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Women on the Board of Indian It Companies: Are They Audible and Visible?
Gender disparity on the board of Indian IT companies is a continuing saga despite the Indian Companies Act, 2013 mandating at least one-woman director in the executive position of public listed companies. Women in India are leaders of varied sectors of businesses and on top leadership positions except in IT companies. This study has found that 14 out of 25 leading IT companies in India has, got not more than two women on the board of directors. It has also been found that the reasons for said nomination are due to the statutory compulsion to have women on board. Information technology companies are responsible for innovation, business growth, transformation and diversification. Strategic leadership is the key for IT companies to achieve the above-stated objectives. Inclusiveness in the economic reforms is possible when women are given adequate representation in entrepreneurship and leadership positions in all sectors of industries. This study aims at examining the causes of the inadequate representation of women in Indian IT companies. Paper has examined the following issues to analyse the above-stated proposition: (a) How far the Indian IT industry has contributed to the empowerment of Indian women? (b) Whether the employment terms and recruitment policies of IT companies are sufficient to ensure the security of tenure and promotion to women employees and do it incentives women employees contribution towards innovation in their respective companies? (c) What are the factors contributing to women taking up leadership positions in Non-IT Industries? (d) Whether family commitments are the reasons for women in the IT sector to decline leadership positions or whether male domination is a cause for women to be backward in IT companies leadership positions? (e) Should mandatory reservation of adequate percentage of seats for women in administration be uniformly applied also for employment of women in the IT sector and how far the practice followed in developed jurisdictions need to be incorporated under the Indian law? Enrolment of women in IT and business education is on par with their counterparts. Since women occupying leadership positions is negligible, the paper examines the challenges and proposes solutions to ensure gender equitable reforms in the leadership roles of Indian IT companies. Data related to board composition and shareholding patterns of Indian IT companies are looked into and analysed to identify whether women possess capital or management control in the Indian IT companies. To critique the role of women in other sectors of employment with that of the IT companies, data collected from the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) and Indian government-sponsored schemes are considered. The data are also collected from various sources such as Sustainability Reports of Wipro, Infosys, HCL, Dell, Accenture, Tata, Human Development Index (HDI), United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). The data compiled reflect the factors that affect womens career progression in the Indian IT sector. This study has found that there is an absolute imbalance in terms of gender diversity on the boards of Indian IT companies. Reasons for the same are as follows: 1. Women who have excelled in technological education are not willing to take up leadership positions in IT companies due to the challenges and risks involved in this specific sector, 2. Family commitments and health issues are not conducive for women to dedicate the required time in managing corporate boards of IT companies, 3. Joint families and a patriarchal Indian system limits woman to undertake employment, 4. Women with liberal outlook and merit are not preferred as a choice by male leaders of IT companies due to the fact that they never want to be led by women, 5. The upskilling programmes organized by IT companies to their women employees are not sufficiently focused to promote women to leadership positions and 6. Excess share qualification for directorship prescribed by listed public companies is an impediment for women to be considered for executive positions. Paper suggests strategies and policies for the promotion of women employees to executive positions and ensuring the disclosure of diversity of corporate boards as a prerequisite to listing its shares. Secondly, it proposes to amend Companies Act, 2013 to prescribe a higher number of mandatory appointments of women on board to make it mandatory for women to be part of committees of the board mandated under the Companies Act. Thirdly, it proposes that the B-Schools admission policies should increase the intake of women candidates for management programmes so that they would possess the adequate competency to govern corporate boards of Indian IT companies. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Women's contributions to business growth and innovation in startups: Agile business
This chapter delineates the significance of women in innovation and growth as founders and leaders in the startup ecosystem. Agile environments require female entrepreneurship and leadership, offering distinct views, a spirit of cooperation, and flexibility; therefore, these are desirable attributes for business success during its highest uncertainty and optimal high-growth periods. Case studies of womenled startups have been analyzed in consideration of their inabilities to innovate, diversify, and lead through inclusive leadership to face market uncertainties and scale effectively. It shares some of the challenges women meet while trying to access venture capital and networks and gives strategies to overcome such pitfalls. This chapter gives an account of how gender, innovation, and agile methodologies intersect, thus underpinning empowerment of women in startups to cultivate competitive advantage and sustainable growth, thus developing a diverse and resilient entrepreneurial landscape. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Women's empowerment through the silk industry of Assam, India, and its underlying economy
In the medieval era, the Royal families of Assam, India produced Muga silk fabrics. During the time of the Koch Dynasty (Historical Koch Country), Muga silk from ancient Pragjyotishpur and Koch Behar became an integral part of the trade with Bengal, Bhutan, Tibet, and the Mughals. Most households in Assam weave cloth and every girl child in the household acquires weaving skills at a very young age from her mother. In Sualkuchi, a town in Assam, there are approximately 6,872 female weavers. These weavers are very concerned about the preservation of traditional handloom weaving as they feel that over time the skills required for this could disappear. They feel that they are unable to work as efficiently in their old age as they had in their youth. The automated machine seems to be a sign of hope for them, but at the same time, they have a strong attachment to the traditional handlooms. Quite recently, the traders have started procuring traditional garments manufactured from cloth made by automated machines. This is a threat to the local weavers since these garments are sold at a lower price, and this poses a challenge to the traditional handloom fabrics of Assam. A sustainable model needs to be incorporated to improve the conditions of the local weavers. The introduction of modern techniques and business strategies will help to empower the weavers. Muga is a noninflammable, anti-bacterial, natural, lustrous gold fabric which absorbs UV rays from sunlight. Pat silk is hypoallergenic, and it contains sericin, which reduces allergic reactions in the skin. Eri is antifungal, and this makes it a unique fabric for face masks, baby clothes, undergarments, blankets, quilts, medical uses, mosquito nets or special attire to protect one from UV rays, fungus, bacteria, and insects. The full range of the unique qualities of the fabrics of Assam should be widely publicized to increase the consumer demand for these handlooms. The area also has the potential to make castor oil out of the castor plant (Ricinus Communis Linn), which is a fed to the Eri Silkworm. 2020 Journal of International Women's Studies. -
Women's empowerment within the tourism industry: Risk assessment and mitigation strategies for solo women travellers
Travelling is essential for maintaining one's happiness and mental wellness. Tourism is a job providing industry and huge contributions to economic growth, and many studies have been undertaken to determine who is attracted to tourism. Surprisingly, women take a major stand in the tourism industry. The purpose of this study is to examinefemale solo travelers' risk assessment and their mitigation strategies by investigating online travel blogs. Therefore, the study aims at assessment of risk such as physical risk, destination-specific risk, and financial risk faced by solo women travellers by considering and analyz- ing online women travellers' blog narratives. These narratives from online travel blogs pertaining to Indian solo female travellers are considered in this study. Hence, this assessment gives an opportunity to know how to stay safe in uncertain situations and also mitigation strategies to stay alert. The result of the study indicates the various risks faced by solo female travel and mitigation strategies for promotion of more female travellers. 2023, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Women's Empowerment, Mindfulness, and Role of Women in Eradicating Alcohol and Drug Addiction from Indian Society
Womens empowerment and self-help groups are functional and successful in India in most instances; it is possible to improve them further by incorporating quality parameters in the various training programs. Most of the locally organized skill-training by different empowerment cells operates effectively. Training and operating procedures must be devised to ensure that self-help groups meet international standards for their products. The training is often held in remote locations, making it difficult for the facilitator to visit and provide instruction. There must be established criteria for selecting trainers and a planned curriculum for training. There is a social impediment in the overall empowerment process; one of the social evils is drug and alcohol addiction and specific cultural and societal norms. Women can help to curtail such societal problems, and the Naga Mothers Association has made an impact in reducing addiction in Indian society. The Naga Mothers Association is doing an excellent job of reducing addiction; however, their work needs to be supported by legislative provisions. Similar to the Naga Mothers Association, the womens wing of the Koch Rajbongshi student union has been able to mobilize and disseminate information about the ill effects of addiction among its community members. This paper argues that mindfulness, a concept of Buddhist origin, is necessary to effect revolutionary change. Mindfulness and compassion are the keys to resolving the issue, but reflection is also an essential component of the practice of mindfulness and compassion. The leaders of these womens associations are playing a pivotal role in helping to eradicate social evils and addiction from Indian society. One of the most critical components is mindfulness of the current situation and circumstances and making decisions accordingly. 2022,Journal of International Women''s Studies. All Rights Reserved. -
WOMEN'S SENSE OF BELONGING: MODERATING ECONOMIC, SOCIOCULTURAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Despite the tremendous development in the literature on sustainable tourism, the focus remains especially on government regulation and international cooperation. As will be seen, the present study is rare in adopting a bottom-up approach that focuses on the perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of the communities. Therefore, this study aims to explore the positive impacts of community-based tourism, including economic, sociocultural, and environmental factors, on sustainable tourism development. Furthermore, it investigates the moderating role of women's sense of belonging in such relationships. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was adopted to analyze the survey results from 183 Omani women. The participants were selected via convenience sampling, therefore facilitating efficient data gathering over the course of the investigation. Convenience sampling was approved given the exploratory nature of the study and the need to gain understanding from a particular demographic group - Omani women - who significantly participate in community and tourism-related activities in Oman. Data gathering ran from January 21 to the end of February 2024. The authors and research assistants distributed the questionnaires to local markets, cultural institutions, university students and community gatherings, among other places, in order to get a diverse sample of Omani women. The study findings illustrate that economic and environmental variables significantly influence sustainable tourism development within the community-based tourism framework; however, sociocultural aspects show a lesser association. Interestingly, women's sense of belonging functions as a crucial moderating factor, amplifying the positive outcomes of economic and environmental factors on tourism sustainability. The results of the study considerably progress the theoretical knowledge of community-based tourism (CBT) by defining the complex connections between economic, social, and environmental components as well as the moderating function of a feeling of belonging (PS). This research delivers important practical uses to policymakers and tourist planners as well as community leaders in Oman who aim to develop community-based tourism. Environmental stewardship holds significant importance because its positive moderation effects strengthen the connection between ENV and STD, according to study findings. 2025 Editura Universitatii din Oradea. All rights reserved. -
Womens Economic Empowerment and Domestic Violence: Evidence from the Indian State of Kerala
Domestic violence is a serious issue that affects countless women around the world. Kerala boasts an admirable history of high literacy rates, good health and sanitation standards, low infant mortality rates and impressive average life expectancy. Despite these advancements, enduring social problems such as gender discrimination and domestic violence still exist. Over the last two decades, domestic violence has been a significant issue for women in Kerala. The basic objective of this study is to assess the impact of womens economic empowerment on domestic violence. This study employed stratified sampling methods to gather household-level data using pre-designed questionnaires. The study found a weak link between economic empowerment and domestic violence. Womens education and husbands characteristics, notably alcohol usage, have a significant impact. This emphasises the importance of interventions that promote collaborative decision-making in order to combat domestic abuse effectively. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Samapti Guha and Chirodip Majumdar; individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved. -
Womens Financial Capability and Financial Wellbeing: A Study on Community Based Organisations for Sustainable Development
This book investigates the impact of financial capability and decision-making ability on the financial wellbeing of women associated with community based organisations (CBOs). In light of the evolving socio-economic landscape in South Asia and the growing gender disparity in poverty, there is an urgent need to address these issues at the grassroots level to achieve sustainable development. CBOs play a crucial role by providing a platform for women to discuss shared challenges, develop potential solutions and create livelihood opportunities. Drawing on data from Asia's largest women's community network, this book examines how Kudumbashree, as a successful model, can serve as a guiding framework for other community networks across South Asia. It also investigates how demographic factors such as age, marital status, education, income and family size influence women's financial capability. Furthermore, this book delves into the financial wellbeing of women and explores how addressing their needs can contribute to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By examining global initiatives aimed at empowering women economically, this book offers valuable insights for policymakers, financial social workers, scholars and organisations dedicated to advancing financial wellbeing for women and promoting sustainable development. 2026 V. K. Parvathy and Jyothi Kumar. -
Womens perceived social support through self-help group: case study of Kudumbashree from capital district of Kerala
This study examines Kudumbashree, a womens self-help group (SHG) with a strong emphasis on microcredit, in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala state in India. It is a valuable program because it provides access to credit and savings mechanisms, fosters a sense of agency, decision-making power, and social support among women in these areas. The study explores the demographic characteristics of members, their involvement in SHGs, and compares perceived social support levels across different demographic groups. The study uses a cross-sectional survey of 502 women using an extensive demographic questionnaire and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) questionnaire. The study participants were mostly older, married women who were primarily housewives from both nuclear and joint families, predominantly in rural areas. Many women had been SHG members for over a decade and actively participated in meetings and decision-making. The study revealed that women with lower education levels, rural and those saving more than 300 INR monthly perceived higher social support from family and overall. Considering that women in rural India averaged around 250 INR in daily earnings from casual labor during 2022, the fact that a substantial number of participants saved more than 300 INR monthly highlights the significance of their savings. The study contributes to the understanding of Kudumbashree SHGs and emphasizes their role in providing social support, financial empowerment, and a sense of community. The study also highlights the need for ongoing support and capacity building to further enhance their impact. 2025 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
Wood Type Identification via Neural Networks and Spectral Analysis: An Advanced Algorithmic Solution
Forestry management, woodworking, and manufacturing need wood type identification. This study introduces a neural network-spectral analysis technique for accurate and automatic wood type detection. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to extract features from a heterogeneous collection of wood spectral signatures after training a neural network. The algorithm's 94.2% accuracy on a testing dataset shows its ability to distinguish wood kinds.The model's confusion matrix shows it can recognise closely related wood species with few misclassifications. The neural network's precision, recall, and F1 score prove its wood classification accuracy. With PCA highlighting classification characteristics, spectral analysis helps the algorithm succeed.The method is useful for forestry management and woodworking quality control. The non-destructive technology provides in-situ wood type detection, addressing environmental and conservation issues. The study explores ramifications, constraints, and future algorithm modification and application in real-world contexts.Neural networks and spectral analysis provide a strong, efficient, and non-destructive wood type detection solution. The hopeful results represent a major advance in wood science and current computer methods, with applicability across sectors. 2023 IEEE. -
Word-of-Mouth Promotion: How to Attract Consistent Consumers as a Promoter for the B2C Model
The primary goal of this research article is to discover the consumers' behaviour while spending time on the e-commerce platform and to use the consumers who have positive Word-of-Mouth on the products to motivate them as promoters through positive Word of Mouth behaviour. The behavioural factors considered in this study are Relationship value, Trust value, Satisfaction level and Word of Mouth. The trial model includes the consumers who use an e-commerce platform for their online shopping in India. A proper questionnaire with four components was created and used to collect the sample data. Totally 300 responses have been received and analysed with the help of structured equation model and SPSS and AMOS software. The findings suggest that the 'Word of Mouth' technique can be used as a tool to increase the number of consumers in an online platform, particularly e-commerce. We investigated how Relationship Value and Trust Value can be used as key factors to motivate consumers' positive WoM behaviour. This research would be more beneficial to the B2C model. The research has done only for Indian e-commerce portals for survey. There is a scope to do research for the global level e-commerce market. Future study focuses on dynamic attributes for relationship values. This research work will help the researchers who is working on B2C model and consumer behavioural models. This model would be used for any online transactions-based services. As best of the knowledge of the authors' this study is the novel idea to understand the consumers' behaviour for purchasing items through the positive WoM. This work can be adopted for any e-commerce platform. 2024 IEEE. -
Work life balance among women anganwadi workers in Bengaluru
Over the past few years, worklife balance has evolved into a matter of significant concern. Both men and women strive to achieve a steady professional and personal life. In reality, women are more prone to experiencing such challenges. The paper attempted to understand worklife balance among Anganwadi workers (women-dominant centres). The research focused on the impact of job satisfaction, work overburden, workplace support, family support, and dependent care on the worklife balance of Anganwadi workers. For the purpose of the study, a structured questionnaire was administered to 467 participants. Statistical technique used for the study was regression model. The results indicated that workplace support and family support had a positive impact on the worklife balance among Anganwadi workers. The findings also suggested that work overburden and dependent care had a negative impact on worklife balance. The results also contradicted the hypotheses by portraying that job satisfaction was not a significant factor that impacted the worklife balance among Anganwadi workers. However, many other variables such as emotional intelligence, job autonomy, turnover intention, absenteeism, and work engagement that could potentially impact worklife balance were not taken into consideration. 2020, Associated Management Consultants Pvt. Ltd.. All rights reserved. -
Work from home during covid-19-disequilibrium of mental health and well-being among employees
[No abstract available] -
Work from home in the pandemic era: Loss of mental equilibrium?
[No abstract available] -
Work motivation of teachers: Relationship with organizational culture /
European Journal Of Educational Sciences, Vol.1, Issue 1, pp.547-560, ISSN No: 1857-6036. -
Work motivation of teachers: Role of self-leadership and self-directed professional development
A developing body of literature endorses that the sustainment of quality is a vital predictor for the success of educational processes and systems. Teachers who are the important stakeholders in the education system should strive to improve their quality for better student outcomes. Teachers' motivation at work is a basic condition for professional growth and development. This chapter specifically focuses on the need to understand work motivation of teachers in the context of self-determination theory. The chapter also focusses on the role of self-leadership and self-directed professional development in enhancing motivation. In the era of constant changes, it is essential that teachers should have the capability to devise new strategies to lead effectively. To establish a better workplace wellbeing, it is vital to understand the role of self-leadership and self-directed professional development in influencing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
Work-Cognition and Subjective Well-being Among Female Professional Educators During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Moderating Role of Resilience
Teaching demands educators to be both caretakers and educators, leading to significant cognitive and emotional strain. The pandemic has worsened these challenges, requiring teachers to seek psychological and professional support. Online teaching has added to these difficulties, with educators having to adapt to new technologies while managing virtual classrooms and addressing the unique needs of students in remote learning environments. This present study sought to understand the relationship between work cognition (WCog) and subjective well-being (SWB) among female professional educators during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also examines the moderating effect of Resilience (RSL) on the association between WCog and SWB. Using a purposive sampling technique, data was collected through an online survey from 181 female professional educators in India. Female professional educators reported moderate levels of WCog, high levels of RSL, and high levels of SWB, which indicates that the female professional educators faced cognitive and emotional strain during online teaching but demonstrated resilience and maintained positive well-being. RSL moderated the relationship between WCog and SWB, highlighting its influence on educators cognitive management and well-being during online teaching. These insights have implications for support system to enhance the well-being of educators and promoting their professional development. The Author(s) 2023. -
Work-life balance amongst dental professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic -A structural equation modelling approach
The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in 2019, has shocked the entire world. As an effort to control the disease spread, the Indian government declared a nationwide lockdown on March 25th, 2020. As dental treatment was considered high risk in the spread of COVID-19, dentistry became one of the most vulnerable professions during this time. Dental professionals had to face job layoffs, salary cuts in professional colleges, closure of private clinics resulting in huge psychological, moral, and financial crises. Studies during the previous and present pandemics have shown mental issues among health care workers necessitating institutional reforms, along with early care and support. A balance in the work-life amongst professionals is the key to better efficiency and, was majorly affected during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown due to sudden unexpected changes. Hence this study was conducted to understand the changes they underwent both at home and professional front with a hypothesis that physical and mental health, activities, relationship status, and workplace influence the work-life balance. Methods A pre-validated questionnaire survey was done on dentists across India. Structural Equation Modelling and path analysis were applied to the data collected. Results The results of the study supported the hypothesis that factors like physical and mental health, activities, relationship status, and workplace influenced the work-life balance directly. A significant imbalance was seen amongst the female dentists. Conclusion The present study proved the unpreparedness among dental professionals. Hence an evolutionary phase in every field with better working protocols, robust mental health support, and a focus on strategies to face future such emergencies is required. 2021 Pai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
Work-life balance and business success enhancing performance and preventing burnout
The chapter, "Impact on Business Performance," investigates female entrepreneurs' performances in the light of work-life balance. It has articulated problems such as burnout and low productivity which harm the powers of decision and creativity abilities. The chapter has focused much on work approaches that are basically balanced to enhance business performance and personal welfare. To empower women in entrepreneurship, this chapter strives to advocate flexible working hours and accessible childcare as supportive policies. Therefore, the bottom line of this work is systemic change-for better integration of work and life, for more competitive business performance, and for greater overall quality of life for women. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing.