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ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR TRAMADOL IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND FORENSIC CONTEXT A REVIEW
Tramadol is a centrally-acting weak opioid recept or analgesic and is a racemic mixture of (+)-tramadol and ()-tramadol enantiomers. Tramadol does not show many adverse severe effects without any dependency potential in therapeutic doses, as seen in other opioids only if not used for extended periods in doses higher than recommended. Symptoms of tramadol intoxication are similar to those of other opioid analgesics but may include serotonergic and noradrenergic components. Fatal intoxications are rare and appear synergetic with other drugs and alcohol. There is growing evidence of abuse of tramadol in many countries. Due to its extensive use in the medical field as an analgesic of choice, pharmaceutical analysis in both process and quality control is essential. Due to its abuse and overdose cases, forensic toxicological analysis of tramadol in body fluids and tissues is also vital in medico-legal practice. Tramadol and its metabolites are found in wastewater also. This analytical review (from 2016-2021) focuses on identifying and determining t ramadol in bulk dr ugs, formulations, forensic drug seizures, forensic toxicological specimens, and wastewater. The analytical methods covered include UV/Visible/IR spectrophotometric methods, thin-l ayer, gas and li quid chromat ographic met hods, electrochemical methods, GC-MS, LC-MS, LC-MS-MS methods, and electrochemical methods. The review will i nt eres t phar maceut i cal chemi st s, pharmacol ogis ts, biochemists, forensic chemists, forensic toxicologists, and environmental scientists. 2023, Medico Legal Society. All rights reserved. -
A comprehensive investigation of ethyl 2-(3-methoxybenzyl) acrylate substituted pyrazolone analogue: Synthesis, computational and biological studies
In this study, we successfully synthesized ethyl 2-(3-methoxybenzyl) acrylate-substituted pyrazolones derivative (EMH) through the reaction of Baylis-Hillman acetate with pyrazolones. We conducted comprehensive screenings to evaluate its invitro antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. The molecule demonstrated notable in vitro antifungal and antibacterial activities attributed to the presence of anisole, enhancing absorption rates through increased lipid solubility and improving pharmacological effects. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies supported these findings. Additionally, insilico studies delved into the molecular interactions of the synthesized molecule with DNA Gyrase, Lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase, and KEAP1-NRF2 proteins, revealing strong binding interactions at specific sites. Furthermore, we employed ab-initio techniques to theoretically estimate the photophysical properties of the compounds. Ground state optimization, dipole moment, and HOMO-LUMO energy levels were calculated using the DFT-B3LYP-6-31G(d) basis set. The theoretical HOMO-LUMO values indicated high electronegativity and electrophilicity index. NBO analysis confirmed the presence of intermolecular ONH hydrogen bonds resulting from the interaction of the lone pair of oxygen with the anti-bonding orbital. Overall, our results suggest that anisole-substituted pyrazolones derivatives exhibit promising applications in both photophysical and biological domains. 2024 -
True and fair financial reporting: A tool for better corporate governance
Purpose - Transparency of financial information promotes corporate growth. The purpose of this paper is to concentrate on the need for strengthening the law governing true and fair corporate accounting. The first part of the paper concentrates on nexus between the importance of transparency in accounting embodied under the provisions of the Companies Act in India and in the UK. Second, the paper focuses on the board of director's duty to prevent corporate fraud through proper financial reporting. Design/methodology/approach - The methodology for this study is analytical. Comparative study of the law governing accounting provisions in India and UK is also looked into. Findings - The law governing financial transparancy envisaged under the Companies Act in India makes it obligatory on the part of the companies to disclose the material information relevant to the investors. However, the directors of the company often show an unreal picture of the financial position of the company, so as to retain the existing shareholders and to attract more investors. This can be avoided if the composition of audit committees in the companies includes a few representatives of shareholders who are competent to asses the true and fair view of the company accounts prepared by the auditors. Research limitations/implications - The focus of this research paper is mainly on the legal regimes and the accounting and auditing provisions of India and the UK. Originality/value - The paper shows that the Companies Act in India should strengthen the accounting provisions and it should mandate the compulsory observance of accounting standards. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. -
True and Fair Financial Reporting: A Tool for Better Corporate Governance
Journal of Financial Crime, Vol-19 (4), pp. 332-342. ISSN-1359-0790 -
Women on the Board of Indian It Companies: Are They Audible and Visible?
Gender disparity on the board of Indian IT companies is a continuing saga despite the Indian Companies Act, 2013 mandating at least one-woman director in the executive position of public listed companies. Women in India are leaders of varied sectors of businesses and on top leadership positions except in IT companies. This study has found that 14 out of 25 leading IT companies in India has, got not more than two women on the board of directors. It has also been found that the reasons for said nomination are due to the statutory compulsion to have women on board. Information technology companies are responsible for innovation, business growth, transformation and diversification. Strategic leadership is the key for IT companies to achieve the above-stated objectives. Inclusiveness in the economic reforms is possible when women are given adequate representation in entrepreneurship and leadership positions in all sectors of industries. This study aims at examining the causes of the inadequate representation of women in Indian IT companies. Paper has examined the following issues to analyse the above-stated proposition: (a) How far the Indian IT industry has contributed to the empowerment of Indian women? (b) Whether the employment terms and recruitment policies of IT companies are sufficient to ensure the security of tenure and promotion to women employees and do it incentives women employees contribution towards innovation in their respective companies? (c) What are the factors contributing to women taking up leadership positions in Non-IT Industries? (d) Whether family commitments are the reasons for women in the IT sector to decline leadership positions or whether male domination is a cause for women to be backward in IT companies leadership positions? (e) Should mandatory reservation of adequate percentage of seats for women in administration be uniformly applied also for employment of women in the IT sector and how far the practice followed in developed jurisdictions need to be incorporated under the Indian law? Enrolment of women in IT and business education is on par with their counterparts. Since women occupying leadership positions is negligible, the paper examines the challenges and proposes solutions to ensure gender equitable reforms in the leadership roles of Indian IT companies. Data related to board composition and shareholding patterns of Indian IT companies are looked into and analysed to identify whether women possess capital or management control in the Indian IT companies. To critique the role of women in other sectors of employment with that of the IT companies, data collected from the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) and Indian government-sponsored schemes are considered. The data are also collected from various sources such as Sustainability Reports of Wipro, Infosys, HCL, Dell, Accenture, Tata, Human Development Index (HDI), United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). The data compiled reflect the factors that affect womens career progression in the Indian IT sector. This study has found that there is an absolute imbalance in terms of gender diversity on the boards of Indian IT companies. Reasons for the same are as follows: 1. Women who have excelled in technological education are not willing to take up leadership positions in IT companies due to the challenges and risks involved in this specific sector, 2. Family commitments and health issues are not conducive for women to dedicate the required time in managing corporate boards of IT companies, 3. Joint families and a patriarchal Indian system limits woman to undertake employment, 4. Women with liberal outlook and merit are not preferred as a choice by male leaders of IT companies due to the fact that they never want to be led by women, 5. The upskilling programmes organized by IT companies to their women employees are not sufficiently focused to promote women to leadership positions and 6. Excess share qualification for directorship prescribed by listed public companies is an impediment for women to be considered for executive positions. Paper suggests strategies and policies for the promotion of women employees to executive positions and ensuring the disclosure of diversity of corporate boards as a prerequisite to listing its shares. Secondly, it proposes to amend Companies Act, 2013 to prescribe a higher number of mandatory appointments of women on board to make it mandatory for women to be part of committees of the board mandated under the Companies Act. Thirdly, it proposes that the B-Schools admission policies should increase the intake of women candidates for management programmes so that they would possess the adequate competency to govern corporate boards of Indian IT companies. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Synergizing Insights for Precise Rice Leaf Disease Diagnosis Via Multi-Modal Fusion
Rice holds a significant position in India, especially in the southern part of the country, where people tend to eat some rice at least once a day. Farmers are facing a huge loss due to diseases in leaf, which is the main problem of agriculture. By using techniques like machine learning, main problems detection can be done. This review, discusses common plant diseases that affect the leaf. Some include Leaf Spots, Rusts, Fusarium Wilt, Early Blight, Powdery Mildew and Downey Mildew. Our research found that machine learning techniques on rice plants make finding diseases on leaves easier. Finally, we concluded that the most accurate method is the Enhanced VGG16, with an accuracy of 99.60% because it is really good at spotting diseases on rice leaves because it's great at recognizing the small details and patterns in leaf pictures. This helps it to tell the diseases apart more accurately and make fewer mistakes in identifying them. 2024 IEEE. -
Examination of sustainability goals: A comparative study of U.S. and Indian firms
Considerable attention has focused on tactics firms use when building their sustainability platforms. Less is known, however, about how sustainability goal setting varies globally, especially in developing economies. Accordingly, we examined sustainability goals of 21 of the 50 largest Indian firms and compared them with similar data from a published study that examined 22 of the 50 largest U.S. firms. In total, 679 sustainability goals were analyzed using a triple bottom line framework. We found U.S. firms set more sustainability goals than Indian firms. Firms from both samples set similar numbers of people goals but U.S. firms set more diversity goals. Indian firms were more inclined to set economic and community development goals. We also detected differences across the samples in planet goals associated with emissions and water. Especially significant, Indian firms were much more likely than U.S. firms to specify profit goals. Implications for research and practice are discussed. 2019 Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management. -
Analysis on thermal sensitivity of 2D Profilometer used for TMT Glass Polishing
TMT adopts Stressed Mirror Polishing (SMP) technology for the polishing of mirror segments. In this process, the meniscus type spherical shape glass blanks are converted in to a desired aspheric shape by spherical grinding and polishing in the stressed condition. After each grinding and polishing activity metrological measurements are done using different metrology tools. The metrology tool named as 2D-Profilometer is used for low frequency error/foam measurements. It consists of 61 high precision length gauges attached to Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sandwiched Aluminum panel of diameter 1.6 meter in spiral direction. The coefficient of thermal of CFRP is very low however, a small delta temperature variation between the top and bottom sheet of CFRP of the panel will lead to panel bowing which will result in increasing power error. Hence, the objective this work is to analyse the thermal sensitivity of the 2D Profilometer. 2024 SPIE. -
Adoption of Fintech Towards Asset and Wealth Management: Understanding the Recent Scenario in India
The finance sector as a whole has seen a significant transformation as a result of technological advances, which has impacted how financial institutions function and how financial activities are carried out. Fintech is currently a facilitator and a disruptor. Today Fintech companies have the greatest influence on the wealth management industry financial technology, or Fintech, began with nimbler start-ups upending banks with their innovative methods, and later developed into the latter forging partnerships with banks to strengthen the whole financial services ecosystem. At the intersection of both money and technology, the term wealthtech was developed. Any digital solution designed to simplify wealth management procedures is referred to as digital wealth management solutions. The fintech sector, which also encompasses digital payments, regulatory technology, insurance technology, etc., includes wealthtech. Fintech in wealth management has created a paradigm change in the investing sector. Wealthtech's technology is disrupting the wealth management industry. This study analyses the recent development of the wealth management industry and financial investment in the digital Indian age. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2023. -
A Voting Enabled Predictive Approach for Hate Speech Detection
In today's digital environment, hate speech, which is defined as disparaging and discriminating communication based on personal characteristics, presents a big difficulty. Hate crimes and the rising amount of such content on social media platforms are two examples of how it is having an impact. Large volumes of textual data require manual analysis and categorization, which is tedious and subject to prejudice. Machine learning (ML) technologies have the ability to automate hate speech identification with increased objectivity and accuracy in order to overcome these constraints. This article intends to give a comparative analysis of various ML models for the identification of hate speech. The proliferation of such content online and its negative repercussions on people and society are explored, as is the necessity for automated hate speech recognition. This paper intends to support the creation of efficient hate speech detection systems by performing a comparative analysis of ML models. Random forest records the best performance with higher accuracy and low response delay period for hate speech detection. The results will help enhance automated text classification algorithms and, in the end, promote a safer and more welcoming online environment by illuminating the benefits and drawbacks of various approaches. 2023 IEEE. -
COVID 19 fatalities burden in Asian countries: An analysis of pattern and determinants
Covid 19 pandemic has severe implications on health and life of people. Asia being the most populous region has higher fatalities burden. Health infrastructure, stringent preventive measures by the government and public participation through adhering to social distancing have influence to check on fatalities' burden. The level of Social capital as well as voters' participation in a particular country can have influence on containment of COVID cases and fatalities. In this context, the main objectives of this study are to analyse pattern and trend of death burden for 45 Asian countries and impact of stringency measures by government, and voters turnout ratio on death burden. However, for regression analysis only 32 countries are taken into account considering the availability of data for all variables. Multiple linear regression analysis is employed in a cross-sectional framework and Ordinary least square estimation technique with heteroscedastic adjusted standard errors have been used for estimation of coefficients. The results show that southern Asia contributes the highest share of fatality cases in total fatality cases of Asia with 71.43% share. It also has the highest share of confirmed cases in total confirmed cases of Asia with 71.72%. However, when we take the population into account, Western Asia leads in the share of confirmed COVID-19 cases and its associated fatality cases per million populations in Asia as compared to other Asian regions. The factors like health infrastructure and voters turnover ratio are found to be significant and potential in reducing the new deaths per million populations. Though the coefficient of Stringency index has been negative and it did not emerge to be significant in Asian countries. The COVID related fatalities in Asian region are urban centric and urbanization proxy is found to be positive and significant. Diabetes prevalence rate has some heterogeneous result and in the present study its coefficient is not in the hypothesized direction. The Countries should ramp up health infrastructure and necessary preparedness to deal with the subsequent waves and COVID related fatalities. Importance need to be given people's participation and their shared responsibilities in dealing with COVID cases and checking on fatalities. The realisation of social responsibility among the masses can lead to community participation and adhering to the protocols imposed by the government and helps in checking on spread of virus and associated death. 2022 The Author(s) -
Conflict and Coexistence of Human Rights: An Exploratory Study with Reference to Intellectual Property Rights
Human rights and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) have developed independently. Human rights are inalienable rights associated with human dignity while IPRs are the rights with the goal of promoting innovations and the interests of select communities to further economic and technological growth. The economic and personal interests of the individual have received prime attention under the international intellectual property law. Economic growth is given priority over human rights in the international criteria for IPRs in global trade. Whereas, it has a significant impact on the implementation of human rights for both individuals and communities, including the rights to adequate food, health, environment, and education. IPRs are gravely at odds with human rights, even though a connection between the two rights can be found in General Comment No. 17 on Article 15(1)(c) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). According to the UDHR, intellectual property is a human right in and of itself, but its enforcement often infringes other human rights. In light of the above perspective, the authors explore the interrelationship between IPRs and human rights and also analyze the evolving IPRs, in different fields of its application, causing adversarial impacts on several other human rights. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Perceptual span in reading Aksharic Kannada
Perceptual span, the effective visual field in reading covered in a single fixation, varies across orthographies. The perceptual span for reading English covers 34-character spaces to the left of fixation and around 1415-character spaces to the right of the fixation while for Chinese it is one character space to the left and 3-character spaces to the right of the fixation. In the present study, we estimated the perceptual span for Kannada, a major South Indian language written in akshara (abugida type) using the gaze-contingent moving window paradigm. We recorded eye movements from skilled Kannada readers when they read sentences in different window sizes and compared the eye movement measures with that of full-length sentence reading. Results showed that the perceptual span for Kannada covers one akshara to the left and 6-akshara to the right of the fixation. Future studies need to establish whether all Akshara orthographies show a similar percentual span. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. -
Modelling Climate, COVID-19, and Reliability Data: A New Continuous Lifetime Model under Different Methods of Estimation
In this article, a new continuous probability distribution called Arvind distribution is developed and studied. The proposed distribution has only one parameter but it exhibits a wide variety of shapes for density and hazard rate functions. A number of important distributional properties including mode, quantile function, moments, skewness, kurtosis, mean deviation, probability-weighted moments, stress-strength reliability, order statistics, reliability and hazard rate functions, Bonferroni Lorenz and Zenga curves, conditional moments, mean residual and mean past life functions, and stochastic ordering of the Arvind distribution are derived. For point estimation of the parameter of the proposed distribution, six estimation procedures including maximum likelihood, maximum product spacings, least squares, weighted least squares, Cram-von Mises, and Anderson-Darling estimators are used. The interval estimation of the unknown parameter has also been discussed using observed Fishers information. A vast simulation study has been conducted to examine the behaviour of different estimation procedures. Finally, the applicability of the proposed model is demonstrated by using three real-life datasets. The results of the real data analysis clearly announce that the Arvind distribution can be a better alternative to several existing models for modelling different types of data from various fields. 2024, Society of Statistics, Computer and Applications. All rights reserved. -
GaitRec-Net: A Deep Neural Network for Gait Disorder Detection Using Ground Reaction Force
Walking (gait) irregularities and abnormalities are predictors and symptoms of disorder and disability. In the past, elaborate video (camera-based) systems, pressure mats, or a mix of the two has been used in clinical settings to monitor and evaluate gait. This article presents an artificial intelligence-based comprehensive investigation of ground reaction force (GRF) pattern to classify the healthy control and gait disorders using the large-scale ground reaction force. The used dataset comprised GRF measurements from different patients. The article includes machine learning- and deep learning-based models to classify healthy and gait disorder patients using ground reaction force. A deep learning-based architecture GaitRec-Net is proposed for this classification. The classification results were evaluated using various metrics, and each experiment was analysed using a fivefold cross-validation approach. Compared to machine learning classifiers, the proposed deep learning model is found better for feature extraction resulting in high accuracy of classification. As a result, the proposed framework presents a promising step in the direction of automatic categorization of abnormal gait pattern. 2022 Chandrasen Pandey et al. -
Refugees in host countries: A comparative study between Uyghurs in Turkey and Tibetans in India
The status of refugees in host nations may depend upon several factors, including the economic situation of the receiving state, political alignments, international commitments, ethnic affinities, the domestic refugee regime, security considerations and bilateral ties with the home country. The study aims to discern the role that bilateral ties and domestic considerations play in the refugee experience. Is there a pattern that can be drawn out from these two factors? The article uses neoclassical realist and critical theories to better understand the phenomena, while employing the case study method to make a comparative study. The study analyses how India and Turkey have dealt with refugees belonging to two ethnic minorities of the Republic of China: the Tibetans and the Uyghurs. The results show that the way the receiving states handle refugees depends greatly on domestic considerations. It becomes clear that even though bilateral ties between the host and the home nation are important, no simple deduction can be made on how this affects the treatment of refugees. Both cases provide varied response patterns; it is only through a blend of realpolitik and critical theory that the phenomena can be understood. Mapping refugees and their movements, as well as their status in the host countries, determines many of the policies created for their welfare. The article therefore attempts to provide a framework for a better understanding of the phenomena by considering bilateral ties and domestic considerations. The Author(s) 2022. -
Organizational Preparedness for Navigating Disruption Towards Sustainability: Strategies Analysis
The study explores how design thinking principles can be leveraged to enhance an organization's preparedness for disruptive innovation. To address this challenge, the authors sought to empathize with their clients, recognizing the need for a comprehensive evaluation. A framework guided by five fundamental principles - Scrutiny, Bravery, Resilience, Prosperous and Perseverance - was developed that integrates user-centred design methodologies to evaluate an organization's strengths and weaknesses in the face of disruption. We analysed and interpreted the intricacies of emerging market disruptions, providing organizations with the GroKalp Assessment Tool, an automated tool for self-evaluation and strategic adjustment leading towards a sustainable future. These principles were further broken down into fifteen distinct parameters, each thoughtfully designed to offer organizations a detailed and insightful method for evaluating their responses to the relentless waves of transformative innovation. By utilizing the GroKalp Assessment Tool, organizations can position themselves in one of three categories: Innovators, Adapters, or Resistance Fighters. Design thinking tools are vital in this process, as they encourage creative problem-solving, innovation, and adaptation in an era of rapid technological change. The Authors. -
Flexible polymer composite films incorporated with Li-ion/reduced graphene oxide: excellent optical and photoluminescence performance
A flexible polymer composite film (PL-rGO) was prepared from reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (derived from graphite) and lithium phosphate (Li3PO4) incorporated in a pale yellow colored polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) polymer by solution casting method. The resulting flexible translucent PL-rGO composite films were obtained with smooth surface and thickness in the range of 23m. The optical and photoluminescence properties of PL-rGO were explored in the present study. The intensity of photoluminescence spectra at excitation band ? 320nm increases with significant broadening with varying concentration of rGO in the matrix. The evaluated direct and indirect energy bandgap of PL-rGO composite from optical absorbance is in the range of 3.06 ~ 3.26eV. These results from optical properties for PL-rGO composite indicate the accurate tailoring of the composite by changing the rGO volume fraction. 2019, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. -
Green Luminescence and Irradiance Properties of Carbon Dots Cross-linked with Polydimethylsiloxane
In the present report, we have synthesized carbon dots by using anthracite coal as a precursor. The purpose of this work is to address the sensitivity and surface coating ability of carbon dots with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer. The photoluminescence study shows the shift in emission wavelength of carbon dots in water and polymer individually for different excitation wavelengths (320-480 nm). The shifted peaks have higher intensities for higher excitation wavelengths, which are desirable for real world optical applications. This study gives a simple and novel approach to tune the fluorescence spectrum over the entire UV region just by varying the concentration of carbon dots in the polymer base. Detailed characterization revealed that the increase in the intensity of emission peaks can be obtained by using a polymer base system and changing the concentration of carbon dots. This new approach significantly opens a new window for multiapproach sensing methods. The irradiance studies of carbon dots with PDMS resulted in a decrease in absorption. This explains the photodegradation and photophysical properties of the material. The wettability property of the sample by using contact angle studies reveals its significance in coating industries such as nanoengineering, adhesives, casting, and injection molding. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.