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                <text>ALLEVIATION OF POVERTY THROUGH PANCHAYAT RAJ INSTITUTIONS: A CRITICAL STUDY OF CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN KARNATAKA, INDIA; [REDUO DA POBREZA ATRAV DE INSTITUIES PANCHAYAT RAJ: UM ESTUDO CRICO DOS DESAFIOS E PERSPECTIVAS EM KARNATAKA, DIA]</text>
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                <text>Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to: Analyse the role of Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) in alleviating poverty in Karnataka, India. Identify the challenges faced by PRIs in implementing poverty alleviation programs. Explore potential solutions to overcome these challenges and improve program effectiveness. Provide recommendations for strengthening the role of PRIs in poverty alleviation efforts. Theoretical reference: This paper draws on several theoretical frameworks, including: heories of poverty alleviation, focusing on the role of local governance and community participation. Theories of decentralization and the devolution of power to local governments. Theories of social justice and equity, emphasizing the need to address the root causes of poverty. Theories of sustainable development, highlighting the importance of integrating economic, social, and environmental considerations. Method: This research is primarily a doctrinal study, relying on a variety of primary and secondary sources: Primary Sources: Statutory enactments: Constitution of India, 1950, Central Government Schemes implemented by PRIs, The Karnataka Gram Swaraj and Panchayat Raj Act, 1993. Policy documents: National Rural Development Policy, Karnataka State Rural Development Policy, Poverty alleviation scheme guidelines. Secondary Sources: Statistical analysis: Government reports and data sets, Research reports and surveys, Research publications: Peer-reviewed articles and books on poverty alleviation, local governance, and development. Case studies: Examples of successful poverty alleviation programs implemented by PRIs. Results: This research identified several key challenges faced by PRIs in implementing poverty alleviation programs in Karnataka: Corruption: Misuse of funds and resources hinders the effectiveness of programs and prevents benefits from reaching the intended beneficiaries. Caste: Deep-rooted social inequalities limit access to resources and opportunities for marginalized communities. Lack of awareness: Many people remain unaware of available schemes and benefits, leading to underutilization of resources. Limited capacity: PRIs often lack the necessary skills and resources to effectively plan, implement, and monitor programs. Lack of coordination: Poor coordination between different levels of government and stakeholders can lead to delays, duplication of efforts, and inefficient resource allocation. Despite these challenges, the research also identified several promising practices and potential solutions: Transparency and accountability: Initiatives like social audits and public hearings can improve transparency and hold PRI officials accountable for program outcomes. Community participation: Engaging communities in program design and decision-making can ensure programs are relevant and address local needs. Capacity building: Training programs can equip PRI officials with the necessary skills and knowledge to manage programs effectively. Technology and innovation: Utilizing technology can enhance program efficiency, data management, and communication with beneficiaries. Partnerships: Collaborations with NGOs, civil society organizations, and private sector can contribute resources, expertise, and innovation. Conclusion: PRIs play a crucial role in alleviating poverty in India. While they face numerous challenges, there are also promising solutions and opportunities for improvement. By investing in capacity building, promoting transparency, fostering community participation, and embracing technology and innovation, PRIs can be empowered to become more effective agents of poverty alleviation in Karnataka and beyond.  2024 ANPAD - Associacao Nacional de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa em Administracao. All rights reserved.</text>
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                <text>Krishnappa R.; Agarwal P.</text>
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                <text>Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental, Vol-18, No. 1</text>
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                <text>ANPAD - Associacao Nacional de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa em Administracao</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.24857/RGSA.V18N1-071" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.24857/RGSA.V18N1-071&lt;/a&gt;
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                <text>Krishnappa R., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India; Agarwal P., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>AI-driven systems; Banking; Biometric authentication; Ethical considerations; Facial recognition; Fingerprint recognition; Regulatory compliance; Security; User experience; Voice authentication</text>
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                <text>It is true the banking sector is increasingly under pressure to tighten security in an ever-changing digital arena, even as the customer experience needs to be strengthened. Thus, the use of biometric authentication through enhanced AI-driven systems that would enhance the security protocols while at the same time smoothening the users' interactions was a promising way in response. The paper that follows explores the integration of biometric authentication within banking systems in a bid to make clear its effectiveness in relation to reinforcing security and enhancing user experience. Accordingly, bijson etal. argue that biometric security fits perfectly in banks, since with the increasing cyber threats, banks are bound to deploy more advanced security mechanisms. These traditional means, suchjson, use of passwords and PINs, have shown vulnerabilities that are liable to exploitation and should be changed into something much more resilient. The authentication under biometrics also validates a user's identity by basing it on unique physiological or behavioral traits, such as a fingerprint, features of the face, patterns of the iris, and the voice. Biometric systems authenticate users with a very high level of confidence through AI-based algorithms, averting the security risks associated with unauthorized access and identity theft. Further, biometric authentication overcomes the flaws that prevail with the traditional mode of methods and hence, it ensures a very comfortable and user-friendly mode of system security.  2024 IEEE.</text>
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                <text>2024 4th International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering, ICACITE 2024, pp. 962-967.</text>
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                <text>ISBN: 979-835036016-5</text>
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                <text>Tandon A., Jagannath International Management School, Department of It, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India; Anitha C., Mohan Babu University Erstwhile Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Tirupati, India; Kataria A., Christ Deemed to Be University, School of Business and Management, Bangalore, India; Mohammed N.Q., AL-Nisour University College, Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Al-Khuzaie M.Y., National University of Science and Technology, College of Health and Medical Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq; Almulla A.A., Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad, Iraq</text>
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                <text>The UGC has invited responses to the draft guidelines. An honest deconstruction of it must reveal both the advantages and the disadvantages</text>
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                <text>Waliaveettil F.A., Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Edathottiyil Issac A., Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) possess unique redox activity, chemical stability, and enzyme-mimetic properties, making them promising candidates for anti-inflammatory and analgesic therapies; however, protein-based green encapsulation strategies for such applications remain largely unexplored. In this study, we report the biochemically assisted synthesis of Aloe vera protein-encapsulated platinum nanoparticles (APPt NPs) using sodium borohydride as the reducing agent and freshly extracted Aloe vera proteins as both stabilizing and capping agents. The formation of Pt NPs was confirmed by a characteristic colour change and validated through physicochemical characterization. X-ray diffraction revealed a face-centred cubic crystalline structure, UVvisible spectroscopy showed absorption in the 220280 nm range due to surface plasmon resonance, and FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of protein functional groups on the nanoparticle surface. APPt NPs demonstrated significant biological efficacy. In vitro assays showed inhibition of protein denaturation (IC50 = 44.52 g/mL) and strong free-radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 10.39 g/mL). In vivo studies revealed ?60% analgesic efficacy at 50 mg kg?1 in the hot-plate model and ?50% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema after 4 h, outperforming the standard drug. These results collectively highlight APPt NPs as a biocompatible, redox-active nanotherapeutic candidate for managing pain and inflammation.  2026 Wiley-VCH GmbH.</text>
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                <text>Alpha decay favoured isotopes of some superheavy nuclei: Spontaneous fission versus alpha decay</text>
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                <text>Spontaneous fission and alpha decay are the main decay modes for superheavy nuclei. The superheavy nuclei which have small alpha decay half-life compared to spontaneous fission half-life will survive fission and can be detected in the laboratory through alpha decay. We have studied the alpha decay half-life and spontaneous half-life of some superheavy elements in the atomic range Z = 100-130. Spontaneous fission half-lives of superheavy nuclei have been calculated using the phenomenological formula and the alpha decay half-lives using Viola-Seaborg-Sobiczewski formula (Sobiczewski et al. 1989), semi empirical relation of Brown (1992) and formula based on generalized liquid drop model proposed by Dasgupta-Schubert and Reyes (2007). The results are reported here.</text>
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                <text>Romanian Reports of Physics, Vol-57, No. 45939, pp. 1335-1345.</text>
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                <text>Kiren O.V., Department of Physics, Christ University, Bangalore-560 029, Karnataka, India; Gudennavar S.B., Department of Physics, Christ University, Bangalore-560 029, Karnataka, India; Bubbly S.G., Department of Physics, Christ University, Bangalore-560 029, Karnataka, India</text>
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                <text>This research paper introduces Alpha-Bit, an Android application pioneering Optical Character Recognition (OCR) through cutting-edge deep learning models, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Sequential networks. With a core focus on enhancing educational accessibility and quality, Alpha-Bit specifically targets foundational elements of the English language - alphabets and numbers. Beyond conventional OCR applications, Alpha-Bit distinguishes itself by offering guided instruction and individual progress reports, providing a nuanced and tailored educational experience. Significantly, this work extends beyond technological innovation; Alpha-Bit's potential impact encompasses addressing educational inequalities, contributing to sustainability goals, and advancing the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). By democratizing education through innovative OCR technologies, Alpha-Bit emerges as a transformative force with the capacity to revolutionize learning experiences, making quality education universally accessible and empowering learners across diverse socio-economic backgrounds.   2024 ITU.</text>
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                <text>Alphabet recognition of American sign language:A hand gesture recognition approach using sift algorithm /</text>
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                <text>Computer Science</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Artificial Intelligence &amp; Applications Vol.4, No.1, pp.105-115                                                                          ISSN No. 0975-900X (O)   0976-2191 (P)</text>
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                <text>Nachamai M</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Artificial Intelligence &amp; Applications </text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://aircconline.com/ijaia/V4N1/4113ijaia08.pdf" target="_blank" title="Click Here" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://aircconline.com/ijaia/V4N1/4113ijaia08.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>ALT speech recognition system using F0 improvement and spectral tilt method</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="129615">
                <text>ALT speech; Disordered speech; DREL noise; Formant frequency; Healthy speech (HE speech); Spectral Tilt</text>
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                <text>Human Beings use voice as the medium for communication. Human Speech is a very complex signal with multiple frequencies, amplitudes and intensities that mix up to convey specific information. In international terminology, voice disorders are described as dysphonia. Various dysphonias are clearly organic origin due to nervous, muscular, neuro or cellular degenerative disease affecting the body or it is from local laryngeal changes. Other dysphonias having no visible laryngeal causes are grouped as non organic involving habitual dysphonias that arise from faulty speaking habits or the psycho genic dysphonias that stem from emotional causes. This paper looks at a speech recognition system for disordered speech generated by Physically Disabled people using Artificial Larynx Transducer (ALT) device from the perspective of Speech Signal Processing. From the ALT speech features like formant, pitch and spectral tilt is estimated. For formant frequency estimation RNN technique is used. Before training the system pitch frequency improvement is accomplished. Now the features and homomorphic based coefficients are used for training the system. The same operation is performed during the test phase and compared with the training set. Comparison and decision making is accomplished using distance estimator. BEIESP.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="129617">
                <text>Inbanila K.; Krishnakumar E.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="129618">
                <text>International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Vol-8, No. 6, pp. 3556-3561.</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="129619">
                <text>Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F9348.088619" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F9348.088619&lt;/a&gt;
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              <elementText elementTextId="129622">
                <text>All Open Access; Gold Open Access</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 22498958</text>
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                <text>Inbanila K., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Krishnakumar E., East Point College of Engineering and Technology, Avalahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</text>
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                <text>Alternate models to dark energy</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="134827">
                <text>Dark energy; Dark matter; Varying gravitational constant; Varying proton mass</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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                <text>One of the unresolved questions currently in cosmology is that of the non-linear accelerated expansion of the universe. This has been attributed to the so called Dark Energy (DE). The accelerated expansion of the universe is deduced from measurements of Type Ia supernovae. Here we propose alternate models to account for the Type Ia supernovae measurements without invoking dark energy.  2017 COSPAR</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="134829">
                <text>Arun K.; Gudennavar S.B.; Prasad A.; Sivaram C.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="134830">
                <text>Advances in Space Research, Vol-61, No. 1, pp. 567-570.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="134831">
                <text>Elsevier Ltd</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.08.006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.08.006&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85028003648&amp;amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.asr.2017.08.006&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=61de0d8711b895dc719ea14d0203fcfa" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85028003648&amp;amp;doi=10.1016%2fj.asr.2017.08.006&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=61de0d8711b895dc719ea14d0203fcfa&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="134834">
                <text>All Open Access; Green Open Access</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>ISSN: 2731177; CODEN: ASRSD</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>English</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="134839">
                <text>Arun K., Department of Physics, Christ University, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India, Department of Physics, Christ Junior College, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India; Gudennavar S.B., Department of Physics, Christ University, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India; Prasad A., Udaipur Solar Observatory, Physical Research Laboratory, Dewali, Bari Road, Udaipur, 313001, India; Sivaram C., Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bengaluru, 560034, Karnataka, India</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="228577">
                <text>Yhome, Lucy Keneikhrienuo; Sabu, Melba</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Alternative Worldview: The Naga Weretiger, an Ecolegend in When the Millet Fields Flower</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="228580">
                <text>Forum for World Literature Studies;Volume;18;Issue;1;pp.81-95</text>
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                <text>Yhome L.K., Department of English, St. Joseph's College Jakhama, Jakhama, 797001, India; Sabu M., Department of English and Cultural Studies, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560076, India</text>
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                <text>This paper analyses the Naga Eco-legend tekhumevi to introduce an alternative worldview through Indigenous communities' philosophy and lived experience. In the context of contemporary environmental discourses, literature plays a significant part in highlighting the affective folklore guiding ethical, environmental practices in regions that are considered ecologically rich areas. Foregrounding the vibrant tapestry of North East Indian Indigenous cultures, it aims to discuss the impact of extraordinary stories on the lives of Nagas and how they shape the community's worldviews. This includes their relationships with the non-human world and their cultural identity. The paper also discusses the vitality of the traditional ecological knowledge of the Indigenous communities and its potential to offer alternative ecological sustenance ethics through holistic worldviews. The oral tradition of the Naga community has re-emerged time and again as a potent tool in offering ecological solutions and abiding by the ethics of sustenance and co-existence. The paper discusses an example of such a toolthe Naga weretiger, or tekhumevi's colonial imagery in the Naga oral histories and lore. However, the perception of such philosophical instruments sees a change because of social and ideological shifts that may be attributed to the intervention of scientific technologies, religion, worldviews, and rationale. Similarly, the accelerated climate health crisis has shifted the focus to an inclusive approach in the 'literature of nature', especially towards the more-than-human, as an alternative to this crisis. The paper reinforces the importance of folk literature and its relevance in the contemporary Naga community, reaffirming Indigenous cosmovision and epistemologies as spaces of resistance and representation. Avinuo Kire's "When the Millet Fields Flower" from The Last Light of Glory Days (2021) intersects magic, terror, community, spiritualism, and ecological ethics. The tekhumevi narrative reinstates the Naga ecological wisdom of bridging the gap and promoting a liminal existence/relationship between the Naga people and non-human entities and spirits.  2026, Knowledge Hub Publishing Company Limited (Hong Kong). All rights reserved.</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="228584">
                <text>folklore; identity; nativized Christianity; Peplestories; Tekhumevi</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="228585">
                <text>Knowledge Hub Publishing Company Limited (Hong Kong)</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 19498519;</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="228589">
                <text>Restricted Access; Hardcopy may be available in the library</text>
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                <text>Reddy Y.P., Christ (Deemed to be University), Department of Statistics and Data Science, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Senthil Vadivu M., Christ (Deemed to be University), Department of Statistics and Data Science, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Jeevanand E.S., Christ (Deemed to be University), Department of Statistics and Data Science, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India</text>
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                <text>Alzheimer's is a progressive brain disorder which is an untreatable, and inoperable and mostly affect the elderly people. There is a new case of Alzheimer's disease being discovered globally in every four seconds. The outcome is fatal, as it results in death. Timely identification of Alzheimer's disease can be beneficial for us to get necessary care and possibly even avert brain tissue damage by the time. Effective automated techniques are required for detecting Alzheimer's disease at very early stage. Researchers use a variety of novel approaches to classify Alzheimer's disease. machine learning, an AI branch use probabilistic technique that allow system to acquire knowledge from huge amount of data. In this paper we represent a analysis report of the work which is done by researcher in this field. Research has achieved quite promising prediction accuracies however they were evaluated the the non-existent datasets from various imaging modalities which makes it difficult to make the fair comparison with the other methods comparison among them. In this paper, we conducted a study on the effectiveness of using human brain MRI scans to detect Alzheimer's disease and ended with a future discussion of Alzheimer's research trends.   2021 IEEE.</text>
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                <text>Dahiya S.; Vijayalakshmi S.; Sabharwal M.</text>
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                <text>Proceedings - 2021 3rd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking, ICAC3N 2021, pp. 288-293.</text>
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                <text>Dahiya S., Galgotias University, School of Computing Science and Engineering, Greater Noida, India; Vijayalakshmi S., Christ University, Department of Data Science, Lavasa, India; Sabharwal M., Galgotias University, School of Computing Science, Greater Noida, India</text>
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                <text>Mukku, Lalasa; Thomas, Jyothi</text>
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                <text>AMAA-GMM: adaptive Mexican axolotl algorithm based enhanced Gaussian mixture model to segment the cervigram images</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems;Volume;18;Issue;1;pp.33-40</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRIS.2026.150612" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRIS.2026.150612&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105025190162?origin=resultslist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105025190162?origin=resultslist&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Mukku L., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Kanmanike, Kumbalgodu, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560074, India; Thomas J., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Kanmanike, Kumbalgodu, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560074, India</text>
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                <text>Colposcopy is a crucial imaging technique for finding cervical abnormalities. Colposcopic image evaluation, particularly the accurate delineation of the cervix region, has considerable medical significance. Before segmenting the cervical region, specular reflection removal is an efficient approach. Cervical cancer can be found using a visual check with acetic acid that turns precancerous and cancerous areas white and these could be viewed as signs of abnormalities. Similarly, bright white regions known as specular reflections obstruct the identification of aceto-white areas and should therefore be removed. So, in this paper, specular reflection removal with segmenting the cervix region in a colposcopy image is proposed. The proposed approach consists of two main stages, namely, pre-processing and segmentation. In the pre-processing stage, specular reflections are detected and removed using a swin transformer. After that, cervical regions are segmented using an enhanced Gaussian mixture model (EGMM). For better segmentation accuracy, the best parameters of GMM are chosen via the adaptive Mexican axolotl optimisation (AMAO) algorithm. The performance of the proposed approach is analysed based on accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Jaccard index, and dice coefficient, and the efficiency of the suggested strategy is compared with various methods. Copyright  2026 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.</text>
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                <text>adaptive Mexican axolotl optimisation; AMAO; deep learning; EGMM; enhanced Gaussian mixture model; Gaussian mixture models; machine learning; metaheuristics; segmentation</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 17550556;</text>
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                <text>Raj, Abhinav; Choudhary, Babita</text>
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                <text>Amalgamation of corporate social responsibility with the principles of the circular economy for sustainable growth</text>
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                <text>01-01-2025</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="292110">
                <text>Driving Business Success Through Eco-Friendly Strategies;pp.21-46</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9750-3.ch002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9750-3.ch002&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85219520973?origin=resultslist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85219520973?origin=resultslist&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Raj A., Christ University, India; Choudhary B., Christ University, India</text>
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                <text>The next chapter extends more with the discussion of CE principles integrated into CSR strategies maintaining a business case strong in sustainable practice beyond the traditional model. Closed- loop supply chains, sustainability in product design, Product- as- a- Service for resource efficiency, waste minimization, and improvement within the corporate resilience system come to mind as CE- oriented strategies. This chapter continues to cover the challenge of responsible leadership and advocacy in policy to push over hurdles, support sustainable culture change, and position companies as corporate citizens. It brings out attention to future trends of urban mining and CE in developing markets, showing how companies adopting circular models will derive long- term growth and competitiveness. Recommendations to firms to totally embed CE in their CSR framework could include, notably around actionables, especially in terms of strong metrics, engagement, and creating leadership that supports environmental and social accountability.  2025, IGI Global. All rights reserved.</text>
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