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The Troubling Emergence of Hallucination in Large Language Models - An Extensive Definition, Quantification, and Prescriptive Remediations
The recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered widespread acclaim for their remarkable emerging capabilities. However, the issue of hallucination has parallelly emerged as a by-product, posing significant concerns. While some recent endeavors have been made to identify and mitigate different types of hallucination, there has been a limited emphasis on the nuanced categorization of hallucination and associated mitigation methods. To address this gap, we offer a fine-grained discourse on profiling hallucination based on its degree, orientation, and category, along with offering strategies for alleviation. As such, we define two overarching orientations of hallucination: (i) factual mirage (FM) and (ii) silver lining (SL). To provide a more comprehensive understanding, both orientations are further sub-categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic, with three degrees of severity - (i) mild, (ii) moderate, and (iii) alarming. We also meticulously categorize hallucination into six types: (i) acronym ambiguity, (ii) numeric nuisance, (iii) generated golem, (iv) virtual voice, (v) geographic erratum, and (vi) time wrap. Furthermore, we curate HallucInation eLiciTation (), a publicly available dataset comprising of 75,000 samples generated using 15 contemporary LLMs along with human annotations for the aforementioned categories. Finally, to establish a method for quantifying and to offer a comparative spectrum that allows us to evaluate and rank LLMs based on their vulnerability to producing hallucinations, we propose Hallucination Vulnerability Index (HVI). Amidst the extensive deliberations on policy-making for regulating AI development, it is of utmost importance to assess and measure which LLM is more vulnerable towards hallucination. We firmly believe that HVI holds significant value as a tool for the wider NLP community, with the potential to serve as a rubric in AI-related policy-making. In conclusion, we propose two solution strategies for mitigating hallucinations. 2023 Association for Computational Linguistics. -
The trauma of gun violence: Effects on students and communities
This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the diverse consequences of gun violence within educational institutions, with a particular emphasis on the psychological distress endured by both students and communities. This study examines the emotional, psychological, and social ramifications, emphasizing coping mechanisms, strategies for developing resilience, and community healing initiatives. The critical nature of gun violence as a public health crisis is highlighted by the imperative for policymakers, educators, and community leaders to prioritize trauma-informed approaches. Through the promotion of policy reforms and the adoption of traumasensitive methodologies, it is possible to foster the development of secure and resilient communities that promote the recovery and flourishing of individuals. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
The Transnational Influence of Energy on Cultural Practices : A Study on Kuttanad Wetland Systems
The phenomenon of the extensive Kerala-Gulf migrations has exerted a significant influence on the socio-economic development and local cultures of the state. This study newlineinvestigates the evolving cultural perceptions and practices in the region with the rapid migrations, employing the conceptual framework of energy as a guiding lens. Energy is viewed as the fundamental and material fuel communities engage with to shape and organise their cultures. By situating the research in the field of Energy Humanities, it interrogates the role of shifting energy regimes and transnational energy systems in specifically shaping the local community s relation with the land and environment. The study focuses on Kuttanad, a wetland-based region in Kerala, historically known for its intense paddy cultivation and rice production. Wetland environments play a significant role in environmental sustainability by sustaining the carbon cycle and exist as complex biodiverse ecosystems. The study employs a mixed-method qualitative approach by combining ethnography and textual analysis that form the primary data for analysis. The selected novel Moustache (2020) by S. Hareesh translated by Jayashree Kalathil serves as the primary text. In ethnography, methods like semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and focus-group discussions were utilised to directly obtain insights from the newlineparticipants perspective. The collected data was systematically coded and analysed to newlineexplore an underlying energy unconscious within the culture. The findings present early agrarian Kuttanad as an organic-based energy regime with flow and animate forms as newlineprimary sources of energy that act as agency and effect in shaping local cultures. It newlinehighlights the overlooked aspect of energy s influence on the social dynamics, power newlinestructures, and everyday values and practices of local cultures. -
The total upper domatic number of a graph
Let G = (V, E) be a graph with no isolated vertices. For two disjoint subsets A and B of V , if every vertex in B is adjacent to at least one vertex in A, then the set A is said to dominate set B. A partition ? = {V1, V2, . . ., Vk} of the vertex set V is a total upper domatic partition of G if Vi dominates Vj or Vj dominates Vi or both, for any Vi, Vj ? ? and G[Vi], 1 ? i ? k, has no isolated vertices. The total upper domatic number Dt(G) of G is the maximum order of a total upper domatic partition of G. In this paper, we initiate a study on the concept of total upper domatic number and determine the bounds of Dt(G) and exact values of the same for some classes of graphs. World Scientific Publishing Company. -
The total game chromatic number of paths, cycles and stars
The total game coloring is one of the extensions of the game coloring problem in which two players alternatively color both vertices and edges of a given graph. In this paper, the total game chromatic number is determined for the classes of paths, cycles, and stars. The incidence game chromatic number for large paths is also discussed by relating the incidence and the total graphs of paths. 2022 Forum-Editrice Universitaria Udinese SRL. All rights reserved. -
The times of jeopardising free speech
Press freedom is at stake in India, which holds a dismal rank of 159 among 180 countries in the Press Freedom Index 2024. While dissent and democracy ideally go hand in hand, a glance at the present situation in India suggests that these terms are perceived as antonyms in practice. The state is exerting its repressive power over dissenters, particularly targeting media outlets that do not align with the states interests. The media has a great responsibility and obligation to the citizens to bring out real stories with diligence and truthfulness. In India, the depiction of socioeconomic and political realities is mostly done at utmost risk and with an air of uneasiness. The truth remains elusive to the majority of the public, as they receive information from a restrained source constantly under government surveillance. This article aims to analyse the current situation of media and democracy in India with reference to freedom of speech and expression. The writing is an outcome of analysing the past and present sociopolitical contexts in India concerning the concept of free speech. The Author(s) 2024. -
The three-dimensional bioconvective flow of Sisko nanofluid under Robin's conditions
The proposed model investigates three-dimensional bioconvective Sisko nanofluid flow under Robin's conditions. The Sisko nanofluid has versatile implications in drilling fluids, cement slurries, waterborne coatings, and so on. Furthermore, the inclusion of gyrotactic microorganisms prevents the deposition and agglomeration of the nanoparticles in the base fluid. Buongiorno's model is included to explore the behavior of Brownian motion and thermophoretic factors. The energy and mass transmissions along with the gyrotactic microorganism density are illustrated by the partial differential expression system with Robin's conditions. These are further reframed into an ordinary differential equation system with the aid of similarity transformation. The developing model is tackled by using the MAPLE inbuilt package BVP. The nanofluid acts as a goodcooling agent for higher values of the thermophoresis parameter. Furthermore, the pseudoplastic nanofluid performs better than the dilatant nanofluid. The developed model is very useful in energy production and engineering products. 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC -
The Theory and Practice of Positive Neuropsychology: New Perspectives on Nurturing Wellbeing
This pioneering work focuses on positive psychology and wellbeing from a neuropsychological perspective. It bridges social, emotional, and psychological principles to explore the burgeoning field of positive neuropsychology. Combining academic theory and clinical practice, it delves into foundational principles, assessments of neuro-cognitive health, evidence-based interventions, practical applications and real-life case studies, and the profound implications of positive neuropsychology in educational contexts. At the intersection between neuropsychology and positive psychology, this book advocates the recent shift toward recognizing the paramount importance of exploring the positive facets of neuropsychological functioning, rather than the historical focus of neuropsychology on ameliorating cognitive deficits and addressing neurological disorders. A must-read for academics, clinicians, and students in neuropsychology, clinical psychology, and positive psychology, this book is also invaluable for anyone interested in enhancing cognitive wellbeing and resilience. 2025 K. Jayasankara Reddy. All rights reserved. -
The Taos and Trait Meta-mood on Transpersonal Gratitude: Tracing Their Influences
The mainstream empirical research has always viewed gratitude in its triadic form involving a typical human giver, gift, and receiver. But it is not the same in the case of transpersonal gratitude. Instead, it is directed towards abstract entities beyond self like God, their own state of being, or the cosmos. The previous literature had affirmed that a selfless attitude and better mood could determine overall gratitude. But this relation is not mainly known in the context of this newer form of gratitude. Indian young adults (N = 456) completed scales on transpersonal gratitude, trait meta-mood, and ego-grasping orientationa Taoist concept. The preliminary analysis revealed that the selfless nature was unrelated to transpersonal gratitude. Subsequently, the predictive effect of trait meta-mood on transpersonal gratitude is quantified. The findings explain the distinguishable features of the young adults' populace and positive transpersonal experiences. The need to identify groups, cultural differences, and the utility of interventions on transpersonal gratitude in the future gratitude research is emphasised. 2023, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India. -
The subculture of gaming- An analysis of the culture and the behavioral patterns /
The aim of this study would be to reach out to people who identify themselves as gamers and then find out about the subculture that they represent. The study will be aimed at analyzing that culture and then identifying the behavioral and psychological influences it has on the “gamers”. Through this study the researcher has tried to break the myth on online gaming being addictive and inducing violence. -
THE STUDY OF THE ONSET OF RAYLEIGH B??NARD CONVECTION IN A COUPLE-STRESS DIELECTRIC LIQUID
The linear analysis of Rayleigh-Benard convection in dielectric couple stress fluid are studied using the Galerkin technique. The effects of six basic non-uniform temperature gradients on the onset of convection are analsysied. The eigenvalue is obtained for free - free velocity boundary combinations with isothermal and adiabatic boundaries. A linear stability analysis is performed. The influence of various parameters on the onset of convection has been analyzed. Six different non-uniform temperature profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed. The problem suggests an elegant method of external control of internal convection. -
The study of algal diversity from fresh water bodies of Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India
The algal diversity of the freshwater ecosystem is very significant because they are the primary energy producers in the food web. The study for the algal diversity was conducted at Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary, Thrissur, Kerala, India, from selected sampling sites (Pookoyil thodu, Kidakkapara thodu, Viraku thodu, Nellipara thodu, Anaporu thodu, Kodakallu thodu, Odan thodu, Mullapara thodu, Payampara thodu, Chimmony dam). The identified algal species belong to four different classes: Chlorophyceae, Euglenineae, Rhodophyceae, and Cyanophyceae. Sixty-one algal species were identified, represented by 37 genera, 22 families, and 14 orders. Among the four, Chlorophyceae was the dominant class. Jose & Xavier 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication. -
The sparing number of the powers of certain Mycielski graphs
In this paper, we discuss the sparing number of the power graphs of the Mycielski graphs of certain graph classes. Journal Algebra and Discrete Mathematics. -
The sparing number of certain graph powers
Let N0 be the set of all non-negative integers and P(N0) be its power set. Then, an integer additive set-indexer (IASI) of a given graph G is an injective function f : V(G) ! P(N0) such that the induced function f+ : E(G) ! P(N0) deffned by f+(uv) = f(u) + f(v) is also injective. An IASI f is said to be a weak IASI if jf+(uv)j = max(jf(u)j; jf(v)j) for all u; v 2 V(G). A graph which admits a weak IASI may be called a weak IASI graph. The set-indexing number of an element of a graph G, a vertex or an edge, is the cardinality of its set-labels. The sparing number of a graph G is the minimum number of edges with singleton set-labels, required for a graph G to admit a weak IASI. In this paper, we study the admissibility of weak IASI by certain graph powers and their corresponding sparing numbers. 2019 Sciendo. All rights reserved. -
The social representations of academic achievement and failure /
Psychological Studies, Vol.60, Issue 2, pp.231-241, ISSN No: 0974-9861 (Online) 0033-2968 (Print) -
The social representations of academic achievement and failure
This study tried to explore the ways in which the construct of academic achievement and failure is conceptualized and represented among different social categories based on educational roles. It was indicated that social representations of academic achievement and failure function in broader social contexts. Findings also suggested that academic achievement and failure are not the antinomies and have multidimensional aspects which collaborate and have greater bearing on the future social outcomes. National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India 2015. -
The social psychology of COVID-19 stigma
The spread of infectious diseases and the associated stigmatisation of people is an evidenced history. The present chapter is an attempt to explain the stigma of race, class and religion in India with the help of the established intergroup theories of social psychology to highlight the psychosocial consequences resulting out of an outbreak of infectious diseases, i.e., COVID-19. In order to present the implicational value of intergroup theories in explaining the practices of COVID-19-generated stigmatisation of people in India on the basis of their belongingness to particular race, class and religion, a systemic review of the COVID-19-generated stigmatisation of people and groups was carried out. Anecdotal presentations of stigmatised treatments against the several social groups in India are explained from the vantage of intergroup theoretical approaches of social psychology. In our review, intergroup theories of social psychology were found instrumental in explaining COVID-19-generated stigmatised treatments directed against people based on race, class and religion. Intergroup Emotions Theory could explain the stigmatisation of Northeast Indians. Scapegoat theory was found instrumental in explaining the stigmatisation of poor and migrants. Stigmatisation against Muslims could be justifiably explained in the light of social identity theory. At last, the chapter attempts to make certain recommendations aimed to reduce or combat negative psychosocial responses to infectious diseases like COVID-19. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Asma Parveen and Rajesh Verma; individual chapters, the contributors. -
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The smart system and method for inventory management of warehouse /
Patent Number: 202211009457, Applicant: Poornima G.
Energy is the essential utility needed. Thus, the management of energy use is a significant priority, as the enormous growth changes are sweeping the globe, and doing so is the best answer, beginning domestically. There are numerous difficulties in the existing home
energy meter reading systems, such as construction problems, too little bandwidth, poor real-time, no fast two-way communication, etc. -
The Shame of Ageing During Fourth Industrial Revolution: A Thematic Analysis of Indian Adults
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), a term popularised by Klaus Schwab in 2016, connected the physical-biological and the digital world. This is an era of artificial intelligence and computational technologies suited to satiate the needs of the human race. The emphasis is also on a digital identity we have developed alongside our physical and psychological entities. Millennials and Gen Z have a cognizant grip on their digital identity and are known to use the fruits of 4IR in their everyday livelihood. However, with the advent of Industry 4.0, the generation of Baby Boomers and Gen X have had to undergo much re-learning and accommodate the newer ways of integrating digitalization in their lives. The process has brought about occupational threats and shaming related to failure to upgradation and flexibility. This article explores the influences of these social experiences on the identity and self-concept of the quinquagenarians and the sexagenarians. The article follows a qualitative method where using a thematic approach, the emerging themes from the in-depth interviews will be analyzed in detail to form a theoretical framework for shaming among the Indian Baby Boomers and Gen X. The variables in focus are adjustment, coping styles, resilience, the purpose of life, and Self-Image. The study explores the themes of Indian adults, which emerge from interviewing 46 participants, who have been associated with full-time employment and are between 77 and 59 years of age, representing the Baby Boomers, and those between 43 and 58 years of age, representing Gen X. The analysis adopts a psychoanalytic approach, where the data is interpreted using an Eriksonian lens. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.