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A Citation Recommendation System Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
Recommender systems have seen tremendous growth in the last few years due to the emergence of web services like YouTube, Netflix, and Amazon, etc. An excessive amount of data is being utilized to give proper recommendations to the users. The number of research articles getting published every day is increasing exponentially and thus an efficient model is required to provide accurate and relevant recommendations to the research scholars. The proposed Deep Reinforcement Recommender for Citations (DRRC) model uses reinforcement learning to train the available citation network to achieve the most relevant recommendations. The proposed DRRC model outperforms the state-of-the-art models. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Comparing Strategies for Post-Hoc Explanations in Machine Learning Models
Most of the machine learning models act as black boxes, and hence, the need for interpreting them is rising. There are multiple approaches to understand the outcomes of a model. But in order to be able to trust the interpretations, there is a need to have a closer look at these approaches. This project compared three such frameworksELI5, LIME and SHAP. ELI5 and LIME follow the same approach toward interpreting the outcomes of machine learning algorithms by building an explainable model in the vicinity of the datapoint that needs to be explained, whereas SHAP works with Shapley values, a game theory approach toward assigning feature attribution. LIME outputs an R-squared value along with its feature attribution reports which help in quantifying the trust one must have in those interpretations. The R-squared value for surrogate models within different machine learning models varies. SHAP trades-off accuracy with time (theoretically). Assigning SHAP values to features is a time and computationally consuming task, and hence, it might require sampling beforehand. SHAP triumphs over LIME with respect to optimization of different kinds of machine learning models as it has explainers for different types of machine learning models, and LIME has one generic explainer for all model types. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Functionalities and Approaches of Multi-cloud Environment
Cloud computing is a paradigm that envisions fast access to any resources from anywhere at any time with the most significant advantages of enabling an intuitive environment that offers plethora of services to mankind. The exponential increase in technological advances has been an advantage for the growth of cloud computing. The advancement in technology has enabled the shift in organizations from using a single cloud toward multi-cloud strategy. Multi-cloud uses multiple services from various cloud vendors which has been advantageous in several ways. Multi-cloud strategy has been designed to enable a hybrid mode for the organizations with ample security and savings in cost. This chapter gives an overview of multi-cloud computing and the security issues with respect to cloud computing. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Internet of Things: Immersive Healthcare Technologies
Internet of Things (IoT) can be defined as a system that consists of a group of things where information is exchanged with the help of the internet, sensors, and devices. The boom of IoT is mainly because of the factor that it does not require human influence and can take place independently in utilizing digital information from physical devices. The main concern is how the integration of these technologies creates unique applications for the ease of human life. This chapter discusses various technologies of IoT in healthcare and their numerous applications in medical field. It also introduces the involvement of augmented reality that is acquiring a new dimension in the Internet of Things. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Under Pressure: Integrating Policy Interventions to Save Distressed Indian SMEs of COVID-19 Aftershocks
The Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has one of Indias highest employment Indexes and is the launchpad for all genres and innovators. This sector is inclusive in integrating grass root level workers into tech innovators. There are about 63 million MSMEs in India, employing 110 million individuals. According to 2019 MSME reports, the sector contributed 29% to the overall GDP catalyzing socio-economic development. The Covid-19 pandemics have left world economies and business entities to redefine and rethink policy regulations and business models. The pandemic has created socio-economic displacement across business sectors, and no country is free from the socio-economic exclusions that has triggered. The Indian economy has been badly affected by a projection of over a seven percent decline in quarterly GDP in 2021.The coronavirus pandemic has impacted MSME earnings by 2050 percent, with micro and small organizations being the worst hit due to liquidity crunch. According to the survey conducted by Endurance International Group, many MSMEs have temporarily shut their operations or laid off their staff due to the inability to pay salaries. Further, due to slip in demand and halted production, many had to vacate the rented premises where they were functioning. MSMEs seek government support to tide over the situation with policy interventions on tax discounts or exemptions and loans distributed at cheaper rates or zero interest rates. With the economic slowdown and global restrictions on business outsourcing, and border tensions with China, India revived its Swadeshi (ethnic) dream of Mahatma Gandhi. The Government launched Atmanirbhar Bharat Mission to boost MSMEs and thrust indigenous industries and processes to reduce our foreign nations resilience. Indian government policies are favourable because they have committed $50 billion to help small businesses survive and provide low-income workers with a $266 billion stimulus package of around two percent of Indias annual economic output. Aatmanirbharta which means self-reliance, has been chosen by Oxford Languages as its Hindi word of the year 2020 as it authenticated the everyday achievements of the countless Indians who survived the perils of a pandemic, as stated in one of the popular daily newspaper. The paper focuses on the issues and challenges faced by MSMEs in India due to the pandemic. Further, an analysis of changes in MSME definition presented in the Union Budget 2021 and various policy interventions by the Government and their impact on reviving in the MSME sector is presented. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Metal Organic Frameworks to Remove Arsenic Adsorption from Wastewater
Water is an integral part of life on earth. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population explosion have all contributed to the pollution of ground and surface water with, among other things, heavy metals. This has led to an acute shortage of clean drinking water. Arsenic is one of the most toxic heavy metals found in water, posing a serious threat to the environment, human beings, and aquatic life. Over the years, a considerable amount of research has been directed toward the elimination of arsenic from water via sustainable methodologies. Metal organic frameworks are a class of materials possessing exceptional features like chemical stability, high porosity, multiple functional groups, and large surface areas. These properties can be effectively channelized to make metal organic frameworks excellent adsorbents for the removal of arsenic from contaminated water and make it drinkable. We have reviewed herein, the problems of heavy metal contamination, specifically the different forms of arsenic that pollute water. The importance of metal organic frameworks and the progress made in the synthesis of materials having a metal oxide framework have been discussed. Significant properties like adsorption and mechanistic aspects of adsorption through metal organic frameworks have been described. Furthermore, the characterization of the electronic and geometric aspects of metal organic frameworks using density functional theory has been reviewed. Insight into proper scaling up and development of metal organic frameworks for practical applications have also been suggested. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
IoT Framework, Architecture Services, Platforms, and Reference Models
Internet of things (IoT) is spawning a twirl in the world of connected devices by aiding the devices to connect, compute, and coordinate with each other. While the concept of IoT is still embryonic, its outcomes are trailblazing. IoT acts as a facilitator in creating a smart world by connecting devices through sensors and actuators to the Internet. The acceptance of IoT in various sectors indicates that the partakers in an IoT ecology are diverse. This demands common functionalities, interoperability standards, and network protocols across sectors. But there exists an extremity of incongruency in devices, capabilities, and network protocols, and therefore it is imperative to have a complete reference architecture model that necessitates the existing diversities and defines a new monody for the IoT environment. The lack of standard and uniform architectural knowledge, frameworks, and platforms is presently resisting the researchers to reap the benefits that the Internet of things (IoT) offers. This chapter summarizes various Internet of things frameworks, architectures, platforms, and reference models and thereby paves way for businesses to build IoT on it. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Performance Analysis of Logistic Regression, KNN, SVM, Nae Bayes Classifier for Healthcare Application During COVID-19
Heart disease is one of the main causes of mortality in India and the USA. According to statistics, a person dies out of a heart-related disease every 36s. COVID-19 has introduced several problems that have intensified the issue, resulting in increased deaths associated to heart disease and diabetes. The entire world is searching for new technology to address thesechallenges. Artificial intelligence [AI] and machine learning [ML] are considered as the technologies, which are capable of implementing a remarkable change in the lives of common people. Health care is the domain, which is expected to get the desirable benefit to implement a positive change in the lives of common people and the society at large. Previous pandemics have given enough evidence for the utilization of AI-ML algorithm as an effective tool to fight against and control the pandemic. The present epidemic, which is caused by Sars-Cov-2, has created several challenges that necessitate the rapid use of cutting-edge technology and healthcare domain expertise in order to save lives. AI-ML is used for various tasks during pandemic like tracing contacts, managing healthcare-related emergencies, automatic bed allocation, recommending nearby hospitals, recommending vaccine centers nearby, drug-related information sharing, recommending locations by utilizing their mobile location. Prediction techniques are used to save lives as early detections help to save lives. One of the problems that might make a person suffering from COVID-19 extremely sick is heart disease. In this research, four distinct machine learning algorithms are used to try to detect heart disease earlier. Many lives can be saved if heart disease can be predicted earlier. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Nanomaterials for A431 Epidermoid Carcinoma Treatment
Malignancy is the ancient sickness that causes an increased rate of mortality worldwide. Traditional malignant growth treatments that are clinically utilized comprise chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and medical procedure. Despite the fact that there have been motivating enhancements in the nanotechnology and biomedical field, malignant growth remains the most urgent condition to treat, as the central reason for mortality. Nanotechnology has the possibility to improve medication transport and delivery by modifying pharmacokinetics and conveyance, resulting in reduced negative reactions and in this manner improving precision. Some issues exist regarding destinations and the difficulties that occur, and the potential for success becomes closer with every discovery. Nanomaterials are smaller in size than organic macromolecules. More correctly, they as a rule have a width of many nanometers (nm), which makes them from 100 up to multiple times smaller than even one malignancy cell. Nanoparticles can occur in sizes running from 10 up to 400nm, and can likewise be used with a simple set up or a blend of pharmacologically dynamic medications, depending on a superficial level of properties. The various aspect of nanotechnology for malignant growth treatment include exact targeting of the lively segments in cell/tissues, producing upgrades responsive medication discharge, defeating natural obstructions, interfacing against disease dynamic system with imaging atoms, improving disease examination, and imaging. For the most part, nanoparticles burdened with mending operators are conveyed experimentally for firm malignancy treatment. Todays nanotechnology is a magnificent platform for the treatment of differing malignant growths. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Smartphone Usage, Social Media Engagement, and Academic Performance: Mediating Effect of Digital Learning
Smartphone has penetrated across all regions of India and all sections of the society, especially among the higher education student community. Smartphones with the internet, in turn, provide access to social media platforms. Smartphones and social media (SM) together provide several benefits to the users, and they also cause unwanted repercussions on the users such as adverse mental health, addiction, and laziness. But one of the important gains of smartphone and social media usage (SMU) is digital learning through them. Smartphones and SM are inevitable in the academic process of higher education students. The students use extensively the smartphone and SM for sharing information and content, for having peer discussion, for managing assignments, and for communicating with the instructors. So, this study tries to study the mediating effect of digital learning through smartphones and SM on the educational accomplishment of private university students in Bangalore, India. This study adopted the survey method of research which collected primary data through structured questionnaires from the private university students. The collected data were analyzed using students t test, One-way ANOVA, Chi-Square, and Structural Equation Modeling. The study results found that smartphones and SM affect the academic performance (AP) of the sample students significantly through digital learning. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Data Privacy
Data privacy is a private and public phenomenon and its operations have implications for the individual and the society. This understanding of privacy ceases it from being viewed as a simple technological process and highlights different factors that are associated with it. While on one hand, the right to privacy is seen as integral to the freedom of the individual, on the other hand, it is also seen as the ability to hide certain information for malpractice. This chapter delves into this existing dichotomy of data privacy and simplifies various terms and operations that have emerged in the field of study. A discussion is facilitated on the concept and its associated areas. The chapter looks at privacy regimes in different countries to note emerging developments and also presents a critique of the practice to bring forth shortcomings and enable change. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Leveraging Blockchain Technology forInternet ofThings Powered Banking Sector
Banking sector contributes to 70% of Indian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and for India to meet its economic aspirations, it should enable this vivacious sector to grow at 810 times of its current pace, in the next ten years. This pace of active growth requires a double engine of sophisticated technology and a tech enabled, scalable, and a secured banking system. Implementing BlockchainTechnology (BCT) in the banking sector, provides a realistic solution which when coupled with devices connected by the Internet of Things(IoT), will result in secured, fast-paced, cost effective, and transparent growth of the sector. The prevalence of personalized banking, secured banking, connected banking, and digital banking are use cases, made possible through interface with IoT. This chapter delves into the opportunities in the banking sector to be explored and challenges to be met in the BCT-IoT implementation process. BCT- and IoT-based opportunities such as peer-to-peer lending, Know Your Customer (KYC) updation, Cross-border transfer payments, syndicate lending, fraud reduction are some of the banking operations that are elaborated. To strengthen the banking network, the consensus algorithm of Blockchainnetwork is much required and the use of IoT devices to act as nodes is pertinent. The blend of both in the banking space has to be further reinforced. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Data and Its Dimensions
In current times Data is the biggest economic opportunity. As per the studies, it is observed that the world is becoming 2.5 quintillions data-rich every day, with an average of every human contributing 1.7MB of data per second. Every individual has a good appetite for data, as it gives immense insight to explore and expand the business. With the invention of smart devices and innovation in the field of connectivity such as 4G-5G Mobile Networks and Wi-Fi, the generation and consumption of the data are steadily increasing. These smart devices continuously generate data, leading to a bigger pool for better decision-making. This chapter presents data, the various forms and sources, and the concept of Data Science; it discusses how the ownership and value of data are decided; and also highlights the use, abuse, and overuse of the data along with data theft, and a case study to represent data breach. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Data Ethics
Ethics is all about living an ethical life. As rational beings, humans have always been in the pursuit of ethical life in spite of the contrary temptations. Society and engagement in society are helpful for a person to be ethical. However, it is the choice one makes in critical situations that define the ethical nature of a person. Swarmed by a vast pool of data, the complex nature of ethical decision-making is getting far more complex for human beings with autonomous cognitive faculty. One needs to be conscious and focused to face any dilemma in ones life. Dealing prudently with private and public data and understanding the science of data would help the homo sapiens to prove her/his relevance in this data-driven world. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Intellectual Property Right - Copyright
The power of cognition of human beings is beyond the imagination of any cognitive person. As gifted and nurtured property, the intellect of human beings has the potential to be original, creative, and innovative. Has the human being got absolute control over her/his intellect? Can human beings possess absolute rights over any product of her/his intellect? How far is a human being indebted to society? If human beings are not given due credit to the product of her/his intellect, the enthusiasm to be more creative and productive may take a coarser path. Human beings have the fundamental right to use her/his intellect to live a life of their choice enjoying economic and non-economic benefits. The right to intellectual property is fundamental to human beings. Hence, any infringement of intellectual property has to be dealt with appropriately. At the same time, human beings should be indebted to society for nurturing their intellect. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Efficacy of Nanomaterials and Its Impact on Nosocomial Infections
Nanotechnology provides the ability to manipulate the properties of materials by using their size, and this has lead research towards a massive amount of plausible uses for nanomaterials. Irresistible maladies can occur, and they create an impressive burden on general wellbeing worldwide. The incident of these ailments is higher in developing nations. Irresistible maladies might be caused by microscopic organisms, infections, and protozoa, and the diseases they cause are often resistant to traditional treatment bringing about protracted contamination and higher mortality risk. In connection to that, the patients infected with these smaller scale creatures, that may prove resilient for an extended period of time, can be transmitters of these diseases to others. The recuperating of irresistible maladies is possible by metal-based nanoparticles that are plausible therapeutics for the treatment of irresistible ailments and their natural productivity. Metal-based nanoparticles that have been accounted for with antibacterial movement include silver, iron, iron oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, gold, and gallium nanoparticles. Present day improvements in nanotechnology enable us to handle this issue at two levels: diagnostics and treatment. Elimination of irresistible microorganisms requires effortless and exact recognition of the irresistible agents for suitable treatment. Various nanomaterials have been considered for the management of and cautious measures for irresistible ailments. Recently, nanomaterials have improved the treatment, diagnostics, and avoidance of irresistible illnesses. Built nanoparticles have been progressively utilized in irresistible infection management caused by microorganisms. Progress in nanoparticle-based frameworks involve a confident research region with basic ramifications for the recuperating of bacterial contaminations. Nanosystems have been shown to be beneficial, and different approaches dependent on nanoparticles have been expanded to see unambiguous agents. Various purpose-of-care (POC) tests have been anticipated that can propose results earlier, simpler, and at less expense than known strategies and can even be used in difficult to reach areas for viral determination. Quorum sensing is a boosts reaction substance formulation strategy interrelated with population density that microorganisms use to authorize biofilms development. Research is ongoing concerning the antimicrobial movement of nanoparticles, contrasting it by methods for and the motivation behind the natural extract of therapeutic plants, and concentrating on anti-toxin protections of pathogenic microscopic organisms. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Data Security
Corporates, industries, and governments have completely digitized their infrastructure, processes, and data or running towards completed digitalization. This data could be text files, different types of databases, accounts, and networks. The data living in the digital format needs to be preserved and also protected from unauthorized access. If this data remains open for access, any unauthorized user can destroy, encrypt, or corrupt the data, making the data unusable. There are implications of data security threats such as data breaches and data spills, beyond cost and can spell doom for the business. Hence the data needs to be protected from such threats. Data security is a mechanism through which data is protected and prevented from loss due to unauthorized access. It is a mix of practices and processes to ensure data remains protected from unauthorized use and readily accessible for authorized use. Data Security is essential for achieving data privacy in general. To define appropriate security measures, we must define the difference between a data breach and a data leak. Data security mechanisms could be data-centric such as identity and access management, encryption and tokenization, and backup and recovery. A defined data governance and compliance can also ensure data security. This chapter will explain why there is a need for data security, methods and processes to achieve data security, and touch upon some of the data security laws and regulations. We will also see a case study on how hackers exploited a vulnerability to mount a data security attack worldwide and how data security mechanisms could have prevented it. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Group Key Management Techniques forSecure Load Balanced Routing Model
Remote sensor organizations (WSNs) assume a vital part in giving ongoing information admittance to IoT applications. Be that as it may, open organization, energy limitation, and absence of brought together organization make WSNs entirely defenseless against different sorts of pernicious assaults. In WSNs, recognizing vindictive sensor gadgets and dispensing with their detected data assume a vital part for strategic applications. Standard cryptography and confirmation plans cannot be straightforwardly utilized in WSNs on account of the asset imperative nature of sensor gadgets. In this manner, energy productive and low idleness procedure is needed for limiting the effect of malignant sensor gadgets. In this research work presents a secured and burden balanced controlling contrive for heterogeneous bunch-based WSNs. SLBR shows a predominant trust-based security metric that beats the issue when sensors proceed to influence from extraordinary to terrible state and the other way around; besides, SLBR alters stack among CH. In this way, underpins fulfilling superior security, allocate transmission, and vitality efficiency execution. Trials are driven to calculate this presentation of developed SLBR demonstrate over existing trust-based controlling show, particularly ECSO. The result accomplished appears SLBR demonstrate fulfills favored execution over ECSO as distant as vitality capability (i.e., arrange lifetime considering to begin with sensor contraption downfall and total sensor contraption passing), correspondence overhead, throughput, allocate planning idleness, and harmful sensor contraption mis-classification rate and recognizable verification. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Optimal Stacked Sparse Autoencoder Based Traffic Flow Prediction in Intelligent Transportation Systems
Recently, intelligent transportations system (ITS) has gained significant internet due to the higher needs for road safety and competence in interconnected road network. As a vital portion of the ITS, traffic flow prediction (TFP) is offer support in several dimensions like routing, traffic congestion, and so on. To accomplish effective TFP outcomes, several predictive approaches have been devised namely statistics, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL). This study designs an optimal stacked sparse autoencoder based traffic flow prediction (OSSAE-TFP) model for ITS. The goal of the OSSAE-TFP technique is to determine the level of traffic flow in ITS. In addition, the presented OSSAE-TFP technique involves the traffic and weather data for TFP. Moreover, the SSAE based prediction model is designed for forecasting the traffic flow and the optimal hyperparameters of the SSAE model can be adjusted by the use of water wave optimization (WWO) technique. To showcase the enhanced predictive outcome of the OSSAE-TFP technique, a wide range of simulations was carried out on benchmark datasets and the results portrayed the supremacy of the OSSAE-TFP technique over the recent state of art methods. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Impact of Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare Systems
The healthcare industry is one of the most important industries in the world which is in dire need of a restructuring process because of its poor and outdated techniques of data management. Healthcare system has adopted a centralized environment and deals with a lot of intermediaries which makes it prone to issues of single point of failure, lack of traceability of transactions, and privacy issues such as data leakage. Blockchain is a relatively new technology which is able to tackle the obsolete methods and practices existing in the healthcare industry. In this chapter, we analyzed the applications of blockchains in the healthcare industry which can solve the issues prevalent in the healthcare industry. The aim of this chapter is to reveal the potential benefits that comes from using blockchain technology in the healthcare industry and identify the various challenges that this technology has. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.