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Experimental Investigation of Salt Hydrate Phase-Change Material (Shape-Stabilized) Applied to a Solar Collector
A complex element of water heater by solar power involves the requirements of storage tank, which not only occupies considerable space but also adds com-plexity to the plumbing and installation procedures; this research marks the initial endeavor to practically utilize shape-stabilized (SS) phase-change material (PCM) within a tank-less, evacuated tube with direct absorption (ET-Direct Absorption) solar collector. The primary objective was to tackle challenge of storage of the solar power. A PCM (salt hydrate) was proposed, with different component concentrations explored to determine the most effective mixture. Once the optimal compound was identified, it underwent rigorous testing over numerous cycles to ensure its sustainable its storing capabilities. Additionally, the planetary system was charged in dormancy mode (without flow of water) and subsequently discharged at the rate of flows of 15, 25, and 35 liters per hour (LPH). Results indicated a note-worthy improvement in efficiency of the heat system in the stasis mode, which increases from 62 to 80% with the utilization of this heat storing cum collecting unit. Moreover, it was observed that transitioning from a rate of flow of 1525 LPH had minimal impact on the collec-tors heat gain, but using a rate of flow of 35 LPH sig-nificantly reduced efficiency of discharge. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Experimental Investigation of Nano Hexagonal Boron Nitride Reinforcement in Aluminum Alloys Through Casting Method
Aluminum metal matrix composites (AlMMCs) have a significant impact on a variety of industries that seek for innovation, efficiency, and sustainability. AlMMCs are substantial because of the special combination of properties that make them an essential part of contemporary production and design. Custom made properties of the AlMMCs can be obtained by the reinforcing different ceramic particles. Among the reinforcements, nano hexagonal boron nitride were rarely used. Hexagonal boron nitride particles have self-lubrication properties and it is one of the promising substitutes of graphite. The incorporation of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as a reinforcement material in aluminum alloys has garnered significant attention in recent years. This paper provides an overview of the reinforcement of nano hBN in aluminum alloys through casting method and highlights the mechanical and thermal properties of these alloys. The results show that the wear rate of the composite at 2wt.% is 9.91% lower for a load of 40 N when compared to unreinforced composite. Furthermore, the impact of hBN content, dispersion, and processing parameters on the properties of the composites is analyzed. The unique structural and thermal properties of hBN, along with excellent lubricating abilities, make it a promising candidate for reinforcing aluminum composites. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Experimental investigation of Glass Laminate Aluminium Reinforced Epoxy characteristics influences through low velocity impact test
The fibre being one of the recently implemented advanced materials in distinctive applications is being reinforced with metals to constitute a unique composite laminate. This reinforcement will enhance the sustenance property of the laminate used in automotive sectors. In most automotive sectors, drop weight analysis at varying velocity ranges is performed to evaluate the damage characteristics of the vehicle body. Hence, the present work leads us through the study on influence of low-velocity impact at varying heights over the Glass Laminate Aluminium-Reinforced Epoxy (GLARE) laminate characteristics. Here, the laminate of constant thickness was subjected to drop weight impact. Three distinct thicknesses of (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mm) Al-2024 T3 aluminium alloy were used. The results indicate that laminate can sustain up to critical load in terms of impact velocity as 3.13 m/s, and beyond which, it leads to delamination damage at 3.49 m/s. The above results indicate that the maximum absorbed energy by the laminate before catastrophic failure (crack) was noticed to be 14.43 J in the case of sample B. Further, it is noticed that GLARE laminate with 0.3 mm face sheet thickness has best results with reference to both absorbed energy and damage when compared with other thicknesses. 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Experimental investigation of boundary shear stress in meandering channels
Laboratory experimentation for bed shear stress distribution has been carried out in two sets of meandering channels. The channels have cross-over angles of 110 and 60 constructed by 'sine-generated' curves over a flume of 4?m width. Variations in bed roughness were studied for the meandering main channel. Bed shear stress distribution across a meandering length for the 110 and 60 channels was examined for different sinuosities and roughnesses. The boundary shear stress study illustrated the position of maximum shear along the apex section and across the meandering path. These variations were observed for different flow depths. A comparison of the bed shear among the three experimental channels was conducted, and the results were analyzed. 2023 Author(s). -
Experimental Investigation of Air Circulation Using Duct System in a Non-AC Bus Coach
Public transport is the life line in many of the developing and under developed countries for the safe conveyance, i.e. also consider as economical. The major limitation in public transport (non-AC busses) Air Condition, is the lack of proper air circulation leading to suffocation and vomiting. The present research work emphasis on design and analysis of air flow duct system (non AC Busses) to increase the level of comfortance of the passengers, tools like solidworks software 2016 is used for 3D drawing, Hypermesh software 13.0 is for the discretization and ANSYS Fluent software 16.0 for the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis, from the experimental the airflow is found to be 10 m/s, and from the numerical analysis the airflow is found to be 9.8 m/s, by comparing the experimental and numerical results a negligible deviation of 2% is observed and it is within the limit. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. -
Experimental investigation of a biomass-derived nanofluid with enhanced thermal conductivity as a green, sustainable heat-transfer medium and qualitative comparison via mathematical modelling
In this study, bio-based carbon nanospheres (CNSs) were synthesized from lignocellulosic-rich groundnut skin (Arachis hypogaea) and tested for their practical application in nanofluids (NFs) for enhanced heat transfer. The CNSs were characterized using various techniques, including FESEM, EDS, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, and FTIR. Thermal conductivity (TC) and viscosity measurements were conducted using transient plane source (TPS) technique with a Hot Disk thermal analyser and discovery hybrid rheometer, respectively. The nanoparticles (NPs) were dispersed in two base fluids: ethylene glycol (EG) and a 60 : 40 mixture of deionized water (DI) and EG. Optimization studies were performed by varying the stirring and measurement times to improve TC values. The results showed that when a power source of 40 mW was applied at a high concentration of nanoparticles (i.e., 0.1 wt%), there was a 91.9% increment in thermal conductivity (TC) compared to the base fluid EG. DI-EG-based nanofluids (NFs) exhibited enhancements of up to 45% compared to the base fluid DI-EG (60 : 40), with a heating power of 80 mW and concentration of 0.1 wt%. These results demonstrated significant TC improvements with NP incorporation. Further experiments were performed by varying the temperature in the range of 30-80 C with readings taken for every 10 C increase, which showed a direct relation with the TC values. At 80 C, EG-based NFs showed increments of 77%, 111.49%, 139.67% and 175% at 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 wt% concentrations of NPs, respectively. It was also found that with the increase in the concentration of NPs, viscosity increased, whereas an increase in the temperature led to a decrease in viscosity. The CNS nanofluid exhibited a Newtonian behaviour with the nanoparticle concentration and temperature, resulting in an approximately 114% enhancement compared to the base fluid when the concentration of CNSs was 0.1 wt% at 30 C but decreased by up to 18% when the temperature was increased to 90 C. Using appropriate mathematical models for assessing thermophysical quantities, it was discovered that the model values and experimental values correspond reasonably well. Our method thus validates our experimental results and deepens the understanding of the mechanisms behind enhancing thermal conductivity in biomass-derived nanofluids. In summary, our work advances sustainable nanomaterial synthesis, providing a new solution for boosting thermal conductivity while maintaining environmental integrity, thereby inspiring further research and innovation in this field. 2024 RSC. -
Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation of Air Circulation in a Non-AC Bus Coach System
Air circulation plays a vital role in the comfort of passengers in a bus, being a non-AC bus without any aid from the air conditioning system. The circulation of air is utterly dependent on the design of the bus and the natural flow of air. However, optimize the flow of air inside the bus, a study on the design of the bus is needed. In this regard, experimental work was carried out to achieve uniform airflow by redesigning the coach into an aerodynamic shape. The openings are provided at the leading edge of the bus to evaluate the best possibility for air to circulate in the bus. Three openings were provided at the leading edge of the bus, the first and second openings were mere openings, and the third opening was fitted with a roof vent providing three different geometric patterns to airflow. The initial boundary conditions were developed by considering that all windows and doors of the bus are closed. The scaling ratio of 1:20 was considered for modeling the bus. The experiments were conducted in the wind tunnel test rig. It was observed from the experimentation that the velocity of the air was considered to be the most influential parameter for the optimal air circulation. The velocities of 21.96 m/s and 22.68 m/s were obtained inside bus. The obtained experimental velocities were validated with results obtained by the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). It was observed that a deviation of 5% for the given velocity of 20 m/s. 2022 Materials and Energy Research Center. All rights reserved. -
Experimental investigation and influence of filling ratio on heat transfer performance of a pulsating heat pipe
Experimental investigation of the two-phase system of a pulsating heat pipe taken into account useful heat transfer In the field of thermal management, many new prospective concepts and techniques have been developed, one of which is the pulsating heat pipe, a classic heat transfer technique. The PHP is constructed from 8 turns of copper tubes with inner diameters of 2 mm, wall widths of 1 mm, and a total length of 5324 mm. The CLPHP uses ethylene glycol as the functioning liquid at different fill proportions of 45 %, 55 %, 65 %, 75 %, and 85 % of its amount. The evaporator section is heated electrically by a plate heater ranging from 120 W to 600 W, and the condenser section is cooled by a continuous flow of cooling water. The results thermal resistance decreases gradually with an increase in heat transfer rate. It is apparent that a lower rate of thermal resistance is by a fill ratio of 55 %. The evaporator temperature is 181.57 C and the condenser temperature is 41.06 C for ethylene glycol measured for calculating heat transfer performance at 600 W, thermal resistance is 0.136 C/W, heat transfer coefficient is 526.45 W/m2-C, and enhanced heat transfer is thus good, exhibiting good improvement at a full percentage of 55 % and when compared with CFD results. 2023 Elsevier Ltd -
Experimental instigating a counter cultural film platform in Bangalore /
Moving Image Review & Art Journal (MIRAJ), Vol.7, Issue 2, pp.189-297, ISSN No: 2045-6298. -
Experimental evaluation of image segmentation for heart images
The cardiac death is the principal reason of the death in the world.The research work focuses on finding an efficient image segmentation technique for the computer aided detection and also to decrease the noise in the image.The segmentation is implemented with the help of fuzzy C-means clustering along with dual inverse thresholding function and Otsu thresholding.Experimental proof is evaluated with the help of morphological functions and with Gaussian function.The result of the work provides an accurate segmentation for myocardial ischemia in the human heart photo image as well as magnetic resonance imaging. Copyright 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Experimental Design of Interoperable Smart Lighting for Elderly Care
Smart Home attains an active role in elderly care. Vision impairments caused by aging makes elders more dependent and affects the circadian rhythm or body clock. Some vision impairments can be improved by providing additional lighting. Smart lighting is the leading solution in providing adequate quality of lighting which helps elders to perform their daily activities independently. Various smart lighting solutions for elderly care are proposed in past and failed to consider about the energy loss due to over lighting. Additionally, the solutions are more independent in nature and not integrable to existing smart home solutions. To provide a solution to these ongoing challenges, an experimental design has been proposed to manage the adequate quality lighting for elderly people by controlling the illuminance and color temperature of the light with a feedback mechanism. Also, this experiment has integrated into a popular smart home platform. The proposed design keeps monitoring the ambient lighting and maintains the room's illumination as required for elderly individuals. The functional behaviors of the experimental design are evaluated using a testbed. The result shows that the proposed design reduces the energy usage more than 50% along with providing adequate lighting for elderly individuals. In addition, this experimental design promises that the proposed method can be easily integrated into any existing smart home solutions with its native scripting framework. 2024 IEEE. -
Experimental design for optimization of 4-nitrophenol reduction by green synthesized CeO2/g-C3N4/Ag catalyst using response surface methodology
In this study, the enhancement of catalytic activity of ceria when modified with co-catalysts such as graphitic carbon nitride and silver was established. The material was synthesized using phytogenic combustion method, a green alternative to the traditional preparative routes. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XPS and TEM techniques. The synergistic effect of the composite CeO2/g-C3N4/Ag was tested for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol in the presence of sodium borohydride. The reaction was carried out at room temperature without any light source or external stirring. The individual and combined effects of four parameters, viz., concentration of 4-NP, amount of catalyst, amount of NaBH4 and time for the reduction of reduction 4-NP were investigated using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM). This statistical model was used to optimize the reaction conditions for maximum reduction of 4-NP. The optimum conditions for the reduction reaction are found to be 0.01 mmol/L 4-NP, 15 mg catalyst, 20 mg NaBH4 and 13.7 min time interval. 2020 Chinese Society of Rare Earths -
Experimental Augmentation of Heat Transfer in a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger using Twisted Tape with baffles and hiTrain Wire Matrix Inserts - A Comparative Study
Heat transfer, a mere process of exchange of heat due to a temperature gradient, plays a vital role in industries and domestic applications. Among all the heat exchangers, Shell and Tube Exchanger are used predominantly due to their compact and robust design. For a given design to increase the heat transfer characteristics needs a research investigation. Among all augmentation techniques, a passive method found widely used as it avoids mechanical modification of the existing heat exchanger and addresses only on flow geometry. Twisted tape inserts are extensively used to change the flow geometry of fluid on the tube side. The present research work intended on utilising twisted tape, twisted tape with baffles and hiTrain wire matrix inserts. Experimental investigation reveals that inserts efficiently disturb the tube side fluid flow, in turn, increases pressure drop which increases the fluid wall shear and hence enhances the substantial increase in tube side heat transfer rate. At lower Reynolds number twisted tape with baffles has comparatively higher heat transfer coefficient, and at higher Reynolds, number hiTrain wire has comparatively higher heat transfer coefficient. Friction factor decreases linearly from twisted tape with baffles to hiTrain wire matrix as Reynolds number increases. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. -
Experimental Approach and CFD Analysis on Flow Devices
This paper deals with the study of experimental approach and investigation by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on various flow devices. An orifice meter, venturimeter and a nozzle meter are the most common type of measuring devices used for rate of flow by creating the differences in velocity and pressure. Pressure drop is an important parameter occurring in these flow devices, which is due to restricted passage of flow, properties, diameter ratio, etc. The focus here is to calculate the coefficient of discharge and other flow parameters to analyze theoretically with the application of Bernoullis equation. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the variations across the sections of orifice meter, venturimeter and nozzle meter. Comparison of results by both experimental and computational methods was clearly understood, and also, the flow level was calibrated by calculating the coefficient of discharge in both the methods. 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of 3-[(2-chlorophenyl)diazenyl]pyridine-2,6-diamine as Optical Limiter
Azobenzenes undergo reversible trans-cis photoisomerization and have been extensively studied as photoresponsive material. In contrast, azopyridines have garnered relatively less attention despite their similar photochemistry. When compared to azobenzene, azopyridines offer more opportunities for material design through hydrogen bonding and coordination chemistry. Here, we report the isomerization for 3-[(2-chlorophenyl)diazenyl]pyridine-2,6-diamine (1od) through an integrative experimental and computational study. Notably, the energy barrier of 1od was significantly lower than that of previously reported azobenzenes. Moreover, we investigated and elucidated the photoisomerization pathway. 1od exhibited high nonlinear absorption, with a nonlinear absorption coefficient (?eff) of 1.31 (Formula presented.) 10?9 m W?1, as determined by Z-scan measurements. The results indicate that 1od has potential applications in optical limiters, which are used to fabricate protective eyewear and safeguard optical sensors from damage. 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Experimental and Theoretical Approach of Evaluating Chitosan Ferulic Acid Amide as an Effective Corrosion Inhibitor
Phenolic acid grafted chitosan has widespread drug delivery applications, as bio adsorbent, packing material, etc., due to its excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. However, for the first time, the anticorrosive efficiency of ferulic acid modified chitosan has been investigated. The prepared chitosan derivative is characterized using spectral methods, thermal analytical methods, surface charge, and particle size analysis. The evaluation of corrosion inhibition potential showed a highest value of 95.96% at 303K. Thermodynamic activation and adsorption parameters endorse a mixed adsorption process involving an initial electrostatic interaction followed by chemisorption. Electrochemical studies gave results which agreed well with the gravimetric studies. Surface morphological studies were performed using contact angle measurements, FESEM, EDAX, AFM, optical profilometric and UV spectral techniques. Computational studies involving quantum chemical calculations, Monte Carlo and molecular dynamic simulation studies, and radial distribution function analysis are further done to validate the experimental results. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Experimental and finite element studies on the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete using natural zeolite and additives
Addressing high carbon footprints is a critical global problem in cement production. Using environmentally friendly materials has proven to be a solution to environmental challenges. In this study, High-Strength Concrete of M60 is produced with Natural Zeolite and industrial waste materials. The combinations of 5 % zeolite and varying percentages of industrial wastes such as Silica Fume, Metakaolin, and Fly Ash are tested for mechanical properties. The laboratory test data is compared with numerical simulations to assess the accuracy and determine the error percentage for concrete strength predictions. The process involves the development of numerical solutions by ANSYS to predict strength. The developed numerical solution determines the accuracy of identifying the difference between the experimental and numerical data. The present research on the comparison of experimental and numerical data by ANSYS showed the lowest error percentage, which is acceptable for all the strength properties of concrete. 2024 -
Experimental and finite element analysis of thermal stress on thermal spray coated AISI 304 stainless steel specimen using low cost solid lubricant
The scope of this work is to investigate the thermal stress on the CaF2 coated AISI 304 stainless steel substrate using both finite element analysis and experimental method. The influence of temperature and coating thickness on the thermal stress was investigated by conducting the test at different temperatures ranging from 100C to 1000C and by varying the coating thickness at 250, 350 and 450m. Stoneys equation was then used to investigate the thermal stress analytically and the finite element analysis results were then compared with the analytical results. From the experimental results it was found that the specimen coated with 450m coating thickness has better resistance to thermal stress compared to other samples taken for investigation. The experimental results were then validated to confirm the effectiveness of the coating thickness by conducting a confirmation test using thermal shock test to validate the results experimentally. The samples after the thermal shock test were examined using SEM, revealing numerous cracks, voids and peel off of the coating as the major reason for higher thermal stress on samples coated with 250 and 350m. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2023. -
Experimental and Analytical Study of High-Strength Concrete Containing Natural Zeolite and Additives
The study compares the durability of Natural Zeolite with Metakaolin, Silica Fume, and Fly Ash on high-strength concrete. 300 concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength before and after an acid attack, modulus of elasticity, water absorption, and rapid chloride permeability. 5%, 10%, and 15% of the cement were replaced with cementitious elements while maintaining the same quantity of Natural Zeolite. In this investigation, the water-cement ratio was maintained at 0.35. After 28 days, the specimens were tested for durability. Samples of all mixes were TG/DT and FTIR tested. The optimal percentages of cementitious materials that resulted to the maximum durability enhancements were reported as the study results. Experimental results showed that Natural Zeolite and Metakaolin strengthened the durability of concrete. All the data show that 5% Natural Zeolite with 10% Metakaolin performs well. Good R2 values and appropriate independent variable coefficients suggested that the regression findings for high-strength concrete durability were accurate. The P values of all models were less than 0.005 and the F values were statistically significant and appropriate; therefore, the generated models predict concrete's strength with authenticity. 2022 by the authors. Licensee C.E.J, Tehran, Iran.