Impulse noise recuperation from grayscale and medical images using supervised curve fitting linear regression and mean filter
Image restoration; Interpolation; Machine learning; Noise removal; Rectilinear regression; Salt and pepper noise
Acquisition of images from electronic devices or Transmission of the image through any medium will cause an additional commotion. This study aims to investigate a framework for eliminating impulse noise from grayscale and medical images by utilizing linear regression and a mean filter. Linear regression is a supervised machine learning algorithm that computes the value of a dependent variable based on an independent variable. The value of the recuperating pixel is measured using a curve-fitting, direction-based linear regression approach or applying a mean filter to the noise-free pixels. The efficiency of the proposed technique experiments with benchmark test images and the images of the USC-SIPI and TESTIMAGES data sets. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index metrics (SSIM) are determined to prove the performance of the proposed method. The results, when compared with the seven recent state-of-the-art techniques, show the superiority of the proposed method in terms of visual quality and accuracy. The proposed model achieves an average PSNR value of 65.21dB and an SSIM value of 0.999 for the reconstruction of medical images, proving its accuracy and efficiency. The impulse noise restoration process helps the radiologist get a clear visual clarity of the medical image for diagnosis purposes. 2022 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vol-28, No. 2, pp. 777-786.
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i2.pp777-786 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139339543&doi=10.11591%2fijeecs.v28.i2.pp777-786&partnerID=40&md5=73b4b71dddf53274853b2ba9cd4e0bc4
Thomas S., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Christ University, Karnataka, India, Department of Computer Science, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India; Krishna A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Christ University, Karnataka, India
In search for FPI trail in blue-chip Indian bourse during a phase of rehabilitation- An investigative study /
Asian Journal of Management, Vol.8, Issue 1, pp.107-111, ISSN: 0976-495X (Print), 2321-5763 (Online).
https://ajmjournal.com/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2016-8-1-17
In search of radio emission from exoplanets: GMRT observations of the binary system HD 41004
(stars:) planetary systems; radio continuum: planetary systems; stars: individual: HD 41004; techniques: interferometric
This paper reports Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) observations of the binary system HD 41004 that are among the deepest images ever obtained at 150 and 400 MHz in the search for radio emission from exoplanets. The HD 41004 binary system consists of a K1 V primary star and an M2 V secondary; both stars are host to a massive planet or brown dwarf. Analogous to planets in our Solar system that emit at radio wavelengths due to their strong magnetic fields, one or both of the planet or brown dwarf in the HD 41004 binary system are also thought to be sources of radio emission. Various models predict HD 41004Bb to have one of the largest expected flux densities at 150 MHz. The observations at 150 MHz cover almost the entire orbital period of HD 41004Bb, and about 20percent of the orbit is covered at 400 MHz. We do not detect radio emission, setting 3? limits of 1.8 mJy at 150 MHz and 0.12 mJy at 400 MHz. We also discuss some of the possible reasons why no radio emission was detected from the HD 41004 binary system. 2020 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.
Narang M.; Manoj P.; Ishwara Chandra C.H.; Lazio J.; Henning T.; Tamura M.; Mathew B.; Ujwal N.; Mandal P.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol-500, No. 4, pp. 4818-4826.
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3565 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099539606&doi=10.1093%2fmnras%2fstaa3565&partnerID=40&md5=b03fae7c4c6fb994e4a1b494d8cb436f
Narang M., Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India; Manoj P., Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India; Ishwara Chandra C.H., National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, TIFR, Post Bag 3, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India; Lazio J., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91106, CA, United States; Henning T., Max-Planck-Institut f Astronomie, Kigstuhl 17, Heidelberg, D-69117, Germany; Tamura M., The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Astrobiology Center, 2-21-1, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8588, Japan, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8588, Japan; Mathew B., Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560034, India; Ujwal N., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India; Mandal P., Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560034, India
IN SEMICONDUCTOR MEDIA CAUSED BY DYNAMIC LOADING THROUGH MEMORY EFFECTS AND NONLOCAL FRAMEWORKS
AB fractional derivative; delay times; nonlocal; photo-thermoelasticity; semiconductors
We investigate a novel meticulous heat transfer model to capture the photo-thermal-elastic interactions efficiently inside a nonlocalized semiconductor material affected from a dynamic thermal loading. For the purpose of apprehending memory and nonlocal effects during complex diffusion processes inside the semiconductor, the Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative is established on the linearized coupled thermoelastic theory which involves thermal displacement gradient and temperature gradient among the constitutive variables. Laplace transform methodology is acquired for solving the problem. Later on, a suitable algorithm of numerical inversion of the Laplace transform is employed for achieving the computational results in physical domain. As per the graphical results, conclusions about the influences of significant parameters such as fractional parameter, photo-generated carrier life-span and the velocity of dynamic heat source on the dimensionless physical fields like temperature, displacement, stress and carrier density are constructed. Further, the utility of the current advanced heat transfer model is established by comparing the graphical results of physical fields under the current heat transfer theory with the old developed theories of heat transfer models having two phase lags and single phase lag parameter. All the graphical results are evaluated against distinct values of depth of the semiconductor media. We believe that this fine study will support researchers for obtaining promising and optimum results of real world problems where the photo-thermal effects inside the semiconductor are taken into account. 2026 The Authors, under license to MSP (Mathematical Sciences Publishers).
Gaikwad, Kishor R.; Tiwari, Rakhi; Tripathi, Vivek; Singhal, Abhinav; Shivay, Om Namha; Abouelregal, Ahmed; Alhassan, Yazeed
Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures;Volume;21;Issue;1;pp.49-69
Restricted Access; Hardcopy may be available in the library
https://doi.org/10.2140/jomms.2026.21.49 https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105034259078?origin=resultslist
Gaikwad K.R., PG Department of Mathematics, NES, Science College, Nanded, India; Tiwari R., Department of Mathematics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India; Tripathi V., Department of Computer Science Engineering CSE-AI, IIMT College of Engineering, Greater Noida, India; Singhal A., Department of Mathematics, Christ University, Bengaluru, Bengaluru, India; Shivay O.N., Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai, Chennai, India; Abouelregal A., Department of Mathematics, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia; Alhassan Y., Department of Mathematics, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia
In Service Teachers' Diffrentiated Instructional Strategy and Students' Reflective Thinking and Empowered Learning
Every educational program aims at the comprehensive growth and development of learners. Education policymakers and teachers who are part of any education system have a pivotal role in providing an environment that empowers learners. Thinking pervades all spheres of human action and the ability to think reflectively differentiates man from other animals. Psychological theories have proved that, in a classroom, each learner is unique and has different learning profiles, i.e., learning style, intelligence preference, culture and gender. Therefore, one- sized curriculum doesn't fit all. This research was conducted to measure the influence of differentiated instructional strategy of in-service- teachers as a pedagogy on students' reflective thinking and empowered learning. The researcher developed and standardized a module of 16 lesson plans on English grammar and poetry integrating essential components of reflective thinking and empowered learning into differentiated instruction. Randomly selected samples of this research consisted of 100 students of standard 9, boys and girls, from an English medium ICSE school in the urban district of Bangalore. After a try-out of a few lessons on 25 samples, the researcher taught the lessons through differentiated instruction within 3 months. Through control and experimental groups, pre-test and post-test design, data were collected through 2 measuring tools (1) a questionnaire to measure the level of reflective thinking and (2) Learner empowerment measure. Data analysis of the pre and post-test scores of the experiment group shows a significant impact of differentiated instruction on all four components of reflective thinking of students, i.e., Habitual Action, Understanding, Reflection and Critical Reflection; and on the components of empowered learning of students, i.e., Meaningfulness, Competence, Impact and Choice irrespective of the difference in the gender. The results indicate that differentiated instruction could be implemented in schools as an instructional method to include all types of students and respect their diversity.
In silico analysis of NHP2 membrane protein, a novel vaccine candidate present in the RD7 region of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Gene ontology; Molecular docking; Molecular dynamics simulation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; NHP2; PFAM; TLR3; Vaccine
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, is one of the trickiest pathogens. We have only a few protective shields, like the BCG vaccine against the pathogen, which itself has poor efficacy in preventing adult tuberculosis. Even though different vaccine trials for an alternative vaccine have been conducted, those studies have not shown much promising results. In the current study, advanced computational technology was used to study the potential of a novel hypothetical mycobacterial protein, identified by subtractive hybridization, to be a vaccine candidate. NHP2 (Novel Hypothetical Protein 2), housed in the RD7 region of the clinical strains of M. tuberculosis, was studied for its physical, chemical, immunological and structural properties using different computational tools. PFAM studies and Gene ontology studies depicted NHP2 protein to be functionally active with a possible antibiotic binding domain too. Different computational tools used to assess the toxicity, allergenicity and antigenicity of the protein indicated its antigenic nature. Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) tools were used to study the T and B cell determinants of the protein. The 3D structure of the protein was designed, refined and authenticated using bioinformatics tools. The validated tertiary structure of theprotein was docked against the TLR3 immune receptor to study the binding affinity and docking scores. Molecular dynamic simulation of the protein-protein complex formed were studied. NHP2 was found to activate host immune response against tubercle bacillus and could be explored as a potential vaccine in the fight against tuberculosis. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS).
Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Kootery K.P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), 29, Bangalore, India; Sarojini S., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), 29, Bangalore, India
In Silico Analysis of the Apoptotic and HPV Inhibitory Roles of Some Selected Phytochemicals Detected from the Rhizomes of Greater Cardamom
Apoptosis; Docking; HPV; In silico analysis; Large cardamom; Phytochemicals
Occurrence of cervical cancer, caused due to persistent human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, is common in women of developing countries. As the conventional treatments are expensive and associated with severe side effects, there is a need to find safer alternatives, which is affordable and less toxic to the healthy human cells. Present study aimed to evaluate the anti-HPV and apoptotic potential of four compounds from the greater cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb. var. Golsey), namely rhein, phytosphingosine, n-hexadecenoic acid and coronarin E. Their anti-HPV and apoptotic potential were studied against viral E6, E7 and few anti-apoptotic proteins of host cell (BCL2, XIAP, LIVIN) by in silico docking technique. Phytochemicals from the plant extract were analysed and identified by LC/MS and GC/MS. Involvement of the target proteins in various biological pathways was determined through KEGG. Structural optimization of the three-dimensional structures of the ligands (four phytochemicals and control drug) was done by Avogadro1.1. Receptor protein models were built using ProMod3 and other advanced tools. Pharmacophore modelling of the selected phytochemicals was performed in ZINCPharmer. Swiss ADME studies were undertaken to determine drug likeness. The ligands and proteins were digitally docked in DockThor docking program. Protein flexibility-molecular dynamic simulation helped to study proteinligand stability in real time. Finally, the correlation of evaluated molecules was studied by the use of principal component analysis (PCA) based on the docking scores. All the ligands were found to possess apoptotic and anti-cancer activities and did not violate Lipinsky criteria. n-Hexadecanoic acid and its analogues showed maximum efficacy against the target proteins. All the proteinligand interactions were found to be stable. The uncommon phytochemicals identified from rhizomes of greater cardamom have anti-cancer, apoptotic and HPV inhibitory potentials as analysed by docking and other in silico studies, which can be utilized in drug development after proper experimental validation. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol-194, No. 10, pp. 4867-4891.
All Open Access; Bronze Open Access; Green Open Access
Nag A., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, India; Verma P., Laboratory of Advanced Cell Biology, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700019, India; Paul S., Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, 2Nd Campus, Kolkata, Newtown, India; Kundu R., Laboratory of Advanced Cell Biology, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700019, India
In Silico Identification of 1-DTP Inhibitors of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Using Phytochemicals from Andrographis paniculata
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees; andrographiside and phytochemicals; autodock; bisandrographolide; diphtheria toxin
A number of phytochemicals have been identified as promising drug molecules against a variety of diseases using an in-silico approach. The current research uses this approach to identify the phyto-derived drugs from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees (AP) for the treatment of diphtheria. In the present study, 18 bioactive molecules from Andrographis paniculata (obtained from the PubChem database) were docked against the diphtheria toxin using the AutoDock vina tool. Visualization of the top four molecules with the best dockscore, namely bisandrographolide (?10.4), andrographiside (?9.5), isoandrographolide (?9.4), and neoandrographolide (?9.1), helps gain a better understanding of the molecular interactions. Further screening using molecular dynamics simulation studies led to the identification of bisandrographolide and andrographiside as hit compounds. Investigation of pharmacokinetic properties, mainly ADMET, along with Lipinskis rule and binding affinity considerations, narrowed down the search for a potent drug to bisandrographolide, which was the only molecule to be negative for AMES toxicity. Thus, further modification of this compound followed by in vitro and in vivo studies can be used to examine itseffectiveness against diphtheria. 2023 by the authors.
Al-Khayri J.M.; Dubey S.; Thirumoorthy G.; Nagella P.; Rezk A.A.-S.; Shehata W.F.
ISSN: 14203049; PubMed ID: 36677967; CODEN: MOLEF
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020909 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146691023&doi=10.3390%2fmolecules28020909&partnerID=40&md5=1b712bc5cb2282fd6622a66a1b5c72d4
Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Dubey S., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Thirumoorthy G., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Rezk A.A.-S., Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia, Virus & Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 3725005, Egypt; Shehata W.F., Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
In silico molecular docking study of Andrographis paniculata phytochemicals against TNF-? as a potent anti-rheumatoid drug
Andrographidine C; Andrographis paniculata; molecular docking; phytochemicals; Rheumatoid arthritis; Swiss ADME; TNF-?; toxicity study
Tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) is a proinflammatory cytokine which plays a crucial role in controlling inflammatory responses. The pathway of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) leading to TNF-alpha is activated by macrophages and quite often by natural killer cells and lymphocytes. In the inflammatory phase, it is believed to be the main mediator and to be anchored with the progression of different diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, and Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The major goal of this study is to use in silico docking studies to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of a bioactive molecule from the medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata. The three-dimensional structures of different phytochemicals of A. paniculata were obtained from PubChem database, and the receptor protein was derived from PDB database. Docking analysis was executed using AutoDock vina, and the binding energies were compared. Bisandrographolide A and Andrographidine C revealed the highest score of ?8.6 Kcal/mol, followed by, Neoandrographolide (?8.5 Kcal/mol). ADME and toxicity parameters were evaluated for these high scoring ligands and results showed that Andrographidine C could be a potent drug, whereas Neoandrographolide and Bisandrographolide A can be modified in invitro and can lead to a promising drug. Further, the top scorer (Andrographidine C) and control drug (Leflunomide) were subjected to 100 ns MD Simulation. The protein complex with Andrographidine C had more stable confirmation with lower RMSD (0.28 nm) and higher binding energy (?133.927 +/? 13.866 kJ/mol). In conclusion, Andrographidine C may be a potent surrogate to the disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) & Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that has fewer or minor adverse effects and can aid in RA management. 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Tarachand S.P.; Thirumoorthy G.; Lakshmaiah V.V.; Nagella P.
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol-41, No. 7, pp. 2687-2697.
ISSN: 7391102; PubMed ID: 35147481; CODEN: JBSDD
Tarachand S.P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Thirumoorthy G., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Lakshmaiah V.V., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
In Silico Screening of Medicinal Plant-Derived Compounds Against Spodoptera litura
Medicinal plant; Molecular docking; Molecular dynamics simulation; Spodoptera litura
Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major agricultural pest in the Asia-Pacific region, causing significant crop damage. Current pest control strategies heav-ily rely on chemical pesticides, leading to environmental concerns and rapid resistance development. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were used to investigate bio-compounds from three medicinal plants-Vitex negundo, Artemisia nilagirica, and Portulaca oleraceaas potential eco-friendly pest management al-ternatives. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified 28 phytochemicals, of which 14 conformed to Lipinskis Rule of Five, which were selected as ligands. Molecular docking simulations were conducted to evaluate ligand interactions with four key target proteins in Spodoptera litura: acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES), ecdysone receptor (EcR) and juvenile hormone (JH). Among the tested compounds, oxalic acid, 6-ethyloct-3-yl hexyl ester, and (11Z)-13-methyl-11-tetradecenyl acetate exhibited the highest binding affinities (-8.4 to-6.5 kcal/mol), suggesting their potential as inhibitory agents. Normal mode analysis (NMA) revealed low eigenvalues of the complexes, ranging from 9.6992260-5 to 3.0715890-4, indicating flexibility and requiring minimal energy for conformational changes. Deformability was highest in hinge regions, while var-iance analysis confirmed inverse proportionality across the complexes. The B-factor graph highlighted stable mobility and the root mean square (RMS) of the 3D con-former structures. Elastic network graphs displayed residue interactions as dots, with darker grey areas signifying greater stiffness. ADME/T analysis showed that these compounds possess favorable pharmacokinetic properties, including efficient ab-sorption and metabolism, while exhibiting no significant risks of mutagenicity or cardiotoxicity. These findings further support the suitability of Oxalic acid, 6-ethyloct-3-yl hexyl ester, and (11Z)-13-Methyl-11-tetradecenyl acetate as promising candidates for advancing sustainable and eco-friendly pest management approaches. Furthermore, the potential of identified plant-derived compounds as novel biopesti-cides contributes to sustainable and environmentally responsible pest management strategies. 2025, Brawijaya University. All rights reserved.
Yingying, Jiang; Paari, Kuppusamy Alagesan
Journal of Tropical Life Science;Volume;15;Issue;1;pp.209-222
https://doi.org/10.11594/jtls.15.01.20 https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105009225053?origin=resultslist
Yingying J., Department of Life Sciences, Christ University, Bangalore, 560029, India; Paari K.A., Department of Life Sciences, Christ University, Bangalore, 560029, India
In silico studies of viral protein inhibitors of Marburg virus using phytochemicals from Andrographis paniculata
Andrographidine C; Andrographis paniculata; Bisandrographolide A; Marburg virus; toxicity; VP35; VP40 Dimer
The Marburg virus is a causative agent of Marburg hemorrhagic fever, which was discovered in Marburg, Germany, in 1967. It is a highly contagious and fatal disease transmitted by body fluids. The reservoir host is African fruit bats. Currently, there is no vaccine available to control this disease. Medicinal plants possess many phytochemicals of great therapeutic value. Many have antiviral properties and have been identified as promising drug molecules against various viral diseases proven with an in silico approach. The current research uses the in silico approach to identify the phyto-derived drugs from Andrographis paniculata to treat the Marburg virus. Twenty-four bioactive molecules from the A. paniculata plant were investigated against the targets VP35 and VP40 of Marburg viral proteins using the AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 tool. Out of 24 compounds, Andrographidine C, Andrographidine A, Andrographolactone, and 7-O-methylwogonin showed best docking scores for the target VP40 dimer while Bisandrographolide A, Luteolin Andrographolide, and Andrographiside showed best docking scores with VP35 protein. To determine the druglikeness, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and toxicity for each targets highest docking score compound was assessed using the Swiss absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and pkCSM tool. Andrographidine C and Andrographolide performed well in all the parameters of ADME and toxicity. These compounds are recommended as effective inhibitors of VP35 and VP40 of Marburg virus and potential antiviral drugs to treat the hemorrhagic disease. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies can be used to examine the effectiveness and mode of action against the proteins of the Marburg virus. 2023 R. Hariprasath et al
Hariprasath R.; Akashpriya C.; Lakshmaiah V.V.; Praveen N.
Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Vol-11, No. 1, pp. 222-231.
https://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2023.110121 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85142254397&doi=10.7324%2fJABB.2023.110121&partnerID=40&md5=739ac9b878a0968a083264a1bf63ce06
Hariprasath R., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India; Akashpriya C., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India; Lakshmaiah V.V., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India; Praveen N., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
In silico study of some selective phytochemicals against a hypothetical SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD using molecular docking tools
ACE2; Coronavirus; COVID-19; In silico study; Mutated spike; Spike-RBD
Background: This world is currently witnessing a pandemic outbreak of COVID-19? caused by a positive-strand RNA virus SARS-CoV-2. Millions have succumbed globally to the disease, and the numbers are increasing day by day. The viral genome enters into the human host through interaction between the spike protein (S) and host angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) proteins. S is the common target for most recently rolled-out vaccines across regions. A recent surge in single/multiple mutations in S region is of great concern as it may escape vaccine induced immunity. So far, the treatment regime with repurposed drugs has not been too successful. Hypothesis: Natural compounds are capable of targeting mutated spike protein by binding to its active site and destabilizing the spike-host ACE2 interaction. Materials and methods: A hypothetical mutated spike protein was constructed by incorporating twelve different mutations from twelve geographical locations simultaneously into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and docked with ACE2 and seven phytochemicals namely allicin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, gingerol, piperine and zingeberene. Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were finally used for validation of the docking results. Result: The docking results showed that curcumin and piperine were most potent to bind ACE2, mutated spike, and mutated spike-ACE2 complex, thereby restricting viral entry. ADME analysis also proved their drug candidature. The docking complexes were found to be stable by MD simulation. Conclusion: This result provides a significant insight about the phytochemicals' role, namely curcumin and piperine, as the potential therapeutic entities against mutated spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. 2021
Computers in Biology and Medicine, Vol-137
ISSN: 104825; PubMed ID: 34481181; CODEN: CBMDA
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104818 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85113962801&doi=10.1016%2fj.compbiomed.2021.104818&partnerID=40&md5=213321e78f5719ca89485aa2495e68a5
Nag A., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Paul S., School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Canal Bank Rd, DG Block, Action Area 1D, New Town, 700156, West Bengal, India; Banerjee R., School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India; Kundu R., Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
In situ fabricated MOF-cellulose composite as an advanced ROS deactivator-convertor: Fluoroswitchable bi-phasic tweezers for free chlorine detoxification and size-exclusive catalytic insertion of aqueous H2O2
Combining the merits of structural diversity, and purposeful implantation of task-specific functionalities, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) instigate targeted reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and concurrent detoxification via self-calibrated emission modulation. Then again, grafting of catalytically active sites in MOFs can benefit developing a greener protocol to convert ROS generators to technologically important building blocks, wherein tailorable MOF-composite fabrication is highly sought for practical applications, yet unexplored. The chemo-robust and hydrogen-bonded framework encompassing free -NH2 moiety affixed pores serves as an ultra-fast and highly regenerable fluoro-probe for selective detection of toxic ROS producers hypochlorite ion (ClO-) and H2O2 with record-level nanomolar sensitivity. While the bio-relevant antioxidant l-ascorbic acid (AA) imparts notable quenching to the MOF, a significant 3.5 fold emission enhancement with bi-phasic colorimetric variation ensues when it selectively scavenges ClO- from uni-directional porous channels through an unprecedented molecular tweezer approach. Apart from a battery of experimental evidence, density functional theory (DFT) results validate "on-off-on"fluoroswitching from redistribution of MOF orbital energy levels, and show guest-mediated exclusive transition from "Tight state"to "Loose state". The coordination frustrated metal site engineered pore-wall benefits the dual-functionalized MOF in converting the potential ROS generator H2O2via selective alkene epoxidation under mild-conditions. Importantly, sterically encumbered substrates exhibit poor conversion and demonstrate first-ever pore-fitting-induced size selectivity for this benign oxidation. Judiciously planned control experiments in combination with DFT-optimized intermediates provide proof-of-concept to the ionic route of ROS conversion. Considering an effective way to broaden the advanced applications of this crystalline material, reconfigurable MOF@cotton fiber (CF) is fabricated via in situ growth, which scavenges free chlorine and concomitantly squeezes it upon exposure to AA with obvious colorimetric changes over multiple real-life platforms. Furthermore, multi-cyclic alkene epoxidation by MOF@CF paves the way to futuristic continuous flow reactors that truly serves this smart composite as a bimodal ROS deactivator-convertor and explicitly denotes it as an advanced promising analogue from contemporary state-of-the-art materials. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Goswami R.; Bankar B.D.; Rajput S.; Seal N.; Pillai R.S.; Biradar A.V.; Neogi S.
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol-10, No. 8, pp. 4316-4332.
https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta10504c https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125461429&doi=10.1039%2fd1ta10504c&partnerID=40&md5=56ee98dc875c34ff685139624a5fed6b
Goswami R., Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India, Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gujarat, Bhavnagar, 364002, India; Bankar B.D., Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India, Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gujarat, Bhavnagar, 364002, India; Rajput S., Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gujarat, Bhavnagar, 364002, India; Seal N., Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India, Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gujarat, Bhavnagar, 364002, India; Pillai R.S., Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Bangalore, 560029, India; Biradar A.V., Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India, Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gujarat, Bhavnagar, 364002, India; Neogi S., Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India, Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gujarat, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
In situ growth of octa-phenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocages over fluorinated graphene nanosheets: super-wetting coatings for oil and organic sorption
Superhydrophobic surfaces offer significant advantages through their hierarchical micro/nanostructures, which create optimal surface roughness and low surface energy, making the development of robust surfaces essential for enhancing their physical and chemical stability. Here, we introduce in situ growth of octa-phenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (O-Ph-POSS) nanocages over multi-layered fluorinated graphene (FG) nanosheets through hydrolysis/condensation of phenyl triethoxysilane in an alkaline medium to produce a robust POSS-FG superhydrophobic hybrid. The efficient in situ growth of O-Ph-POSS nanocages over FG nanosheets was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, PXRD, SEM, TEM, TG analysis, 29Si NMR spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and XP spectroscopy. The as-synthesized O-Ph-POSS over FG becomes superhydrophobic with a water contact angle (WCA) of 152 2 and a surface free energy (SFE) of 5.6 mJ m?2. As a result of the superhydrophobic property and robust nature of the POSS nanocage, O-Ph-POSS over FG nanosheets revealed the absorption capability for oils/organic solvents ranging from 200 to 500 wt% and were applied to coat onto the polyurethane (PU) sponge to effectively separate various oils and organic solvents from water mixtures, achieving separation efficiencies between 90% and 99%. Importantly, O-Ph-POSS-FG@Sponge still retained a separation efficiency of over 95% even after 25 separation cycles for hexane spill in water. The sponge efficiently separates toluene and chloroform using a vacuum pump, achieving flux rates of up to 20 880 and 12 184 L m?2 h?1, respectively. Weather resistance tests of O-Ph-POSS-FG@Sponge, prepared at intervals of 1 week and 1 year, showed that aged samples retained similar WCA values to freshly prepared sponges, confirming their long-term durability and performance. Mechanical stability assessments indicated that O-Ph-POSS-FG@Sponge maintained superhydrophobic properties, with WCA values of 151 2 for tape peeling and emery paper treatments and 150 2 for knife cutting, highlighting its excellent stability under physical deformation. Additionally, leveraging the exceptional resistance of O-Ph-POSS, the superhydrophobic O-Ph-POSS-FG@Sponge exhibited excellent stability and durability, even under supercooled and hot conditions during oil/water separation. Optical microscopy analysis of O/W and W/O emulsions, both stabilized by a surfactant, revealed complete droplet separation, further confirming the O-Ph-POSS-FG@Sponge's effectiveness for emulsion separation applications. The present work provides a straightforward method for the large-scale production of robust, superhydrophobic materials suitable for cleaning up oil spills on water surfaces. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Loganathan P.; Yogapriya R.; Chinnusamy A.; Datta K.K.R.; Shanmugan S.
Dalton Transactions, Vol-54, No. 3, pp. 1150-1163.
ISSN: 14779226; PubMed ID: 39607365; CODEN: DTARA
https://doi.org/10.1039/d4dt02678k https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85211012498&doi=10.1039%2fd4dt02678k&partnerID=40&md5=28096af9539ed69b3a1e3957decc2750
Loganathan P., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Kattankulathur, 603203, India, Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Yogapriya R., Functional Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Kattankulathur, 603203, India; Chinnusamy A., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Kattankulathur, 603203, India; Datta K.K.R., Functional Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Kattankulathur, 603203, India; Shanmugan S., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
In vitro Analytical Techniques as Screening Tools to investigate the Metal chelate-DNA interactions
Deoxyribose nucleic acid; Fluorescence spectroscopy; Metal -DNA complex; Molecular docking; UV-Vis spectroscopy
Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) is found to be the most efficient pharmacological target of many synthetic molecules which are deemed as potential drugs with clinical applications. DNA binding agents are known to regulate several cell functions (gene expression and replication) by adopting various protocols which include the annihilation of the cell membrane, interruption in protein synthesis, and irreversible binding to cell receptors. Recently, several studies have explored fundamental aspects of drug-DNA interactions, providing new insights into the driving forces that render the formation of the drug-DNA complex. In order to study and understand these biologically important reaction mechanisms, several screening tools have been devised and the specificity of drug molecules binding to DNA were studied in detail. This review will discuss the utilization of various analytical tools which include UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, viscosity measurement, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and DNA fragmentation assay used for studying drug binding mode and the mechanism involved. 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Varghese N.; Jose J.R.; Krishna P.M.; Philip D.; Joy F.; Vinod T.P.; Prathapachandra Kurup M.R.; Nair Y.
https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202203615 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147379568&doi=10.1002%2fslct.202203615&partnerID=40&md5=fac960e4933ae3624ba8375cfdbf05c7
Varghese N., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560 029, India; Jose J.R., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560 029, India; Krishna P.M., Department of Chemistry, Ramaiah institute of technology, MSRIT Post, M S Ramaiah Nagar, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560054, India; Philip D., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560 029, India; Joy F., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560 029, India; Vinod T.P., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560 029, India; Prathapachandra Kurup M.R., Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin university of science and technology, Kochi, 682022, India; Nair Y., Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
In Vitro Cytotoxic Potential and Integrated Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Approaches to Decipher the Mechanism of Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth., in the Treatment of Breast Cancer
Apoptosis; Cytotoxicity; GCMS/MS; Gymnostachyum febrifugum; MD simulation; Molecular docking; Network pharmacology
Gymnostachyum febrifugum, a less-known ethnomedicinal plant from the Western Ghats of India, is used to treat various diseases and serves as an antioxidant and antibacterial herb. The present study aims to profile the cytotoxic phytochemicals in G. febrifugum roots using GCMS/MS, in vitro confirmation of cytotoxic potential against breast cancer and an in silico study to understand the mechanism of action. Phytochemical profiling using GCMS/MS showed the presence of eight cytotoxic molecules with lupeol in high abundance. A potent cytotoxic effect of G. febrifugum roots against breast cancer was also observed with antiproliferation, antimigration, inhibition in colony formation and death of breast cancer cells. Further, the cytotoxic potential of the plant was confirmed with the apoptosis of cells as observed in the flow cytometry. In silico network pharmacology, GO and KEGG analysis suggested the modulation of proteins of MAPK, PI3K-AKT and apoptosis pathways by lupeol to induce cytotoxicity in breast cancer. Further, dynamic simulation revealed MAPK and AKT as the major targets for lupeol. Our studies comprehensively elucidated the role of lupeol, a major phytochemical in G. febrifugum to induce cytotoxicity against breast cancer by targeting major cancer signaling pathways, providing a promising strategy and scientific basis to explore lupeol in targeted cancer therapy. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.
Spandana, K.J.; Rodrigues, Wilson Joel; Ghate, Sudeep D.; Rao, R. Shyama Prasad; Chandrashekar, K.R.; Bhagya, N.
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology;Volume;197;Issue;5;pp.2887-2909
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-05173-1 https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85217202406?origin=resultslist
Spandana K.J., Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Mangalore, 575018, India; Rodrigues W.J., JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, (Deemed to be University), Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Karnataka, Mysuru, 570015, India; Ghate S.D., Central Research Laboratory, NITTE (Deemed to be University), K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, 575018, India, Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India; Rao R.S.P., Central Research Laboratory, NITTE (Deemed to be University), K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, 575018, India, Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India; Chandrashekar K.R., Yenepoya Pharmacy and Ayush Research Centre (YEN PARC), Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India; Bhagya N., Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Mangalore, 575018, India
In vitro cytotoxicity studies of Ga2O3 microstructures on L929 and MCF-7 cell lines using MTT assay
Biomedical; Powder; Scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Toxicity; X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Considering the therapeutic promise of gallium, its compounds are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical development in different phases. In this work, Ga2O3 microstructures were synthesized using hydrothermal methods followed by calcination at (Formula presented.). For structural and morphological analysis, x-ray diffraction spectrum and field emission scanning electron microscopy images were used. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro anticancer effects of the sample were determined by cell culture imaging and MTT assay method. The studies were carried out on L929 and MCF-7 cell lines. The present study reveals the possibility of extending Ga2O3 for anticancer drug applications. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Materials Research Society 2024.
MRS Communications, Vol-14, No. 6, pp. 1359-1363.
https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-024-00647-z https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85204723671&doi=10.1557%2fs43579-024-00647-z&partnerID=40&md5=11fa98a466bd0d91ae3cee9ca025963b
Raphael R., Optoelectronic and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Union Christian College, Kerala, Aluva, 683102, India; Aswathy W.F., Christ (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India; Anila E.I., Optoelectronic and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Union Christian College, Kerala, Aluva, 683102, India, Christ (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India
In vitro production of bacosides from Bacopa monnieri
Adventitious shoot; Bacopa monnieri; Bacoside A; Biomass; Cell suspension; Medicinal plant; Secondary metabolites
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Plantaginaceae) is an important Ayurvedic medicinal herb commonly known as brahmi, growing in the region of Indian subcontinent. Bacosides are the major chemical component having the major role in the biological and pharmacological field. Bacopa cultivation is time-consuming, requires labor team, and needs great efforts to maintain the quality of bacosides as growths are affected by environmental factors such as soil, water, temperature, climate, pests, and pathogens. To solve these problems, organ and cell cultures have been adopted for swift and efficient production of Bacopa biomass and bacosides. In the current chapter, various parameters, such as types of media, media composition, elicitors, salinity, drought, types of vessels used, and effect of heavy metals, were investigated against the in vitro production of bacosides from Bacopa monnieri. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018.
Biotechnological Approaches for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Conservation, Genetic Improvement and Utilization, pp. 289-301.
Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Naik P.M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia; Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
In Vitro Production of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Cell Culture
Biosynthesis; CRISPR Cas9; Elicitation; Metabolic engineering; Plant cell culture; Plant secondary metabolites
Secondary metabolites (SMs) are bioactive compounds widely used in various industries as pharmaceutical agents and food additives and serve as precursor substances for the synthesis of commercially important products. These natural bioactive metabolites are quickly replacing chemicals as efficient coloring, flavoring, texturizing, and preservative agents. Productions of these SMs are hampered due to physiological and technological parameters. Although SMs do not have any significant role in the growth and development of the organisms where they are found, they have commercial importance. Humankind has harnessed its application in every walk of their life. In the medical field, SMs are used as antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral, metabolic inhibitors, anticancer agents, and many more. The biological and pharmacological benefits of medicinal plants are attributed to SM produced by subsidiary pathways that are highly specific to target molecules. Most pharmaceuticals are either directly or indirectly derived from plant sources. Production of SMs from field plants suffers from various limitations like seasonal production, choosing specific plant organs for specific metabolites, low yield, cost of purification, and seasonal variations. Biotechnological approaches such as plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures are the best alternative methods for commercial production. The current chapter focuses on establishment of plant cell culture system for the production of SMs, strategies to improve biomass yield and metabolite content, and biosynthetic pathways. The chapter also emphasizes elicitation strategies, application of CRISPR Cas9 in metabolite synthesis, large-scale production, and commercial aspects of SMs. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Lakshmaiah V.V.; Banadka A.; Thirumoorthy G.; Naik P.M.; Al-Khayri J.M.; Nagella P.
Nutraceuticals Production from Plant Cell Factory, pp. 29-67.
Lakshmaiah V.V., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Banadka A., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Thirumoorthy G., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Naik P.M., Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Karnataka, Dharwad, India; Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
Biosynthesis; In vitro production; Pharmacology; Plant secondary metabolite; Saponins
Plants have been utilized as food, feed, and fodder since the dawn of civilization. Plants are also thought to be a rich source of bioactive compounds with a variety of pharmacological actions. Saponins are one such group of molecules which are present in various plant species. As triterpenoid glycosides, they have a 30C oxidosqualene precursor aglycone moiety (sapogenin), which is then linked with glycosyl residues to form saponin. These saponins have a unique platform in the field of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Saponins are used for the treatment of various diseases which include cancer, diabetic, cardiac, hepatic, and nervous disorders. The production of saponins through conventional approaches is time-consuming and hard to extract pure compounds, and thus to achieve this, in vitro methods have been developed and enhanced the production and extraction of the metabolites. The present chapter focuses on the in vitro production of saponins through various tissue culture techniques such as shoot, callus, cell suspension, adventitious root, hairy root culture, and applications of bioreactors at commercial level. The chapter also focuses on biosynthetic pathway, extraction methods, and biological activities of saponins. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Naik P.M.; Sudheer W.N.; Dubey S.; Ulhas R.S.; Praveen N.
Nutraceuticals Production from Plant Cell Factory, pp. 229-263.
Naik P.M., Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Karnataka, Dharwad, India; Sudheer W.N., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Dubey S., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Ulhas R.S., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Praveen N., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India