducing DCF valuation. The case serves as a comprehensive example of the multifaceted challenges and considerations that a buy-side analyst should have while valuing a company and pitching an investment within the fintech industry. Designed for second-year MBA students, the case assumes familiarity with financial reporting and strategic management concepts such as Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental (PESTLE) and strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) analyses and Business Canvas Model. Supplementary material: Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code: CSS 1: Accounting and Finance. 2025, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
PBIB Designs and association schemes arising from some connected dominating sets
Vol.4 (5) : 225-232 !SSN 2252-1512 -
PBIB Designs and association schemes arising from some connected dominating sets.
Vol.4 ,225-232, ISSN 2251-1512 -
PBIB-designs and association schemes arising from minimum bi-connected dominating sets of some special classes of graphs /
Afrika Matematika, Vol.29, Issue 1-2, pp.47–63, ISSN: 1012-9405. -
PCR and Bio-signature for data confidentiality and integrity in mobile cloud computing
Cloud computing technology got relevance as computing paradigm, which delivers massively scalable computing technologies based on the Internet for the organizations. Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) allows users more possibilities to access services conveniently. But data security and privacy issues still act as barriers for adoption to cloud technology when dealing with confidential data. Encryption techniques play a significant role in ensuring data security in the Cloud. Various data encryption techniques have been evolved till the date of which DNA Computing techniques got wider acceptance due to biological complexity and computational properties of DNA. These features can be exploited to solve data security issues in MCC. This paper highlights the security issues in the MCC and proposes biocomputing solution approaches to address data security. A methodology is proposed based on the principle concepts of polymerase chain reaction and primer generation for ensuring data confidentiality and integrity. The security analysis of the proposed cryptosystem is evaluated by theoretical analysis, complexity and probability analysis. Formal analysis of the proposed protocol is done using Scyther and all the modeled claims are validated and positive results are obtained. 2018 The Authors -
PCRS: Personalized Course Recommender System Based on Hybrid Approach
The traditional system of selecting courses to carry out research work is time consuming, risky and a tedious task, that not only badly affect the performance but the learning experience of a researcher as well. Therefore, choosing appropriate courses in seminal years could help to do research in a better way. This Study presents a recommender system that will suggest and guide a learner in selecting the courses as per their requirement. The Hybrid methodology has been used along with ontology to retrieve useful information and make accurate recommendations. Such an approach may be helpful to learners to increase their performance and improve their satisfaction level as well. The proposed recommender systems would perform better by mitigating the weakness of basic individual recommender systems. 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. -
PE-v-SVR based Architecture to Predict and Prevent Low and Slow-Rate DDoS Attacks using Machine Learning
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks continue to emerge; low and slow attacks pose a serious threat. These small-scale attacks often evade traditional security protections and increase the risk of long-term outages and loss of service. Our research aims to develop effective predictive models and strategic defences to detect and mitigate slow DDoS attacks. The proposed model combines Power Spectral entropy and V-Support Vector Regression. More importantly, the version achieves the first-class error price in the variety of zero to at least one, demonstrating its effectiveness in detecting and predicting DDoS attacks. Research results show the effectiveness of the proposed design using PSD (power spectral density) entropy and V-SVR. The best mean square error obtained further confirms the ability of the model in this context. V-SVR in low and sluggish DDoS assaults. 2024 Bharati Vidyapeeth, New Delhi. -
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Aware Signal Shaping in UFMC: An Adaptive Orthogonal Precoding and Gaussianized Companding Approach
Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) is a promising waveform for 5G and beyond wireless systems due to its superior spectral localization and low-latency characteristics; however, its high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) significantly degrades power amplifier efficiency and causes nonlinear distortion and out-of-band (OOB) emissions. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an Adaptive Hybrid Orthogonal Precoding with Gaussianized Companding (AHO-PCG) framework for PAPR-aware UFMC transmission. The proposed approach integrates adaptive orthogonal precoding, Gaussianized Dynamic Companding (GDC), and Selective Subcarrier Companding (SSC) within a joint optimization loop to balance PAPR reduction, signal fidelity, and spectral containment. Gaussianization reshapes the signal amplitude distribution to suppress extreme peaks, while adaptive precoding dynamically selects suitable orthogonal transforms based on signal characteristics, and SSC limits nonlinear processing to dominant peak-contributing subcarriers. Simulation results under 3GPP LTE-compliant parameters using QPSK, 16-PSK, and 64-QAM demonstrate that AHO-PCG achieves up to 4.4 dB PAPR reduction at a CCDF of 10-3, reduces EVM to 2.9%, suppresses OOB emissions to 42 dBm, and improves BER by up to an order of magnitude compared to baseline UFMC. These gains are achieved with a modest processing overhead, making the framework suitable for real-time 5G baseband implementations and extensible to future 6G waveform designs. 2026 Mahendrapublications.com, All rights reserved. -
Pearson correlation-based clustering with collaborative task allocation in 5G Industrial Internet of Things divergent health networks
Simultaneous task allocation is crucial for enhancing service quality in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) environments. The distribution and management of tasks remain among the biggest challenges in the IIoT era. Efficient allocation strategies are needed to enable transparent network configurations and maximize task throughput. Although recent methods address the dynamic management of objects, they often overlook the correlations between tasks and their associated functionalities. This paper introduces a novel Connected Harmonical Adaptive Task Allocation (CHATA) model for IIoT health networks to ensure fair task distribution. CHATA leverages similarity measures of object functionalities to identify the most suitable object to perform each task. Simulations conducted in NS-3 demonstrate that CHATA achieves up to 90% allocation efficiency in 5G Radio Access Technologies IIoT health environments and significantly outperforms recent approaches in task assignment performance. The Author(s) 2025. -
Pedagogical exploration for generation z students: Experiments using student-developed video case studies, gamification, student-developed case simulation and a movie reflection exercise in an organizational behaviour course
This paper will focus on three experiments performed while teaching undergraduate and graduate students using innovative pedagogy. In all three studies, the purpose was to understand how effective these pedagogical tools were in generating enthusiasm and engaging the students in the learning process. In study 1, teams developed and presented video case studies on the organizational behaviour themes studied in the course, applying them to practical scenarios. Later, the facilitators conducted a modified gamification quiz based on the video case studies, and the quiz results were considered to be the actual assessment of the students learning process. In study 2, student teams were asked to brain-storm and develop case simulations based on actual incidents encountered by those students who had work experience. In study 3, the undergraduate students were shown the classic movie 12 Angry Men as a means of learning about team decision-making processes. They reflected on and discussed the movie in relation to theory. Feedback collected at the end of each study conveyed that students experienced high levels of enthusiasm and engagement with positive learning outcomes. 2020 NeilsonJournals Publishing. -
Pedestrian crossing behaviour between transport terminals
Pedestrians possess special requirements for protecting their privacy while interacting with other users of a transport network. There exists a need in order to obtain a deeper knowledge of pedestrian traffic behaviour in between transport terminals. When different transportation terminals come closer, there will be an increased pedestrian flow caused due to change in modes used. The main aim was to analyses the general pedestrian behaviour while crossing a road and to find out different human factors which affect this behaviour. The crossing patterns were observed and also the chances of conflict with vehicles. The paper brought out the fact that the pedestrians always preferred different types of crossings. These varied with the gender and age of the pedestrians and also with luggage carrying or not. There seemed to be a greater flow of pedestrians during the peak hours and then they faced difficulty in crossing due to heavy traffic. Crosswalks are locations in which pedestrians are exposed to fewer rights of accident prevention even though they may approach the roadway and be alert of approaching traffic. Pedestrian unlawful crossing attitude is a crucial factor inside area issue of safety on the road. Thus, there is a requirement to take more steps towards bringing safety. 2023 Author(s). -
Pediatric brain tumor segmentation and classification framework using SGC-U-NET and ARC-DEEP-CNN
Timely and precise pediatric Brain Tumor (BT) classification is challenging in the prevailing studies owing to the lack of growth rate calculation. Therefore, this paper proposes a growth rate-aware intelligent BT classification using child Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) based on Arcsin Deep Convolutional Neural Network (Arc-Deep-CNN). Initially, the child's MRI is collected and then pre-processed for angle correction, resolution improvement, skull removal, and edge sharpening to improve the image quality. Meanwhile, the binary image dilation is done in the postpre-processing for accurate tumor location identification using the Central Limit Theorem-based Battle Royale Optimization Algorithm (CLT-BROA). From the pre-processed images, the wavelet features are extracted to improve the detection rate. Based on the tumor-identified images, pre-processed images, and extracted features, a robust Shuffled Group Convolutional layer added U-Net (SGC-U-Net) significantly segments the normal brain, benign, core, and malignant tumors affected brain. Then, the 3D tumor reconstruction is done by performing splitting, feature extraction, and growth rate calculation. Finally, a novel Arc-Deep-CNN proficiently classifies the BT into Medulloblastoma, Glioma, and Meningioma tumors with respect to the growth rate. The proposed Arc-Deep-CNN achieved maximum accuracy and minimum training time of 98.77% and 52136ms, respectively, showing impressive performance in pediatric BT classification. Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of Computer Applications and Management 2025. -
Pediococcus pentaceous-mediated fermentation of Gracilaria corticate: A sustainable reutilisation of renewable resource to enhance its nutritional profile, optimised through response surface methodology for improved growth and pathogenic resistance in Oreochromis niloticus
Seaweed, as a functional food and a sustainable alternative to synthetic additives, is gaining attention. It can enhance the nutritive value, improve antioxidant properties and mitigate oxidative stress induced by pathogens. This study investigates the utilisation of fermented seaweeds in feed formulations to reduce oxidative stress, improve fish health and enhance disease resistance. Seaweeds Gracilaria corticate, rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and antioxidants, were fermented using probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus MK459540. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was fed a diet supplemented with fermented seaweed, which indicates lower levels of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH) and Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) activities compared to control and non-fermented seaweeds when challenged with Vibrio harveyi, Aeromonas hydrophila and a mixture of both pathogens. These findings highlight the potential of seaweed, a sustainable and renewable marine resource in advancing aquaculture practices by promoting fish health and immunity. 2026, World Researchers Associations. All rights reserved.