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Chaotic Binary Ant Lion Optimizer Approach for Feature Selection on Medical Datasets with COVID-19 Case Study
Binary version of the ant lion optimizer (ALO) are suggested and utilized in wrapper-mode to pick the best feature subset for classification. ALO is a recently developed bio-inspired optimization approach that mimics ant lion hunting behavior. Furthermore, ALO balances exploration and exploitation utilizing a unique operator to explore the space of solutions adaptively for the best solution. The difficulties of a plethora of noisy, irrelevant, and misleading features, as well as the capacity to deal with incorrect and inconsistent data in real-world subjects, provide rationale for feature selection to become one of the most important requirements. A difficult machine learning problem is to choose a subset of important characteristics from a vast number of features that characterize a dataset. Choosing the most informative markers and conducting a high-accuracy classification across the data may be a difficult process, especially if the data is complex. The feature selection task is usually expressed as a bio-objective optimization challenge, with the goal of enhancing the performance of the prediction model (data training fitting quality) while decreasing the number of features used. Various evaluation criteria are employed to determine the success of the suggested approach. The findings show that the suggested chaotic binary algorithm can explore the feature space for optimum feature set efficiently. 2022 IEEE. -
Character recognition for Malayalam palm leaf manuscripts: An overview of techniques and challenges
Kerala is a small, ocean-facing state in South India and has been home to several ancient civilizations in the past. The yesteryears have rewarded the state with great cultural heritage, monuments, historic artifacts and the like. Palm leaf manuscript is one such antiquity. Before paper became common, palm leaf was the medium for writing in Kerala. Such manuscripts capture the glory of our past and deals with different domains such as arts, astrology, medicine, science, religion and spirituality. Palm leaf manuscripts have value both as a cultural asset and as a knowledge repository. Palm leaf manuscripts are organic and degrades with age. The environmental conditions can also accelerate its degradation. A viable solution in preserving the knowledge contained in these manuscripts is Handwritten Character Recognition (HCR). Digitized manuscripts have infinite life. Character recognition in Indian languages, including Malayalam, is considered a complex process mainly due to the size of character set, the similarity of characters and the presence of compound characters. This paper surveys existing works in the field of HCR relevant to Malayalam palm leaf manuscripts. 2023 Author(s). -
Character Recognition of MODI Script Using Distance Classifier Algorithms
Machine simulation of human reading is an active research area since the introduction of digital computers. Optical character recognition aims at the recognition of printed or handwritten text from document images and converting the same into a machine-readable form. The focus of this work is handwritten character recognition of MODI Script. A proper recognition system for handwritten documents enables it to be conveniently viewed, edited, and shared via electronic means. The development of a character recognition system for some of the ancient script is still a challenging task due to the complex nature of the script. MODI script is one such script which is the shorthand form of the Devanagari script in which Marathi was written. Though at present MODI script is not an official script, there exists a huge collection of MODI documents in various libraries. In addition, it is observed that scholars and historians are taking serious effort to revive the script. The purposed study based on the implementation of two algorithms for the classification of handwritten MODI script. The algorithms use distance classifier method. The first experiment is done using Euclidean distance classifiers and the second one is with Manhattan distance classifier and the accuracy achieved is 99.28% & 94% respectively. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020. -
CHARACTER STRENGTHS INTERVENTIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
This review provides a comprehensive overview of interventions on character strengths in college and university students. Both qualitative and quantitative studies were reviewed. The review showed that focusing on character strengths leads to improved well-being, stronger interpersonal relationships, and reduced levels of stress, depression, anxiety, and academic pressure among students. The review also suggests that such interventions can be integrated into elective courses, first-year programs, and short-term training sessions tailored to address the specific needs of students. The interventions can offer a cost-effective alternative to traditional mental health strategies and could be implemented within college counseling centers. The limitations and practical implications of character strengths intervention modules designed specifically for college students are pointed out. By highlighting positive attributes and nurturing personal growth, character strengths interventions emerge as a valuable tool in bolstering the overall well-being of college students. The Author(s). All articles are licensed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0 ). -
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Characterisation of Sn-Cl co-doped ?-Ga2O3 thin films deposited via spray pyrolysis and their application in UV detector devices
Ga2O3, an ultrawide bandgap semiconducting oxide, is currently emerging as a promising candidate for various applications, such as power devices, solar-blind UV detectors, high temperature oxygen sensors and biomedical imaging. One significant limitation hindering the application of Ga2O3 as a wide-bandgap semiconductor is its poor conductivity. In this work, we investigate whether doping with tin and chlorine can mitigate this condition. Sn-Cl co-doped ?-Ga2O3 thin films are deposited on glass substrates using spray pyrolysis technique. The deposited films are subjected to comprehensive analysis, including structural, optical and morphological measurements using techniques like X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and EDX studies. Electrical properties are assessed using the four-probe method and Hall measurements. The best conductivity of 8.86 ??1m?1 is observed when 8.68 at% of Sn and 3.37 at% of Cl were co-doped into Ga2O3 (S(3)) and its optical band gap is calculated to be 4.65 eV. This is about five orders of improvement in conductivity as compared to that of pure Ga2O3 thin film deposited by the same method. Furthermore, we have constructed a deep UV detector utilizing doped ?-Ga2O3 thin films as the semiconducting absorbing layer. The detector demonstrated the highest responsivity of 2.54 10?4 A/W at 260 nm and the corresponding specific detectivity is 1.4 109 Jones. The current research validates the potential of Sn-Cl co-doped ?-Ga2O3 thin film as an excellent choice for UV detector application. 2024 Elsevier B.V. -
Characteristic Mode Analysis of Closed Metal Geometric Ring Shapes
In this study, the characteristic mode theory is used to better explain the physical behavior of a few simple closedshaped geometries. The bandwidth coverage, resonant behavior, and modal current distributions for several ringshaped geometries are shown and discussed. It has been demonstrated that the triangular, rectangular, and square ring geometries can result in multi-band performance, whereas the hexagonal, circular, square, and triangular rings are promising candidates for circularly polarized antenna designs. 2024 IEEE. -
Characteristic Mode Analysis of Fashion Brands Conductive Logos as Potential Radiators
A few popular fashion brand logos, which can be employed as potential radiating elements, are investigated in this paper based on the theory of characteristic mode (TCM). Such an analysis would further help design multi-band wearable antennas within the frequency range from 1 to 6 GHz. The resonant behavior and bandwidth capability for various modes are presented and discussed. It is observed that all the studied logos demonstrate a first resonant frequency around 1.5 GHz, while both Lacoste and Louis Vuitton logos show wider modal bandwidths capabilities. 2023 IEEE. -
Characteristic Mode Analysis of Metallic Automobile Logo Geometry
This paper presents a characteristic mode analysis of a few popular automobile logo geometries. It is performed to get an insight into the physical behavior of those geometries which can be employed as a radiating element, such as an antenna. Such an analysis helps design multi-band and multi-mode antennas suitable for 5G sub-6 GHz bands. The resonant behavior, bandwidth capability, and modal current distribution analysis are presented for various modes of different automobile logo geometries, demonstrating that Audi, Suzuki, and Volkswagen logos show multi-band performance. Moreover, due to having symmetric modes, the BMW logo was found to be suitable for designing a circularly polarized antenna. 2023 IEEE. -
Characteristics of chitin extracted from different growth phases of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, fed with different organic wastes
Insect chitin was isolated from different life stages of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens, such as instar stages, prepupae and pupae, reared separately on fruit and vegetable waste substrates after removal of fat, protein and minerals. Chitin yield was high in prepupae fed with vegetable waste (11.78 0.13%) followed by fruit waste (6.82 0.36%). The extracted chitin was compared with a commercial chitin from shrimp by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that both chitins from commercial shrimp source and the H. illucens had similar chemical structures and physicochemical properties indicating the H. illucens chitin samples to be of ?- chitin orientation type. With regards to the H. illucens samples, small physiochemical changes were noticed. Furthermore, the polymers derived from BSF are equivalent to commercial polymers in terms of purity and structural morphology, indicating their utility for industrial and medical applications. Thus, H. illucens prepupae is a promising alternative source of chitin. 2023, African Association of Insect Scientists. -
Characterization and comparison studies of Bentonite and Flyash for electrical grounding
Earthing or Grounding is an Electrical system consists of electrodes which serves as an electrical connection from an electric circuit in the system to the earth or ground. Traditional Earthing- where we mix charcoal and salt offers low resistance to the fault current flow developed from a Low operating Voltages. Since operating voltages are high now a days, Short circuit current also increased. Traditional method of Earthing is replaced by chemical Earthing.Bentonite which is mainly used in chemical Earthing serves the requirement of Low resistance Earthing pits and also have the property to retain the moisture. In this paper an attempt had been made to assure the Flyash usage in the grounding pit and this paper discusses the Characterization, Comparison and Field Studies on Earthing Pit constructed with Bentonite and Fly ash layers. 2015 IEEE. -
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Characterization and Strength Assessment of Alkali-Activated Iron Ore Tailing Composite Bricks
The current study outlines a process for producing environmentally friendly bricks that can also compete successfully in today's highly competitive market. The use of iron ore tailings (IOT), which are typically disposed of as waste by the mining industry, is the subject of ongoing research for brick production. Bricks were made using IOT, which was obtained from iron ore mines in India's southern region. The study is based on the alkali-activation method of producing IOT bricks, which has been shown to be the most energy-efficient method of production. This is because, in contrast to the traditional method of producing bricks, the alkali-activation method emits fewer greenhouse gases. India has an abundance of iron ore deposits, which has resulted in extensive mining activities, which has resulted in an increase in waste generation, The waste is typically disposed of by being dumped in one of the dumping sites or dams near the mining area. These tailings pose a significant threat to the environment in their immediate vicinity. As a result, the use of IOT in brick manufacturing will reduce the mining industry's waste disposal burden. Furthermore, the use of IOT in the production of bricks will reduce the use of natural raw materials in the production of conventional bricks. Several types of brick composites were developed in this study by combining Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Flyash, and IOT with a sodium silicate solution. Each raw material is analysed using particle size analysis (PSA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM. The newly developed IOT bricks were put through a series of tests to determine their strength and durability in accordance with Indian standards. The developed IOT bricks had a maximum compressive strength of up to 18.45N/mm2 while water absorption was not more that 12.6%. Furthermore, the bricks were subjected to a series of wetting and drying tests to determine their long-term durability in accordance with Brazilian regulations. Each of the results obtained was validated using microstructure analysis of the product that was developed. Furthermore, the study sought to determine the compression strength of alkali-activated IOT brick prisms when combined with mortar of varying strengths. Finally, it was determined that more than 50 percent of the IOT can be used in combination with GGBS, flyash, and sodium silicate solution as an alkali activator to produce high-quality bricks under ambient temperature curing conditions. -
CHARACTERIZATION OF BOUNDS FOR ??ADJACENCY ENERGY OF A GRAPH
Recently Nikiforov et.al [9] put forward the ??adjacency energy of a graph G. In this paper, we continue the work on ??adjacency energy and obtain bounds for this new parameter in terms of order, size and the first Zagreb index. Indian Mathematical Society, 2023. -
Characterization of Diesel soot from the combustion in engine by X-ray and spectroscopic techniques
International journal of Electrochemical science . Vol. 4, Issue 4, pp. 3215-3221 ISSN No. 1452-3981 -
Characterization of diesel soot from the combustion in engine by X-ray and spectroscopic techniques
Carbon nanomaterials formed during the combustion of Diesel inside engine is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and spectroscopic techniques. The soot are collected from the Engine and washed with Acetone. Carbon Nanomaterials produced from diesel soot show the morphology of carbon nanospheres mixed with carbon nanotubes. X-ray diffraction investigation shows the presence of carbon nanotubes in association with amorphous nanomaterial. EDS analysis of Diesel soot indicates that the soot particles to be composed of primarily carbon and oxygen along with hydrogen. NMR spectrum of the soot reveals significant aliphatic component with predominance of methyl and methylene groups on ? and ? positions to aromatic rings. There is significant fraction of hydrogen on the ? position at 0.864 ppm, which suggests the existence of large aliphatic chains or saturated rings joined to aromatic rings. The IR spectrum shows characteristic signals in the region 1700-1000 cm -1, where the most important one correspond to C=O stretching of carboxylic acids at 1639 cm -1, C=C stretching of aromatic groups at 1533 cm -1, and aliphatic C-H plane deformation of CH 2/CH 3 groups at 1380 cm -1 and 1445 cm -1 respectively. 2012 by ESG. -
Characterization of interval-valued fuzzy bridges and cutnodes
In this paper, we characterize interval - valued fuzzy bridges and interval-valued fuzzy cutnodes in terms of ? strong arcs. We discuss about the behaviour of arcs in a strongest path of an interval - valued fuzzy graph. An example is provided to prove that strongest paths are not in general related to strong paths in an interval - valued fuzzy graph. Finally we give a particular condition under which strong paths and strongest paths are equivalent. 2019 Author(s). -
Characterization of Line-Cut Signed Graphs
A signed graphS= (Su, ?) consists of an underlying graph Su and a function ?: E(Su) ? { + , - }. For a graph G, its lict graph written as Lc(G) is the intersection graph ?(E(G) ? C(G)). For a signed graph S, its line-cutsigned graph (in short called lict signed graph) is denoted by Lc(S) has underlying graph Lc(Su) and two vertices u and v joint by negative edge if u and v both are negative adjacent edges of S or u is a negative edge incident to a cut-vertex v of negative degree odd in S and by positive edge otherwise, here C(S) is the set of cut-vertices of S. In this paper, we establish structural characterization of lict signed graphs Lc(S). 2020, The National Academy of Sciences, India. -
Characterization of nano-crystalline carbon from camphor and diesel by x-ray diffraction technique
Hydrocarbons are by far the most widespread precursors among carbon sources employed in the production of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanosphers. In the present study, diesel and camphor have been used as precursors for nanomaterials. Carbonaceous soot produced from combustion of diesel in engine shows the presence of significant amount of carbon nanomaterials. The ? band at about 19.28 has been attributed to the presence of amorphous carbon and surface defects in carbon nanotubes. The ? band at about 25.81 corresponds to e2g mode of graphite which is related to vibration of sp2bonded carbon atoms and the presence of ordered carbon nanotubes in diesel soot. The SEM micrographs provide a clear indication that nanoparticle formed in diesel soot are clusters of carbon nanospheres. Energy dispersive spectrum analysis of diesel soot confirms that the soot particles to be composed of primarily carbon and oxygen along with hydrogen. The camphor soot shows ? and ? bands which reveals the presence of crystalline graphitic carbon. The SEM micrographs of camphor show the presence of carbon nanostructures. It is found nanomaterials formed in the diesel soot consists more of disordered carbon, whereas in camphor it is more of ordered graphite like carbon. -
Characterization of nanocarbon based electrode material derived from anthracite coal
Nanocarbon derivatives (NCD's) have wide range of scope in the field of sensors, supercapacitors and charge storage application. In the present study, anthracite is used as a precursor to synthesis nano-carbon derivatives. One of the important aspects of this study is to intercalate the synthesized NCD's with Li-ion to enhance its electrochemical and optical properties. The prepared NCD with Li-ion interface is used as an electrode material to study charge-discharge capacity and cyclic stability. The NCD shows a specific capacitance 65.4 mF g-1 and retention of capacitance after 200 cycles. However, adding small amount of supportive electrode material with NCD's enhances the capacitance after 160 cycles. The drastic increase in electronic conductivity of NCD's by adding supportive Li-ion permits the electrochemical activity of electrode material to be effectively utilized for practical applications. 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.