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Gender gap in travel behaviour and public opinion on proposed policy measures: Evidence from India
Employing primary survey data collected from Jaipur city in India, this work attempts to evaluate inconsistencies in travel behaviour based on gender. It also intends to discuss the public opinion on a few proposed policy changes which can aid in bridging the established gender gap. Stratified random sampling approach is used to gather data on travel pattern measures and socioeconomic attributes. Descriptive statistics complemented with bivariate probit model and seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model is applied on the data acquired. The obtained results confirm the existence of a gender gap in all observed measures of travel behaviour. Compared to men, women travel shorter distances, use more of non-motorised modes of transport, have lower frequency of travelling, and travel majorly for purposes other than work. Results of the study also highlight how a majority of the respondents are in favour of policy changes aimed at narrowing the observed gender disparities. The analysis demands infrastructural development of non-motorised transportation and public transportation in the city in such a way which is both efficient and secured, so as to neither obstruct the objective of empowerment nor of sustainability. 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
Gender Identification of Silkworm Pupa and Automated Cocoon Cutting Machine for Benefiting the Sericulture Grainages in Karnataka
Sericulture is the backbone of a mediocre farmer family in India. Sericulture provides a major financial support to the farmers with minimum infrastructure and maintenance. Farmers collect the seed cocoons from the grainages also known as seed factories. Grainages produce high quality seeds by mating the male and female cocoons. There is a huge demand of labor in these seed factories to process cocoons. The process includes deflossing, removal of pupa from the cocoon, gender identification, mating, storage of seeds, dispersal of eggs to farmers. Removal of pupa from the cocoon requires the labor to cut open a small portion of the cocoon and remove the pupa from inside. Presently in India, most of the grainages induce female laborers to perform the above job. Pupa is removed from the cocoon by cutting the cocoon using a stainless-steel blade. Each labour is given certain amount of cocoons to cut in a day. This requirement would force the laborers to perform the job at a higher speed which poses a threat of getting wounded by the blade. Hence the process of removal of pupa from the cocoon and sex identification of pupa to be automated. Thereby it is important to automate the possible processes in the grainages which could reduce human intervention and increase productivity. Bivoltaine hybrid race of silkworm namely FC1 and FC2 are the varieties under consideration for the research. Theses silkworm varieties are majorly used in grainages for seed production and hence the proposed machine was introduced. This semi automated cocoon cutting machine identifies the gender of the cocoon and later cut the required amount of cocoons minimally. This process would help in maintaining the maximum reliability of silk thread. Thereby the silkworm gender identification has to be non destructive. Image classification were done using Convolution Neural Network (CNN), Visual Geometry Group 16 (VGG16) and Efficient net methods, among which the latter produced highest accuracy. The Efficient Net method has produced the validation accuracy of 98.99% for FC1 and 99.9 for FC2 variety. An automated cocoon cutting machine was developed to cut open the cocoons at a high speed. It is important to automate the possible processes in the grainages which could reduce human intervention and increase productivity. This paper focuses on automating the gender identification and removal of the pupa from the cocoon. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Gender Issues and Related Social Stigma Affecting Patients with a Disorder of Sex Development in India
Children with disorders of sex development (DSD) manifest at birth with malformed genitalia or later with atypical pubertal development. Those born with malformed genitalia are often diagnosed at birth. However, in resource-poor countries like India, where not all births are supervised by healthcare workers, some of these children remain undiagnosed until puberty or even later. The aim of this study was to assess the gender issues and psychosocial problems of children with DSD. Participants included 205 children with DSD (103 with 46,XX DSD and 102 with 46,XY DSD). Both the children with DSD and their parents underwent semistructured interviews by a clinical psychologist. The birth of a child with DSD was perceived as a major medical and social problem by parents from all socioeconomic strata. Mothers were distressed as many believed the DSD condition was transmitted through the mother. Children who were not diagnosed and treated during infancy or early childhood experienced considerable social discrimination not only from relatives and friends but also from medical and paramedical staff in hospitals. Several patients had been operated during infancy without an etiological diagnosis and without provision of adequate information to the parents. Some children had problems related to complications of surgery. Most teenage patients with 5?-reductase-2 deficiency reared as females presented with gender dysphoria, while children with androgen insensitivity (except for one) or with gonadal dysgenesis developed a gender identity concordant with their gender of rearing. Parents of children with DSD preferred a male gender assignment for their children (if that was possible) because of the social advantages of growing up male in a patriarchal society. 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York. -
Gender justice and women empowerment: Legal measures in India
Educating the girl child, creating job opportunities, putting women in decision making roles, and making pro-women laws protecting them from oppression were some of the many steps that were designed for women's empowerment. But many years down the line the quest for a just society that values women and accords them the necessary dignity and respect is still on. A paternalistic approach with the assumption that women were victims of the social divide was adopted to rid women of their troubles. Being vulnerable they required protection; and so a number of measures were required and adopted to empower her. The authors argue that the flaw in the law is in its paternalistic approach, which does not accord autonomy of self-governance or self-direction. The autonomy needs to be redefined as a relative idea where a just and compassionate society nurtures its members and creates social conditions that strengthens autonomous decisions, instead of impeding them, for the realization of their full potential. It can neither be a masculine versus feminine argument nor be attained in isolation. 2016 Journal of Dharma: Dharmaram Journal of Religions and Philosophies (DVK, Bangalore). -
Gender modulates the development of theta event related oscillations in adolescents and young adults
The developmental trajectories of theta band (4-7. Hz) event-related oscillations (EROs), a key neurophysiological constituent of the P3 response, were assessed in 2170 adolescents and young adults ages 12 to 25. The theta EROs occurring in the P3 response, important indicators of neurocognitive function, were elicited during the evaluation of task-relevant target stimuli in visual and auditory oddball tasks. These tasks call upon attentional and working memory resources. Large differences in developmental rates between males and females were found; scalp location and task modality (visual or auditory) differences within males and females were small compared to gender differences. Trajectories of interregional and intermodal correlations between ERO power values exhibited increases with age in both genders, but showed a divergence in development between auditory and visual systems during ages 16 to 21. These results are consistent with previous electrophysiological and imaging studies and provide additional temporal detail about the development of neurophysiological indices of cognitive activity. Since measures of the P3 response has been found to be a useful endophenotypes for the study of a number of clinical and behavioral disorders, studies of its development in adolescents and young adults may illuminate neurophysiological factors contributing to the onset of these conditions. 2015 Elsevier B.V. -
Gender of the Firm Owner and Export Determinants of the Firms in India: an Empirical Analysis
This study aims to analyse the factors that influence the export decision of firms in India. These factors are unorthodox to the macroeconomic variables, for example, specific firm characteristics and resource stock variables that an enterprise in India may or may not have command over. The most significant of the firm characteristic variables is the gender of the firm owner. Given the binary identity of the explained variable (Export Status of a Firm), the paper uses Binary Logistic Regression. It reports the odds ratio for the individual variable interpretation. The study has also examined descriptive findings and model fit using the Hosmer. The study ceases a statistically significant relationship between the gender of the firm owner and the export decision of a firm. The odds of the firm being an exporter increases when the firm owner is a female. Further, the study also interprets several firm characteristics and resource stock variables that had an impact on the export decision of a firm in India. 2024 AESSRA. All rights reserved. -
Gender-Based microaggressions, impostor phenomenon, and turnover intention among women IT Employees
Microaggressions are everyday verbal, behavioural, or environmental slights that signal hostility towards marginalised groups. Such microaggressions when extended towards women in a workplace can lead to a lasting impact on the health and well-being of the women employees. The professional growth and development also would be hampered, deterring women from climbing ladders of professional success. The present study aims to understand the impact of gender-based microaggressions on women and questions whether such microaggressions can be linked to impostor phenomenon and turnover intention in them. Primary data was collected from 129 women IT employees employed in Bangalore's informational technology sector in four different job positions. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis Test were used for data analysis. The results show that there are significant and positive relationships between gender-based microaggressions and impostor phenomenon and turnover intention among women IT employees. 2024, IGI Global. -
Gender-based spatial segregation: ladies compartments in the Mumbai local trains
The local trains of Mumbai are one of the most crowded means of public transport, but often preferred by many women due to the provision of exclusive ladies compartments reserved for women. While these compartments provide women a space safe from sexual assault, conflicts due to class and religious differences arise among the women who occupy this in-between space. Moreover, the continuous use of ladies compartments leads to the labelling of general compartment as gents, affects the interactions between men and women in different railway spaces, and also configures the public as already segregated according to a binary understanding of gender. Based on the findings from an ethnographic study of womens experiences of using the ladies compartments, I argue that the provision of segregation gives rise to specific mobility practices in the ladies compartments. The logic of segregation spills over to other railway spaces, and these can complicate our understanding of mobility as empowering for women travellers. 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
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Gendered Informality: An Assessment of Operational Attributes and Entrepreneurial Performance of Female-Owned Enterprises in Jharkhand
The present study utilises the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO)s 73rd round unincorporated non-agricultural enterprise data to analyse diverse operational and economic attributes of female-owned enterprises and their influence on enterprise performance with regard to enterprises gross value added (GVA) in the state of Jharkhand. The study additionally endeavours to ascertain the correlation amidst the operational attributes and the type of enterprise owned (established or own account) in the state. From a methodological standpoint, the current inquiry incorporates exploratory and regression analysis to give a comprehensive understanding of female entrepreneurship in Jharkhand and its gender differentials. The study findings indicate that specific attributes such as enterprise registration, account maintenance, enterprise locating outside the household premises, expanding and perennial status have a positive association with the GVA of the female-owned enterprise. It further highlights that female entrepreneurs, especially from marginalised backgrounds, view entrepreneurship as a necessity rather than a choice. There exists a notable gender disparity, with majority of enterprises owned by females predominantly operating within residential premises. Moreover, female involvement in a well-established enterprise is substantially lower compared to male workers, thus indicating an inverse correlation between the nature of the enterprise and its employment framework. 2024 Institute of Rural Management, Anand, Gujarat, India. -
Generalisation of the rainbow neighbourhood number and k-jump colouring of a graph
In this paper, the notions of rainbow neighbourhood and rainbow neigh-bourhood number of a graph are generalised and further to these general-isations, the notion of a proper k-jump colouring of a graph is also intro-duced. The generalisations follow from the understanding that a closed k-neighbourhood of a vertex v ? V (G) denoted, Nk [v] is the set, Nk [v] = {u: d(v, u) ? k, k ? N and k ? diam(G)}. If the closed k-neighbourhood Nk [v] contains at least one of each colour of the chromatic colour set, we say that v yields a k-rainbow neighbourhood. 2020, Eszterhazy Karoly College. All rights reserved. -
Generalized p-Transmuted Neutrosophic Distributions: Theory and its Applications
The study of neutrosophy offers a fresh approach for handling uncertain data with adaptability. This article explores the application of neutrosophic probability distribution in constructing a transmuted neutrosophic framework. Specifically, it introduces a generalized transmuted neutrosophic distribution. Building upon this generalization, quadratic and cubic transmuted distributions are developed and examined alongside certain lifetime distributions serving as foundational neutrosophic models. Additionally, an empirical investigation is conducted to assess the practicality and versatility of these distributions in real-world contexts. 2024, American Scientific Publishing Group (ASPG). All rights reserved. -
Generalized Ricci soliton and paracontact geometry
In the present paper, we study generalized Ricci soliton in the framework of paracontact metric manifolds. First, we prove that if the metric of a paracontact metric manifold M with Q?= ?Q is a generalized Ricci soliton (g,X) and if X? 0 is pointwise collinear to ?, then M is K-paracontact and ?-Einstein. Next, we consider closed generalized Ricci soliton on K-paracontact manifold and prove that it is Einstein provided ?(?+ 2 n?) ? 1. Next, we study K-paracontact metric as gradient generalized almost Ricci soliton and in this case we prove that (i) the scalar curvature r is constant and is equal to - 2 n(2 n+ 1) ; (ii) the squared norm of Ricci operator is constant and is equal to 4 n2(2 n+ 1) , provided ??? - 1. 2021, Instituto de Matemica e Estattica da Universidade de S Paulo. -
Generalized Ricci solitons on Riemannian manifolds admitting concurrent-recurrent vector field
Let (M,g) be a Riemannian manifold admitting a concurrent-recurrent vector field ?. We prove that if the metric g is a generalized Ricci soliton such that the potential field V is a conformal vector field, then M is Einstein. Next we show that if the metric of M is a gradient generalized Ricci soliton, then either of these three occurs: (i) ?? is invariant along gradient of potential function; (ii) M is Einstein; (iii) the potential vector field is pointwise collinear to concurrent-recurrent vector field ?. Finally, we investigate gradient generalized Ricci soliton on a Riemannian manifold (M,g) admitting a unit parallel vector field, and in this case we show that if g is a non-steady gradient generalized Ricci soliton, then the Ricci tensor satisfies Ric=-??{g-?????}, where ?? is the canonical 1-form associated to ?. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Forum DAnalystes. -
Generalized Vertex Induced Connected Subsets of a Graph
Vol.2 (May), 61-68 -
Generalized viscoelastic flow with thermal radiations and chemical reactions
Background: A generalized model of mathematical nature is considered to address the viscoelastic flow problem using fractional derivatives. Control/freedom of the flow mechanism is achieved with these derivatives. In simulations of industrial interest, more variations are available with fractional derivatives when compared with ordinary derivatives. Relaxation times are incorporated to handle the abrupt changes in the flow domain. Fluid flow is carried out under the influence of thermal radiations and when a heat source or sink is present. Chemical reactions of the first order are observed in the mathematical modeling of the flow. Methods: Flow is induced with the movement of the lower surface while applying force on the x-plane. Simulations of the governing mathematical problem are computed with the combination of finite element and finite difference algorithms. Significant Findings: It is noted that velocity, temperature, and concentration change with the variation of fractional order derivatives which was not possible with the classical derivatives. Moreover, with greater relaxation times, velocity, temperature, and concentration remained at a lower level. The modeled mechanism can be considered to avoid costly trials in chemical and polymer casting industries. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Generation a: Life perspectives, potentials, challenges and future of neurodiverse stars in India
In India, one in 500 people (Balaji, 2019) are diagnosed with ASD. Around 40 non-governmental organizations cater to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children; out of that, a few organizations focus on adults providing them vocational training to make them employable. One such exercise was initiated by SAP Labs India, a leading software company, and Enable India, an Indian NGO where they developed a focused training program for people with ASD and placed them in vital technical jobs in SAP Labs India (Karwa, 2016). First, we peek into the lifestyles of a few successful neurodiverse rock stars in India and their journey from becoming aware of their profile to establishing a career and becoming a role model to other people with ASD. Second, we present the autism landscape in India. Third, we explore the organizations that have hired people with ASD, their policies connected to neurodiversity, and the organizations that give training and support. Fourth, we present the potentials and the challenges people with ASD face. Fifth and final, we cover the role of different stakeholders to foster support and up-skill people with ASD for better community development. 2022 by Emerald Publishing Limited. All rights reserved. -
Generation of Dynamic Table Using Magic Square to Enhance the Security for the ASCII CODE Using RSA
The efficiency of any cryptosystem not only depends on the speed of the encryption and decryption processes but also on its ability to produce different ciphertexts for the same plaintext. RSA, the public key cryptosystem, is the most famous and widely accepted cryptosystem, but it has some security vulnerabilities because it produces the same ciphertext for identical plaintexts occurring in several places. To enhance the security of RSA, magic square-based encoding models have been proposed in the literature. Although magic square-based encoding models have been proposed, they are static. Thus, this paper introduces a dynamic-based magic square with RSA, where encryption and decryption are performed using numbers generated from the magic square instead of ASCII values. Unlike the static magic square, the proposed dynamic magic square allows users to specify the starting and ending numbers in any position rather than fixed positions. In the proposed dynamic magic square generation, different 4 4 magic square templates are created, and 16 16 magic squares are generated from them. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the improved security of RSA. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Generative AI and its impact on creative thinking abilities in higher education institutions
Generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT have started gaining increased popularity among higher education institutions. Students, as well as teaching professionals, can utilize these tools for various academic purposes due to the immense benefits they provide by way of customization of data generated and ease of access to data. However, this chapter seeks to analyze how such tools may impact students' creative thinking ability. It also analyses the drawbacks faced by teachers after implementation of such tools. The methodology adopted for the study was two surveys: one administered to gather students' opinions and the other for understanding teachers' perspectives. The analysis of the data collected shows that the over-reliance of students on such generative AI tools might hinder students' ability to think creatively to some extent. The chapter also suggests some of the strategies that can be adopted by teachers to ensure students' capabilities are assessed accurately. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved.