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K shell Radiative and Total Vacancy Transfer Probabilities of Barium & Thallium from Internal Conversion Electron Sources
The information obtained from X-ray fluorescence parameters is very important in the study of some basic phenomena, in atomic molecular and radiation physics. This demands for accurate values of XRF parameters such as shell wise and sub-shell wise X-ray fluorescence yield, fluorescence X-ray production cross-section, shell and sub-shell intensity ratios, K to L vacancy transfer probabilities and so on. Nuclear processes like orbital electron capture or internal conversion of gamma transition and interaction of photons or charged particles give rise to X-ray fluorescence. It is reported that the probability of emission of X-rays by decay process is different from the probability of emission of X-rays by photoionisation[1-3]. The K shell XRF parameters of elements have been extensively studied by several researchers by photon exciation methods and varieties of detectors [4-9]. But there are not many reports on the measurements of K shell X-ray intensity ratios of elements following decay processes. This may be due to the requirement of the radioactive sources of the order of 100mCi and preparing many electron capture and internal conversion sources of this strength may be a difficult task. In view of this, we have made an attempt to study the effect of internal conversion on the probability of X-ray emission of thallium and barium by determining K shell intensity ratios, K ?? Li, K-M radiative and K-L total vacancy transfer probabilities from weak internal conversion sources Hg203 and Cs137respectively. To examine the effect of decay process on X-ray emission the K shell fluorescence parameters determined are compared with the theoretical values and other experimental results obtained using radioactive decay and photon excitation methods. The dissertation consists of five Chapters. In the first Chapter, we introduce the project work carried out. In Chapter 2, we present the brief theory of XRF and literature survey. It consists of two sections; in section 2.1, we give the theoretical aspects of the K X-ray fluorescence and in section 2.2, we present the literature survey related to the determination of K X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities through photoionization methods and decay processes. Chapter 3 deals with experimental details such as the radioactive sources, detector and electronic modules used in our experiment, the experimental arrangement and standardization of spectrometer, and experimental procedure adopted in the collection and analysis of the data. In Chapter 4, we present the results on K X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities along with the theoretical, semi-empirical and others experimental values. In Chapter 5, we give the conclusions. -
K shell X-ray Fluorescence Parameters of Platinum and Lead
X-ray fluorescence phenomenon (XRF) has gained importance as a tool the fields of atomic, nuclear and radiation physics, material science, medical physics, and in such diverse fields as industry, agriculture, archaeology, forensic science and so on for elemental analysis. This demands for accurate values of XRF parameters such as shell wise and sub-shell wise x-ray fluorescence yield, fluorescence x-ray production cross-section, Auger transition rate, shell and sub-shell intensity ratios, K to L vacancy transfer probabilities and so on. In addition, measurements of these parameters are useful in obtaining physical parameters such as photoelectric cross-sections, jump ratios and x-ray emission rates. Over the years several researchers have measured these parameters employing variety of methods and detectors (Apaydin and Tira?o?lu 2012; Hopman et al. 2012; Kahoul et al. 2011; Cengiz et al. 2011; Cengiz et al. 2010; M??nesguen and M. -C. L??py 2010; S????t et al. 2009a; S????t et al. 2009b; Reyes-Herrera and Miranda 2008; Ertu?rul et al. 2007; Aylikci et al. 2007; Demir and ?ahin 2007; ?ahin et al. 2005; ??zdemir et al. 2002; ?imsek et al. 2002; Durak et al. 2001; 1998; Allawadhi et al. 1993). However these methods involve complicated single and double reflection geometries armed with sophisticated equipments and strong sources of the order of 109 Bq or more. These experiments involve many corrections such as attenuation of x-rays in the target itself (self attenuation correction), attenuation in the window of the detector (window attenuation correction), solid angle correction, photopeak efficiency and total detection efficiency of the detector, etc. Estimation of intensity of radiations incident on the target is a difficult task in these methods. The incident intensity and the total x-ray fluorescence intensity generated in the target are the quantities, which determine the accuracy of the K x-ray fluorescence parameters. Recently Gudennavar et al. (2003a; 2003b) and Horakeri et al. (2011; 1998; 1997) have developed a simple method to measure K-shell fluorescence yields, production cross section and other parameters by adopting a 2geometrical configuration and employing weak radioactive sources. K x-ray fluorescence parameters are independent of angle of emission because K x-rays are emitted isotropically from the target atom. It was found that the method yields K x-ray fluorescence parameter values as accurate as any standard reflection geometry experiment. The simplicity of method helps one to utilize it to develop student laboratory experiments to train students in x-ray fluorescence field. Since the method requires weak sources, it is of great advantage to student laboratories for they do not need special permission to acquire sources and sources can be handled safely without any personal radiation hazards. However the validity of the target thickness criterion and the method needs to checked with other X-ray detectors such as CdZnTe, HPGe as their construction arrangements are different from NaI(Tl) detectors and for all the elements in the periodic table. In the present study, we have measured the K x-ray fluorescence parameters for the elements platinum and lead using HPGe detector spectrometer and 57Co excitation source. The results are compared with the theoretical, semi-empirical fitted and other experimental values. -
K shell X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities of Fe, Ag, and Te following electron capture decay
The K shell X-ray photons of Fe, Ag, and Te following the electron capture decay of Co57, Cd109, and I125, respectively, were detected using Si(Li) detector coupled to PC-based 8k multichannel analyzer employing a simple method suggested earlier by our group. The calculated K shell X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities for these elements are compared with the theoretical values predicted by Scofield and with others' experimental values obtained via photoionization. It is found that the A? to A? X-ray intensity ratio of Fe is lower by 4.0%, while that of Ag and Te are greater by 7.9% and 19.1%, respectively, from the theoretical values. These deviations may be attributed to the exchange interactions occurring between the 3p-3d shell electrons as well as the recoil effect of the nucleus due to neutrino emission. 2014 Published by NRC Research Press. -
K Shell X-Ray Intensity Ratios and Vacancy Transfer Probabilities of Iron, Silver and Tellurium from Electron Capture Sources
Over the years X-ray fluorescence studies have gained much importance due to the increasing applications in various fields. Today X-ray spectroscopy contributes significantly to the increasing knowledge in different scientific disciplines such as atomic, nuclear and radiation physics, solid-state and semiconductor research, space research, medicine and biomedical research, forensic science, metallurgy, geophysical research and source exploration, industry, archaeology, art, environment analysis and protection, and so on for elemental analysis. X-rays are generated in a wide variety of ways: Proton induced, ion induced, photon induced and X-ray emission following radioactive decay. There are two types of decay processes that result in K shell X-ray emission; electron capture (EC) process and internal conversion (IC) of gamma transitions. It has been reported that the values of K shell X-ray intensity ratios following electron capture (EC) decay are different from the theoretical values as well as those obtained via photon induced excitations. Eventhough several researchers have made attempts to study the K shell intensity ratios by photon excitation methods employing reflection geometries, there are very few reports on the measurements of K shell X-ray intensity ratios of elements following decay processes. In the present investigation, we have determined the K shell X-ray intensity ratios and total vacancy transfer probabilities of iron, silver and tellurium via electron capture decay of Co57, Cd109 and I125 employing 2??-geometrical configuration method. The obtained results are discussed in the light of the effects of electron capture decay on X-ray emission probabilities comparing with theoretical, semi-empirical and experimental results. This dissertation consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to the subject and ends with specifying the relevance of the present investigation. Chapter 2 deals with the theoretical details followed by the literature review and statement of the problem. In the following chapter, we give a brief description on the experimental procedure and data analysis methods. Chapter 4 includes the results and discussions. In the concluding chapter, a summary of the present investigation and the scope for future work are clearly stated. -
K shell X-ray intensity ratios, K-Li, K-L, and K-M vacancy transfer probabilities of Ba and Tl following internal conversion process
K shell X-rays of barium and thallium following internal conversion decay in Cs137 and Hg203, respectively, were detected using a Si(Li) X-ray detector coupled to PC-based 8k multichannel analyser employing the method suggested earlier by our group. The K shell X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities for thallium and barium were calculated. The obtained results are compared with theoretical, semiempirical, and others' experimental results obtained via photoionization as well as decay processes. The effects of beta decay and internal conversion on X-ray emission probabilities are discussed. 2014 Published by NRC Research Press. -
K-shell fluorescence yields of barium and lanthanum
K-shell fluorescence yields for barium and lanthanum have been measured adopting simple 2? geometrical configuration and employing a weak 57Co radioactive source. A scintillation spectrometer with an NaI(Tl) detector of dimensions 44.5mm diameter0mm thickness was employed for the detection and measurement of radiation. The results obtained are in good agreement with the best-fitted values of Hubbell et al. (1994) and also with the other experimental values, indicating that our simple method can be extended to determine fluorescence parameters of high Z materials. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. -
K-shell jump ratio and jump factor of 3d elements
Employing a simple 2?-geometrical configuration method, K-shell absorption jump ratio and jump factor have been estimated in a few 3d elements viz. Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. The target elements in the form of thin foils were excited using 32.86 keV K X-ray photons from a weak137Cs radioactive source. The emitted K X-rays were detected using a low energy HPGe X-ray detector spectrometerand the K X-ray production cross-section and K X-ray intensity ratios for all the target elements were measured. Then, using the measured data, the K-shell absorption jump factor and jump ratios have been evaluated. The obtained results agree within the experimental uncertainties with previous values reported in the literature. 2018 Author(s). -
K-Shell X-Ray Fluorescence Parameters of a Few Low Z Elements
K-shell X-ray fluorescence parameters of low Z elements cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc have been measured employing a simple method. These elemental targets were excited by using 32.86 keV barium K X-ray photons from a weak 137Cs ?-ray source, and the emitted K-shell X-rays from these targets were detected using a low-energy high-purity germanium X-ray detector spectrometer. The results are compared with the standard theoretical, semi-empirical, fitted values and with the others experimental values. 2018, Pleiades Publishing, Inc. -
K-shell X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities of Pt, Au, and Pb by a simple method
The K-shell X-ray intensity ratios, radiative and total vacancy transfer probablities of platinum, gold, and lead are measured by employing the 2?-geometrical configuration and a weak gamma source, a simple method proposed previously by our group. The targets of Pt, Au, and Pb were excited using ?-rays of weighted energy 123.6 keV from a weak 57Co source and the emitted K-shell X-rays were detected using an HPGe X-ray detector spectrometer coupled to a 16k multichannel analyzer. The measured values of these parameters are compared with the theoretical values and experimental data of other researchers, finding a good agreement. Thus, the 2?-geometrical configuration method with a weak gamma source can be alternative simple method to measure various atomic parameters in the field of X-ray spectroscopy. 2014, Pleiades Publishing, Inc. -
K? to K? X-ray intensity ratio and KL vacancy transfer probability of Mn following electron capture decay
K? and K? X-rays of Mn following electron capture (EC) decay of55 Fe were detected using Amptek XR-100 T-CdTe X-ray detector spectrometer. Measured K? and K? X-ray intensities of Mn were used to determine the K? to K? intensity ratio and total KL total vacancy transfer probability. These values were compared with the theoretical, semiempirical, and others experimental values obtained via EC decay as well as photoionization. The X-ray intensity ratio of Mn was found to be higher by 1.5% from the relativistic Hartree-Slater theoretical value. This deviation may be attributed to the exchange interactions occurring between the 3p and 3d shell electrons as well as the recoil effect of the nucleus due to neutrino emission. 2023 The Author(s). -
Kaizen costing a management technique /
International Journal Of Business And Management Invention, Vol.4, Issue 9, pp.1-5, ISSN No: 2319-801X. -
Kakkot List- An Improved Variant of Skip List
Kakkot list is a new data structure used for quick searching in a well ordered sequence of list like Skip list. This ordered sequence of list is created using linked list data structure and the maximum number of levels here will be limited to log n in all input behavioral cases. The maximum number of items in each level is halved to that of previous levels and thus guarantees a fast searching in a list. The basic difference between Kakkot list and Skip list lies in the creation of levels and decision of when an item has to be included in the higher levels. In skip list the levels are created and items are added to each level during the insertion of an item where as in Kakkot list this will be done at the time of searching an item. This modification have made drastic impact in searching time complexity in the Kakkot list. Another issue in Skip list is that it is not cache friendly and does not optimize locality of reference wherein this problem is also addressed in Kakkot List. 2020 IEEE. -
KAMAL HAASAN- THE VERSATILE ACTOR
Kamal Haasan is one actor who has a dynamic image in Tamil film Industry. He is one actor who is never scared of experimenting with his roles. This paper tries to find the change in image of the actor. In the present scenario the cinegoers look up to him as an actor, because of his versatility and he his predominantly known for his acting. In a time where the actors were making big budget films for commercialization, Kamal Haasan wanted to make films that had an in-depth story which people could relate to. With Apporva Raagangal he started off his career and got the Filmfare Award for the best actor. He is one actor who never stops from experimenting in films and taking up new roles as a director, producer etc. The paper would analyze twelve of his movies. Thus through this visual analysis the researcher tries to find out whether an actual image transition has happened in the actor and whether the change has been maintained. The researcher has short listed twelve movies for visual analysis, they are: Sigappu Rojakkal, Moondram Pirai, Nayagan, Apoorva Sagodharangal, Thevar Magan, Indian, Avvai Shanmughi, Hey Ram, Thenali, Virumandi, and Vishwaroopam. -
Kannada script recognitions from scanned book cover images
Text extraction from the images plays a vital role in providing valuable information. Text extraction from images is still a challenging area specially extracting text from regional scripts of India like Kannada, Malayalam etc. Most of the times the images contain complex background then the cropping of text becomes even more challenging for extracting features. The input image is a scanned document images of Kannada book cover which is scanned with flatbed scanner of 400dpi resolution. The data sets are created by dividing the original images into number of varied size of blocks. Both spatial and frequency features are extracted for classifying images. This paper aims at recognizing the scanned images block which contains text or not by using multiple feature approach. The classification is analysed using Multilayer perceptron, Kstar and KNN. Experiments are performed on different sets of scanned documents of text cover images. Compare to all the classifiers KNN has given the encouraging results. Research India Publications. -
Kannada translation and validation of Wellman and Liu's theory of mind scale and children's social understanding scale in preschoolers
Background: Assessing theory of mind (ToM) in children is crucial for understanding social cognition. Wellman and Liu's ToM scale and the Children's Social Understanding Scale (CSUS) have been used to study ToM in children but are not available in the local language. Aim: This study aims to translate both scales into Kannada and validate them in preschool children. Methods: Following the rigorous WHO protocol, we meticulously translated and back-translated Wellman and Liu's ToM and CSUS into Kannada with the help of bilingual experts. Validation involved administering both scales to 118 preschool children aged 3 to 6 years from diverse urban and rural backgrounds in a cross-sectional study, ensuring the scales' applicability across different settings. Results: The Cronbach's alpha values for Wellman and Liu's ToM and the CSUS were 0.769 (95% CI 0.698 to 0.828) and 0.983 (95% CI 0.978 to 0.987), respectively, indicating high internal consistency. The test-retest reliability for Wellman and Liu's ToM scale domains ranged from 0.74 to 0.95, and for the CSUS, it was 0.99, demonstrating good reliability. Pearson's correlation between the domains of two scales ranged from 0.32 to 0.69, suggesting a moderate relationship. Conclusion: Our study findings demonstrate that Kannada translations of Wellman and Liu's ToM and CSUS have good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. These tools will be valuable for understanding social cognition in preschool children. 2024 Indian Journal of Psychiatry. -
Kathakali
Kathakali stamp was issued on 26 April, 2002. The Department of Posts, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between India and Japan with the issue of a set of 2 commemorative postage stamps and a miniature sheet. The theme is the rich traditions of classical performing arts Kabuki (Japan) and Kathakali (India). -
Keeladi vs Vedic History: The Battle for Indias Past
Keeladi is not simply about pottery shards and drainage systems; it is about who gets to shape the story of India. -
Kerala Development and the Attapadi Adivasi
The development experience of the state of Kerala in southwest India is based generally on democratic principles of equality and popular participation. This article focuses on the lives of the Adivasi1 people of Attapadi in the Palakkad district of Kerala. It argues that the state of Kerala largely treats the Adivasis as secondary citizens and ignores their right to be socially and economically empowered. The state of Kerala takes pride in its positive ranking on human development and social progress indexes but has not done enough to stop Adivasi infants from dying of malnutrition, and Adivasis demands for land rights have been disregarded. As a result, they are forced to live obscure lives in poverty and generally unable to influence their sociopolitical sphere. 2023 The Author(s). -
Kerala flood : Foreign aid and cooperative federalism /
International Journal of Research And Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), Vol.5, Issue 3, pp.464-467, ISSN No: 2348-1269. -
Kerala schools to discuss drug abuse prevention, emotional well-being, digital discipline, legal rights and hygiene
With its high literacy rates and relatively strong infrastructure, Kerala is uniquely equipped to pilot such programmes, writes P John J Kennedy