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Design and simulation of CPW fed circular spike antenna for wireless applications
The aim of the paper is to design, and simulate circular spike Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) fed antenna for wireless applications. The size of the antenna is very small occupying a space of 36mm 36mm including the substrate board. The antenna is designed using FR-4 substrate of thickness 1.6mm with dielectric permittivity of 4.4. The Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) fed system is used, so we can avoid double side printed board. This proposed antenna covers the bandwidth frequency range from 2.85GHz to 3.31GHZ and 5.09GHz to 5.65GHz for various wireless applications. The antenna design and performance are analyzed by using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) electromagnetic software for wireless applications according to frequency bands. The results of proposed antenna simulation on return loss, VSWR, gain and directivity are calculated. 2015 IEEE. -
Design and Stress Analysis of the Frame for an Electric Bike
Global emissions have been on the rise since the industrial era because of the increased energy-intensive human activities, which is a direct cause of global warming and climate change. Of the total emissions, around 17% is from the transportation sector, which significantly contributes to the emissions. One of the easiest ways to be more sustainable is to choose electric vehicles instead of Internal combustion engines. Almost 75% of the vehicles registered in India are two-wheelers, but there are no affordable and reliable electric two-wheelers. This research works to optimize and analyze the design of a step-through frame design for an electric bicycle. The frame design is analyzed by providing boundary and loading conditions with two different materials (Steel-AISI4130 and Aluminum AL6061). The numerical analysis is carried out using ANSYS APDL. The result of von Mises stress is 166MPa and 160.4MPa for steel and aluminum, respectively. The result of stress and displacement is within the acceptable limit. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Design and structural characteristics of conducting polymer-metal organic framework composites for energy storage devices
The popularity of portable gadgets has increased the supply for energy storage systems with significant power and energy densities Redox-active conducting polymers (CPs) have mechanical qualities similar to polymers and electrical conductivity properties similar to metals. Unfortunately, the volume changes that occur throughout the charge and discharge procedures cause them to function poorly. An efficient method to attain high performance is to combine CPs with metal-organic frameworks (MOF) to create composites. Despite MOFs' extraordinary interior surface areas and adaptable pore structures, they have poor stability, polymers can improve MOF stability and improve other crucial characteristics like electrical conductivity. The combination of these two different components can result in a variety of desired features that are not always attained by these components individually. The recent research on conducting polymer-based metal-organic framework (CP/MOF) composites for energy storage applications is thoroughly surveyed in this review paper. This review focuses on various CP/MOF-based fuel cells, batteries and supercapacitors, pertinent fabrication techniques, and important design principles. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Design and validation of the digital well-being scale
As the reliance on digital products and services continues to increase, there arises the need to measure and understand how the use of digital devices affects our well-being. In order to do so, the researchers attempted to create and validate an instrument. The items for the instrument were identified through an extensive review of literature, followed by a brainstorming session. The statements were then validated by a panel of experts, post which the instrument was administered, and the data was collected and analyzed for reliability and validity. The final instrument returned a Cronbachs alpha score of 0.921, indicating high reliability. The validity of the instrument was also established through a confirmatory factor analysis. 2023, University of Bologna. All rights reserved. -
Design and Verification of a Novel Anchor Shaped Double Negative Metamaterial Unit Cell
In this manuscript, a novel anchor-shaped double negative metamaterial is proposed. The structure is designed to resonate at 2.45 GHz. The unit cell is designed on a 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate having a dielectric constant of 4.4, and simulated using Ansys HFSS. The unit cell exhibits a double negative behavior and negative refractive index behavior. The robust and popularly used Nicolson-Ross-Weir and Transmission-Reflection methods were implemented on MATLAB to extract and validate the metamaterial characteristics. This novel metamaterial unit cell covers 1 GHz to 4.8 GHz which is one of the most extensively researched and employed bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. The bandwidth performance of this new structure for double negative behavior is compared to other unit cells. It shows better performance with comparable size and outperforms the other geometries. This metamaterial is well-suited for a wide range of applications like wireless communication, biomedical applications in ISM (2.4 GHz) band and 5G communication services in the sub-6 GHz range. 2022 IEEE. -
Design Cognition while using digital tools: A Distributed Cognition Approach
The use of digital tools in the conventional architecture design thinking process which derives its basis from sketching is followed in many colleges in India. Various shortcomings due to the integration of digital tools to the manual design process have been enumerated during the past 30 years. Digital tools provide affordances different from the manual sketching design process, the effects of which can be understood by adopting a distributed cognition approach. The paper builds on design cognition research while using externalization tools in the design process. It does so by developing a theoretical framework derived from distributed cognition and an understanding of visual thinking processes from design literature. The paper utilizes the distributed cognition framework by Zhang and Norman, to arrive at resultant affordances of externalization tools in design. The same is then utilized for a protocol study which was coded for its visual thinking components and other relevant codes. The same protocol study was also coded for ideation flow analysis. The findings pointed towards compromised visual thinking and reduced ideation while utilizing digital tools in quick conceptualization. 2021 ACM. -
Design considerations of an inductive sensor for segmented mirror telescopes
The Segmented mirror technology has become natural choice for any optical telescope larger than 8 meter in size, where small mirror segments are aligned and positioned with respect to each other to an accuracy of few tens of nanometer. Primary mirror control system with the help of edge sensor and soft linear actuator maintains that alignment which changes due to gravity and wind loading. For any segmented mirror telescope edge-sensor plays very critical role. It should have very high spatial resolution (few nanometer), large range, multidimensional sensing, high temporal stability as well as immunity towards relative change in temperature and humidity. Though capacitive sensors are widely used for this purpose, however, their inherent sensitivity towards humidity and dust make them unsuitable for telescopes operating at humid low altitude regions. Whereas, inductance based sensors, working on the principal of mutual inductance variation between two planar inductor coils, produce promising results in such a situation. Looking at stringent requirements, design and development of a planar inductive sensor is a challenge. As a first step toward sensor development, we have explored the design aspects of it. The inductive coils are first simulated and analyzed using electromagnetic FEA software for different coil parameters. The design considerations include optimization of coil parameters such as geometry of coils, trace densities, number of turns, etc. and operational requirements such as number of degree of freedoms to be sensed, range of travel, spatial resolution, as well as required sensitivity. The simulation results are also verified through experimentation. In this first paper we report the design and analysis results obtained from FEA simulations. 2018 SPIE. -
Design control and management of intelligent and autonomous nanorobots with artificial intelligence for Prevention and monitoring of blood related diseases
The effective management of human bloodstream remains to be the prime focus for the clinicians over years and it impose greater challenges when it comes to real-time solution. In particular managing hypoxemia and detection of blood clots is most pertinent. One major challenge faced is the existence of limited training data generated from real-world scenarios. On the other hand, creating an efficient model is often time consuming and expensive. This paper focusses on effective convergence of artificial intelligence and nanorobotics technologies to design and implement autonomous intelligent nanorobots to deal with blood related diseases. The major contribution of the research is two-fold, first we define an efficient architecture of the nanorobotics system with appropriate design parameter. Next, we develop a novel semi-supervised learning model using stochastic gradient descent method and kernel space that efficiently control and manage the nanorobots and helps in earlier prognosis and treatment of blood related diseases. The proposed model is novel and efficient as it enables working at nanoscale, providing resourceful understanding on physical and chemical properties associated with human body. The use of artificial intelligence techniques further makes the system to work more intelligently and independently. COSMOL with integrated MATLAB environment is used for experimental setup and simulation. MNIST dataset is compared with online RP tree method and other conventional batch related techniques. The performance analysis is compared based on performance, error rates and risk related factors. The proposed approach provides significant improvement in terms of performance with minimal error rate and improved accuracy measures. 2023 -
Design of a Decision Making Model for Integrating Dark Data from Hybrid Sectors
The research on Dark data, from its definition to identification and utilization is a widely identified and encountered research problem since 2012 when Gartner defined Dark data as every possible information that an organization collects, process, analyze and store throughout regular business activities, but usually fails to make use of the stored information for other suitable purposes. The presence of dark data and its impact has been experienced by every sector, these data occupy large storage and remain unused. In this paper, we analyze Dark Data and proposed a design model to utilize dark data from multiple sectors and providing a solution to any critical situation a person might be in. For eg: Multiple cash transactions from an organizational bank account in a hospital successively over a period of 2-3 days may indicate a health emergency of any particular employee from that organization. Thus we are considering institutional data, medical data, and banking data in which machine learning algorithms can contribute huge changes in the current system and can help the decision-makers to make better decisions. The paper also proposes a few techniques and methods for the conversion of unstructured dark data to structured one and some extraction techniques for data using NLP and Machine Learning. Grenze Scientific Society, 2022. -
Design of a fractional-order atmospheric model via a class of ACT-like chaotic system and its sliding mode chaos control
Investigation of the dynamical behavior related to environmental phenomena has received much attention across a variety of scientific domains. One such phenomenon is global warming. The main causes of global warming, which has detrimental effects on our ecosystem, are mainly excess greenhouse gases and temperature. Looking at the significance of this climatic event, in this study, we have connected the ACT-like model to three climatic components, namely, permafrost thaw, temperature, and greenhouse gases in the form of a Caputo fractional differential equation, and analyzed their dynamics. The theoretical aspects, such as the existence and uniqueness of the obtained solution, are examined. We have derived two different sliding mode controllers to control chaos in this fractional-order system. The influences of these controllers are analyzed in the presence of uncertainties and external disturbances. In this process, we have obtained a new controlled system of equations without and with uncertainties and external disturbances. Global stability of these new systems is also established. All the aspects are examined for commensurate and non-commensurate fractional-order derivatives. To establish that the system is chaotic, we have taken the assistance of the Lyapunov exponent and the bifurcation diagram with respect to the fractional derivative. To perform numerical simulation, we have identified certain values of the parameters where the system exhibits chaotic behavior. Then, the theoretical claims about the influence of the controller on the system are established with the help of numerical simulations. 2023 Author(s). -
Design of a new curve based cipher
This work aims to develop a model with curve based cryptographic scheme which supports Confidentiality and Authentication at low computing resources and equal security. T TARU PUBLICATIONS. -
Design of a square-shaped broadband antenna with ground slots for bandwidth improvement
This paper portrays the design of a compact square-shaped microstrip broadband antenna using ground slots. Polygon shaped slots are placed on the ground under the feed line for bandwidth improvement. Similarly, rectangular slots are placed on the square patch for gain enhancement. Effect of these slots on the performance of the antenna in terms of impedance bandwidth, gain and directivity are studied. Results of simulation tests show that a ground slot with proper dimensions placed under the feed line can improve the impedance matching and hence increase the bandwidth without affecting much the performance of the antenna. This compact antenna of size 9.098 x 9.098 mm can be very useful for applications where size is a major constraint. Simple microstrip feed is used to feed the patch. The percentage bandwidth of this antenna is 75.57 %. 2018 Authors. -
Design of an real time smart health care system through data mining and IOT /
"Patent Number: 201941041826, Applicant: Dr. Dinesh Kumar.
Due to the advancements in the medical field , the life expectancy has been i increased significantly .This project is mainly useful forthe elderly people who live without the support from others . They need the assistance for the various parameters. IoT in health careplays a major role in identifying the medical facilities for the patients and the doctors . Our Proposed system with various sensors todiagnose the patients health condition from the remote place" -
Design of automatic follicle detection and ovarian classification system for ultrasound ovarian images
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive and metabolic disorder characterized by an increased number of ovarian follicles. Accurate diagnosis of PCOS requires detailed ultrasound imaging to assess follicles size, number, and position. However, noise often needs to be improved on these images, complicating manual detection for radiologists and leading to potential misidentification. This paper introduces an automated diagnostic system for integration with ultrasound imaging equipment to enhance follicle identification accuracy. The system consists of two main stages: preprocessing and follicle segmentation. Preprocessing employs an adaptive Frost filter to reduce noise, while follicle segmentation utilizes a region-based active contour combined with a modified Otsu method. Unlike the conventional Otsu method, where the threshold value is selected manually, the modified Otsu method automatically selects initial threshold values using an iterative approach. After segmentation, features are extracted from the segmented results. An SVM classifier then categorizes the ovarian image as normal, cystic, or polycystic. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods Follicle Identification Rate is 96.3% and the False Acceptance Rate is 2%, which significantly improves classification accuracy, highlighting its potential advantages for clinical application. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Design of body wearable antenna for medical monitoring devices
In this research work, an inset fed microstrip patch antenna, an analysis of its effect on human body and human body influence on antenna performance are presented. Polystyrene substrate (?r= 2.6) with a 1 mm thickness is used to create the proposed antenna. Use of HFSS Ver. 18.2 is made for simulations. The simulated antenna exhibits S11 of -37.4 dB in the absence of human arm and -28.39 dB in the presence. Similar to this, the SAR findings showed that the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value obtained is 1.28 W/kg, which is significantly less than the allowed standard of 2 W/kg, when the suggested antenna is set at an offset of 2 mm off the body's surface. Hence the proposed antenna can be suitable for integrating with medicalmonitoring devices. 2024 Author(s). -
Design of Computationally Efficient FRM Based Reconfigurable Filter Structure for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio for IoT Networks
A low computational complexity FIR bank of filters are essential for spectrum sensing in wireless networks. FRM is a widely used method to generate a sharp transition width sub-bands or channels. The intention of this work is to design multiple non-uniform sharp transition width FIR bank of filter with low computational complexity for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio for IoT networks. The design parameters of the proposed structure are calculated in an efficient way. The proposed structure is designed based on the FRM filter and complex exponential modulation technique (CEMT). The performance of the proposed structure is illustrated with the help of an example. Result indicates that the number of multipliers of the proposed structure is less compared to other existing techniques. 2022 IEEE. -
Design of Computationally Efficient IFIR based Filter Structure for Digital Channelizer'
A low computational complexity digital channelizer is essential for a wide band system. FRM is a widely used method to generate a sharp transition width sub-bands or channels in a digital channelizer. The aim of this work is to design a uniform and non-uniform sharp transition width FIR filter bank with low computational complexity compared to FRM based digital channelizer. The design parameters of the proposed structure are evaluated in an efficient way. The proposed structure is designed based on IFIR filter and complex exponential modulation technique (CEMT). The performance of the proposed structure is demonstrated with the help of an example. Results show that the number of multipliers of the proposed structure is less compared to other existing methods. 2022 IEEE. -
Design of decision support system to identify crop water need
Crop Water Need (ET crop) is referred to as the amount of water needed by a crop to grow. ET crop has high significance to identify the adequate amount of irrigation need. In this paper, a decision support system is proposed to identify Crop Water Need. The proposed decision support system is implemented through sensors and android based smartphone. Internet of Things (IoT) based temperature sensor (DHT11) is used to acquire the real time environmental factors that affect the ET crop. The sensor will communicate with android based smartphone application using Bluetooth Technology (BT-HC05). This proposed system has been compared with available evapotranspiration and existing manual method of evapotranspiration and it was found that proposed system is more correlated than existing manual method of evapotranspiration. The correlation coefficient obtained between proposed system and available evapotranspiration is 0.9783. The proposed decision support system is beneficial for farmers, agriculture researchers and professionals. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Design of digital filters for multi-standard transceivers
This paper addresses on three different architectures of digital decimation filter design of a multi-standard RF transceivers. Instead of using single stage decimation filter network, the filters are implemented in multiple stages using FPGA to optimize the area, delay and dynamic power consumption. The proposed decimation filter architectures reflect the considerable reduction in area and dynamic power consumption without degradation of performance. The filter coefficients are derived from MATLAB, the filter architectures are implemented and tested using Xilinx SPARTAN FPGA.First, the types of decimation filter architectures are tested and implemented using conventional binary number system. Then the two different encoding schemesi.e. Canonic Signed Digit (CSD) and Minimum Signed Digit (MSD) are used for filter coefficients and then the architecture performances are tested.The results of CSD and MSD based architectures show a considerable reduction in the area and power against the conventional number system based filter design implementation. The implementation results reflect that considerable reduction in area of 47.89% and dynamic power reduction of 28.64% are achieved using hybrid architecture. 2015 School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics. All rights reserved. -
Design of Grovers Algorithm over 2, 3 and 4-Qubit Systems in Quantum Programming Studio
In this paper, we design and analyse the Circuit for Grovers Quantum Search Algorithm on 2, 3 and 4-qubit systems, in terms of number of gates, representation of state vectors and measurement probability for the state vectors. We designed, examined and simulated the quantum circuit on IBM Q platform using Quantum Programming Studio. We present the theoretical implementation of the search algorithm on different qubit systems. We observe that our circuit design for 2 and 4-qubit systems are precise and do not introduce any error while experiencing a small error to our design of 3-qubit quantum system. 2022 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.