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Design of reconfigurable multiplier-less filter structure based on IFIR for digital channelizer
The flexibility in frequency allocation is essential for high throughput satellites (HTS). The digital channelizer based transponder system has a crucial role in enhancing the performance of HTS. In this work, the design and implementation of a low computational complexity digital channelizer for HTS is proposed. The proposed reconfigurable filter structure for digital channelizer is to generate non-uniform and sharp transition width FIR filters for transponder of the satellite systems. The multipliers and group delay needed in the digital channelizer that employ the proposed structure are reduced when compared to FRM and traditional IFIR based digital channelizer. An example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design. Results reveal that the proposed structure has a lower multiplier complexity than existing techniques. The proposed structure once implemented effectively, the power dissipation and hardware complexity are reduced. With the help of CSD, MOABC, and SIDC-CSE optimization, the filters used in this structure are made multiplier-less. Hence this structure is adaptable for the digital channelizer in the transponder of the satellite communication systems. 2023 Elsevier GmbH -
Design of Smart and Secured Healthcare Service Using Deep Learning with Modified SHA-256 Algorithm
Background: The modern era of human society has seen the rise of a different variety of diseases. The mortality rate, therefore, increases without adequate care which consequently causes wealth loss. It has become a priority of humans to take care of health and wealth in a genuine way. Methods: In this article, the authors endeavored to design a hospital management system with secured data processing. The proposed approach consists of three different phases. In the first phase, a smart healthcare system is proposed for providing an effective health service, especially to patients with a brain tumor. An application is developed that is compatible with Android and Microsoft-based operating systems. Through this application, a patient can enter the system either in person or from a remote place. As a result, the patient data are secured with the hospital and the patient only. It consists of patient registration, diagnosis, pathology, admission, and an insurance service module. Secondly, deep-learning-based tumor detection from brain MRI and EEG signals is proposed. Lastly, a modified SHA-256 encryption algorithm is proposed for secured medical insurance data processing which will help detect the fraud happening in healthcare insurance services. Standard SHA-256 is an algorithm which is secured for short data. In this case, the security issue is enhanced with a long data encryption scheme. The algorithm is modified for the generation of a long key and its combination. This can be applicable for insurance data, and medical data for secured financial and disease-related data. Results: The deep-learning models provide highly accurate results that help in deciding whether the patient will be admitted or not. The details of the patient entered at the designed portal are encrypted in the form of a 256-bit hash value for secured data management. 2022 by the authors. -
Design of Triple Tuned Passive Harmonic Power Filter - A Novel Approach
Nowadays, there is a race between active and passive harmonic filters and still ambiguity persists. It is a proven fact that active harmonic filters (AHFs) are costly solutions though have proved better than passive harmonic filters. Except sizing and resonance problems, tuned passive harmonic filters (TPHFs) are proved to give economical solutions with little compromise on their performance. The accurate design of TPHFs gives a greater impact on its performance. The triple-TPHF (TTPHF) is essential to alleviate first three dominant ac side current harmonics simultaneously at the high voltage direct current (HVdc) converters and it is proved better than the single and double TPHFs. Existing equivalent methods of TTPHF design failed to give satisfactory performance under dynamic conditions. Hence, this article introduces a novel parametric method-based design of TTPHF, which will give better performance under static and dynamic loading conditions. The results also reveal that the proposed TTPHF design method will perform better than the existing methods. 2021 IEEE. -
Design optimisation and fabrication of amino acid based molecularly imprinted sensor for the selective determination of food additive tartrazine
In this work, we developed a new molecularly imprinted polymer detector for tartrazine's rapid and selective detection. Electropolymerisation using L-Methionine resulted in the polymer immobilised on the carbon fibre paper electrode's surface. MIP film was formed by electropolymerisation in the presence of the template tartrazine. The polymer frame comprises cavities after template removal, which can specifically bind to the analyte molecule. Without pre-treatment, the developed sensor MIPMet/CFP detects tartrazine in beverage samples precisely and rapidly. The sensor has a linear response in the concentration range of 0.6 nM- 160 nM, high sensitivity (601964 AM-1cm?2), and a low detection limit of 27 pM under optimum conditions. MIPMet/CFP sensor displayed the ability to distinguish target analyte from interferants selectively. The performance of the MIPMet/CFP sensor in assessing tartrazine in different saffron powder and packed juice samples suggests that it could be used to detect tartrazine fast and effectively. 2022 Elsevier Ltd -
Design Optimization of Electrical Connector Assembly using FEA
Due to the increasing number of devices and systems connected to an electric system, the need for reliable and high-quality electrical connectors has become more prevalent. This project aims to optimize the design of an electrical connector during its two most critical stages: insertion and retention of housing using FEA. A structural analysis is performed during the insertion and retention stages of housing. This process involves calculating the dimensional deformations and maximum strains developed during the steps mentioned above to determine the reliable functioning of electrical contacts. The input geometry is fed to the finite element analysis. The forces applied on the connectors latch on their respective connection are ensured to be under the limit. The analysis and simulation results are reflected to validate the safe forces in the connector assembly and a proper justification for an experimental set up in the laboratory. 2022, Books and Journals Private Ltd.. All rights reserved. -
Design requirements of a spectropolarimeter for solar extreme-ultraviolet observations and characterization of a K-mirror based on Brewster's angle
Measuring the linear polarization signal in extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectral lines, produced by the Hanle effect, offers a promising technique for studying magnetic fields in the solar corona. The required signal-to-noise ratio for detecting the Hanle polarization signals is on the order of 101 (off-limb) to 106 (disk center). Measuring such low signals in the photon starved observations demands highly efficient instruments. In this paper, we present the design of an instrument, SpectroPOLarimeter for Extreme-ultraviolet Observations (SPOLEO), which utilizes reflective components with suitable mirror coatings and thicknesses to minimize the throughput losses. We analyze the system performance within the spectral range from 740 to 800 The K-mirror-based polarimeter model provides a polarizing power of 20%40% in this wavelength range. Based on the system throughput and polarizing power, we discuss various possibilities for achieving the required signal-to-noise ratio, along with their limitations. Due to lack of facilities for fabrication and testing in the EUV, we have calibrated a prototype of the reflection-based polarimeter setup in the laboratory at the visible wavelength of 700 nm. 2024 Optica Publishing Group. -
Design space exploration of optimized hybrid SVPWM techniques based on spatial region for three level VSI
The performance of a multilevel inverter depends upon design and selection of an appropriate modulation technique. Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique offers more flexibility than other pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques. However, conventional SVPWM technique becomes more complex for multilevel inverter because of increased number of space vectors and redundant switching states. This paper presents a design space exploration method of hybrid SVPWM techniques for three level voltage source inverter (VSI) to reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) and switching loss over wide linear modulation range. A new parameter Harmonic Loss (product of weighted total harmonic distortion factor of the line voltage (Vwthd) and normalized switching loss) is introduced as an objective function, and a spatial region identification algorithm is proposed to determine the optimized switching sequences for hybrid SVPWM technique. Two optimized hybrid SVPWM techniques are proposed based on the optimized switching sequences for three level VSI. The proposed hybrid SVPWM techniques are implemented on a low cost PIC microcontroller (PIC 18F452) and applied on an experimental prototype of three phase three level VSI with an induction motor as load. The experimental results are demonstrated to validate the performance of the proposed hybrid SVPWM techniques. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature. -
Design techniques in carry select adder using parallel prefix adder for improved switching energy
A new architecture of Carry select adder has been proposed with improved switching energy using parallel prefix adder. The conventional Carry select adder is the use of two Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) and a multiplexer. The findings in this work are the replacement of one RCA block by Brent Kung adder and the other RCA block by excess-1 converter. Simulation results show that the proposed Carry select adder is proved to have improved switching energy when compared with the other adders in 45nm CMOS process. 2021 Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT. All rights reserved. -
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Design, analysis and fabrication of EV with level-1 autonomous vehicle capability
The fact to this day remains true and the same for over a hundred years the Automobile industry and vehicles, in general, have become the pivoting point in our day to day lives. We might as well call it a necessary evil. Although it is very true that they have made our lives more convenient when we speak in terms of transportation; the pollution that conventional IC engine vehicles produce hasn't done much to create a cleaner environment especially with Global warming on the rise as we speak. The simplest remedy would be is to replace IC engine vehicles with Electric one, EV. A Problem common to both conventional IC engine vehicles and EV's alike is the accidents occurring due to collision caused by human error on-road. While safety measures have greatly been taken in order to reduce the damage done to the driver and passengers in the event of a collision it would be far better to avoid the collision altogether. Thus having at least, a Level-1 Autonomous Vehicles capability where the system alerts the driver in the event of a crash or collision and deploy full braking capability. Thanks to increasing urbanization and the advent of modern technology the need of the hour of the 21st century has given rise to high demands for employment in the motorized transport sectors. The authors were successfully able to design, analyze and fabricate an EV with Level-1 Autonomous Vehicles capability. The successful implementation of this project will help in reducing not only pollution and accidents occurring on-road due to vehicle collision but also pave paths in alimenting Level-1 Autonomous Vehicles capability in EV's inexpensively. 2020 Author(s). -
Design, Analysis and Validation of Electric Vehicle Control and Safety for Different Path Profiles and Braking Conditions
Energy conservation and Environmental pollution are two major challenges today for our society. Currently, utilization of the latest technology, to reduce energy consumption and harmful emissions from vehicles, is gaining significance in the contexts related to automobile, energy and power industries. Considerations of these contexts enable us to form a more realistic newlineperspective and a need for developing fuel efficient, comfortable and affordable electric vehicles. The importance of design and development of electric vehicle (EV) is better perceived when, there is a major impact on our future society due to (i) the energy saving aspect from newlineboth the customer side on individual expenditure as well as from the national economy viewpoint and (ii) the huge benefit due to reduction of emissions from internal combustion engines using fossil fuels. EV offers the best solution which not only avoids emissions but overcome the dependency on petroleum resources as well. Due to fewer moving parts, monitoring and controlling of EV are also smooth and relatively much easier. The embedded control techniques used in EV also contribute for a better controllable, observable, predictable newlineand efficient vehicle drive. This current research work focuses mainly on Electric Vehicle Mobility and Control aspects for a deeper study. This research work addresses topics related to mathematical modelling and simulation studies for design and analysis of EV control and safety. Validations of the several case studies done during this research are supported by software tools namely MATLAB/Simulink and IPG Carmaker Virtual Driving Simulation Platform. Starting from modelling, throughout the various stages of this work, realistic vehicle parameters and specifications are considered. The newlinedifferent levels of testing, validation and trial runs of the model-based designs are also validated by software in loop and hardware in loop approaches. Automotive Safety Integrity Level B/C hardware was used for the implementation purpose. -
Design, development and characterization of polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes for potential filtration applications
The present work projects to modify the surface of commercially available microfiltration membranes using polyelectrolyte multilayer assembly. This polyelectrolytic modification changes the nature and properties of the membrane such as porosity, absorption capacity, charge etc. which can be used for potential environmental application such as herbicide removal from water. Chitosan (CHI) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) were incorporated into nanostructured polymeric films on polyamide membrane using layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. The developed polyelectrolyte multilayer assembly were characterized by using UV-vis spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Design, development, and analysis of segment support system for TMT primary mirror
The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) adopts a recently developed technology known as Stressed Mirror Polishing for the polishing of its 492 mirror segments. In this process, first the meniscus type spherical shape glass blanks are converted in to a desired aspheric shape by the application of forces around the edges using warping arms followed by spherical polishing in the stressed condition. After that, the blank edges will be cut in to its final hexagonal shape. These warping as well as the hex cutting process generate significant stress within the glass which in later stage, will cause the propagation of micro cracks and results in blank breakage. So prior and after the hex cutting process, it is essential to ensure that the glass blanks are free from stress accumulation. Hence the glass blanks need to be stress relieved before the hex cutting process. To achieve this stress relaxation, the glass blanks need to be kept over a platform or a support system which will provide a zero gravity condition for a time period of at least 48 hours. As a part of this, we designed, developed and analyzed a whiffletree based support system which will equally distribute the entire mirror blank mass into three points which are equally separated by 120 from each other and thus balance itself as if it is in a floating condition. This support system which additionally gives optimized support for the glass blank which in turn minimizes the surface deformation due to its self weight sagging. This paper also discusses the positional sensitivity, reaction force sensitivity and alignment sensitivity analyses which are essential to obtain the tolerance values in the fabrication point of view. 2020 SPIE. -
Design, Synthesis, and Applications of Carbon Dots with Controlled Physicochemical Properties
Modification of carbon dots (CDs) is essential to enhance their photophysical newlineproperties and applicability. Physical (e.g., composite material blending, coreshell architecture) and chemical (e.g., doping, surface passivation) methods exist to modify CDs. Different precursors can impart varied functionalities and heteroatomic dopants on CDs. Despite several modification strategies, the reproducibility and scalability of CDs still need to be improved. Newer approaches for modifying CDs are thus essential to ensure lab-to-lab and batchto-batch consistency. Our study focused on developing novel strategies for the physicochemical modifications of CDs. The theoretical simulation we performed for surface-functionalised CDs with the aid of density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory helped to predict the mechanism of photoluminescence (PL) and to analyse the effect of hydrogen bonding on the newlineproperties of CDs (Chapter 3). We have developed a novel and general method for preparing amine functionalized CDs from modified paper precursors (Chapter 4). This strategy allows us to prepare CDs with customized functionalities, alleviating the post-synthesis modification. A novel ionimprinting strategy involving CDs synthesised from modified paper precursors newlinewas also developed through our research (Chapter 5). In another work, we utilized silk fibers as a matrix for immobilising CDs (Chapter 6). CDs prepared from mulberry leaves were fed to silkworms to produce CD-embedded silk fibres, which could be used to detect dopamine. In addition, we prepared CDs newlinefrom an unreported natural source (frankincense), which were used to detect lead ions (Chapter 7). We demonstrated the heavy metal sensing application of these newlineCDs in combination with a UV-light LED chip and a smartphone, which is relevant in resource-limited areas. The research results presented in the thesis are expected to inspire further investigations and applications related to CDs. -
Design, synthesis, single-crystal X-ray and docking studies of imidazopyridine analogues as potent anti-TB agents
With the intent to discover new anti-TB compounds, new imidazopyridine analogues were synthesized through Schiff-base reaction. The newly developed imidazopyridines (I1-I8) were characterized using spectroscopic and elemental analysis. In addition the structure of compound I3 was elucidated by the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The global chemical reactivity descriptor parameter was calculated using theoretically DFT-B3LYP-631G(d) basis set which estimated HOMO-LUMO value and results are discussed. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro anti-tubercular activity, while the most active compounds were subjected to a cytotoxicity assay on Vero cell lines. Most of the tested compounds exhibited significant anti-TB activity with MIC in the range 3.12 12.5 ?g/mL. Among the synthesized, compound I2 and I7 were found to be more active than the standard anti-TB drug streptomycin and comparable activity to pyrazinamide. A cytotoxicity study on Vero-cell lines confirmed the nontoxic nature of compound I2 and I7 indicating good safety profile. The molecular docking studies on PDB IB: 4ED4 enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was conducted to investigate mechanisms of anti-TB activity. The compounds displayed excellent hydrogen binding interactions and docking scores against MTB, which were in accordance with the results and further supported its credibility. 2023 -
Design, Training, and Implementation of A New Individualized Education Plan (IEP) Format For Special Educators And Students With Intellectual Disabilities At Selected Special Schools
An individualized Education Plan (IEP) is a multidisciplinary, teamdeveloped plan required for every child receiving special education services. The researcher delved into concerns surrounding Individualized newlineEducation Programs (IEPs) for students with intellectual disabilities. Two significant hurdles were discovered: existing IEPs lacked essential intervention areas, and special education teachers felt inadequately newlineequipped to construct effective plans. newlineThe study tackled these concerns head-on through a multi-pronged approach. Firstly, a meticulous analysis of existing IEPs revealed crucial sections missing from intervention plans, hindering their effectiveness. newlineThis analysis served as the blueprint for crafting a more comprehensive IEP format that addressed the identified gaps and provided a robust framework for intervention. Next, the study focused on empowering special education teachers. Sixty special education teachers certified by the Rehabilitation Council of newlineIndia, participated in training sessions on the new format, undergoing a vital skills and knowledge upgrade in IEP development. This equipped them with the tools and understanding necessary to create more effective plans tailored to individual student needs. The theory then transitioned to practice. Students with intellectual newlinedisabilities were included in interventions based on the improved IEPs, with their progress closely tracked and evaluated. The results were highly promising. Teachers demonstrated a tangible improvement in knowledge, translating into their ability to create more effective IEPs. More importantly, students thrived with the enhanced format. Those involved in interventions using the improved IEPs exhibited significant progress in various domains, highlighting the positive impact of the new approach. The study culminated in key recommendations for further newlineimprovement. Ongoing teacher training sessions were suggested to ensure teachers remain updated on best practices and evolving methodologies. -
Designing a Dynamic Topology (DHT) for Cluster Head Selection in Mobile Adhoc Network
The mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are a collection of dynamic nodes facilitating communication from source to destination either using single or multi hop forwarding mechanism. The nodes within the network possess energy constraints for which an effective clustering mechanism is used for facilitating communication between the nodes within and outside the clusters by designing a dynamic hybrid topology (DHT). The paper concentrates on clustering mechanism (EBCH) for reducing the energy consumption during communication from source to destination and number of parameters where analyzed in order to determine the selection of cluster head based on the energy consumption because this is directly related to the lifetime of the network. The implementation was carried out using MATLAB which offered an environment for performing simulation. The obtained results on comparison with conventional ENB and CPN algorithm improved the operations of cluster computation in ad hoc environments effectively in relation to the cluster head selection and reduced energy consumption. 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Designing A New Encryption - Then - Compression System for Grayscale Images Utilizing Entropy Encryption
In the digital era, images and video sequences have dramatically increased newlinebecause of the rapid growth of the Internet and the widespread utilization of multimedia systems. The advancement in technology facilitates a faster way of transmitting data; however, the channel used for communication is an untrusted medium. The proposed research focus on the secure newlinetransmission of grayscale images over a social networking site (SNS) provider called the untrusted channel. Rigorous research has been conducted on the secure transmission of images and proposed different models, namely Compression-then-Encryption (CtE) Systems and newlineEncryption-then-Compression (EtC) Systems. In EtC, the encrypted information is transmitted over the channel. However, the channel is newlinecompressing the information to reduce the overall traffic. Due to the compression performed by the channel, the decryption process may fail on the receiver side. Constructing an efficient EtC model, as good as the standard compression algorithms, will address the gap in research. Four objectives were formulated, and schemes were proposed for each objective to address the problem. Two schemes were developed to address the first objective, eliminating noise incurred during transmission through the channel. The first scheme eliminates the noise using a two-pass hybrid mean and median filter. In the second scheme, a supervised curve fitting a linear regression model with a mean filter is applied. To secure the transmission of images over the untrusted channel, the objectives two and three address the scrambling and encryption of images. A hybrid of improved Arnold transforms and ElGamal encryption is experimented with in the first scheme to address scrambling and encryption. In this initially, a Block-wise scrambling is applied to the image, followed by pixels-wise newlinescrambling within the block followed by Arnolds transform. The outcome is given to ElGamal encryption. -
Designing a One-Pot Ternary Fe-Mn-Zn Oxide Positive Electrode with Enhanced Energy-Storage Properties for Hybrid Supercapacitors
In recent years, ternary metal-oxide nanocomposite-based active electrodes have been investigated more effectively for supercapacitor applications due to the existence of a greater number of electroactive sites and the synergistic effect of three different transition-metal ions. Herein, Fe-Mn-Zn oxide ternary nanocomposites are synthesized using a simple and cost-effective one-pot hydrothermal approach. The characterizations of XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, HRTEM, and XPS are analyzed for the synthesized Fe-Mn-Zn oxide nanocomposites to study their phases, functional groups, morphologies, purity, and binding energies. The electrochemical characteristics for the developed electrodes are studied in a three-electrode technique using CV, GCD, EIS, and a cyclic stability test. As expected, the ternary nanocomposite electrode of Fe-Mn-Zn oxide reveals a maximum specific capacitance (Cspc1) of 1673.4 F/g in comparison to other developed electrodes of ZnFe2O4 (271.7 F/g) and ZnMn2O4 (412.7 F/g) at the appropriate scan rate of 10 mV/s. In addition, the Fe-Mn-Zn oxide ternary nanocomposite active electrode exhibits 2616.25 F/g of total capacitance (qT**), 686.94 F/g of outer capacitance (qO**), and 1929.30 F/g of inner capacitance (qI**) which are determined by Trasatti analysis. Moreover, the fabricated hybrid supercapacitor device provides a good specific capacitance of 320.8 F/g, a high energy density of 75.3 Wh/kg at the power density of 649.9 W/kg at 1 A/g of current density range, and 88.75% of superior capacitive retention over 10,000 cycles at 10 A/g. Therefore, a ternary metal-oxide nanocomposite electrode is proposed to be a promising material for energy-storage devices. 2024 American Chemical Society.