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Fungal endophytic species Fusarium annulatum and Fusarium solani : Identification, molecular characterization, and study of plant growth promotion properties
Research on endophytic fungi has gained significant interest due to their potential to enhance plant growth directly by producing phytohormones, solubilizing macronutrients, fixing nitrogen, or indirectly inhibiting phytopathogens growth by producing ammonia, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, or extracellular enzymes, thereby acting as biocontrol agents. The present study aimed to isolate fungal endophytes from Alternanthera philoxeroides and evaluate their plant growth promotion and antimicrobial activity. In total, nine fungal endophytic strains were isolated from different parts of A. philoxeroides such as leaves, roots, and stems. The results demonstrate that the strains MEFAphS1 and MEFAphR3 exhibited positive plant growth promotion properties, including phosphate solubilization, and IAA (Indoleacetic acid) production, and ammonia production. The IAA production was highest for MEFAphS1, with a concentration of 46.6351.04 g/mL, while MEFAphR3 displayed the highest ammonia production (0.9030.01 g/ mL). The phosphate solubilization index (PSI) is the maximum for MEFAphS1 (1.50.10). MEFAphS1 also exhibited antibacterial activity against Vibrio vulnificus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and V. parahaemolyticus, with the most substantial inhibition zone observed against V. vulnificus (281 mm). In contrast, MEFAphR3 showed an inhibition zone of 81.53 mm against V. parahaemolyticus. Molecular identification revealed the identity of the isolates MEFAphS1 and MEFAphR3 as Fusarium solani and F. annulatum. These results thus confirm the possible applications of the fungal endophytes as plant biofertilizers and bio-enhancers to increase crop productivity. Copyright: The Author(s). -
Fungal Mushrooms: A Natural Compound With Therapeutic Applications
Fungi are extremely diverse in terms of morphology, ecology, metabolism, and phylogeny. Approximately, 130 medicinal activities like antitumor, immunomodulation, antioxidant, radical scavenging, cardioprotective and antiviral actions are assumed to be produced by the various varieties of medicinal mushrooms. The polysaccharides, present in mushrooms like ?-glucans, micronutrients, antioxidants like glycoproteins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and ergosterols can help establish natural resistance against infections and toxins. Clinical trials have been performed on mushrooms like Agaricus blazei Murrill Kyowa for their anticancer effect, A. blazei Murrill for its antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects, and some other mushrooms had also been evaluated for their neurological effects. The human evaluation dose studies had been also performed and the toxicity dose was evaluated from the literature for number of mushrooms. All the mushrooms were found to be safe at a dose of 2000mg/kg but some with mild side effects. The safety and therapeutic effectiveness of the fungal mushrooms had shifted the interest of biotechnologists toward fungal nanobiotechnology as the drug delivery system due to the vast advantages of nanotechnology systems. In complement to the vital nutritional significance of medicinal mushrooms, numerous species have been identified as sources of bioactive chemicals. Moreover, there are unanswered queries regarding its safety, efficacy, critical issues that affect the future mushroom medicine development, that could jeopardize its usage in the twenty-first century. Copyright 2022 Chugh, Mittal, MP, Arora, Bhattacharya, Chopra, Cavalu and Gautam. -
Fungal-based synthesis to generate nanoparticles for nanobioremediation
Nanotechnology has gained immense popularity with its innumerable biological agents, which are replacing toxic chemicals with an advanced technique for reducing and stabilizing nanoparticles (NPs). Fungal nanotechnology has represented exceptional technique in this area, owing to its nontoxicity, eco-friendly nature for fungal NPs, and nanostructure synthesis by reducing enzymes using either intracellular or extracellular techniques. Further, ease lies in the scale up-and downstream process owing to the increased surface area of the mycelial cells. Fungi and yeast are highly potential secretors of extracellular enzyme, grow fast, and are simple to maintain. Biogenic fungal NPs have been applied in the field of industry, agriculture, medicine, and other sectors too, and are used as bioremediators, drug delivery, biosensors, MRI, medical imaging, cancer therapy, etc. Mycoremediation can serve as a facilitator in bioremediating the toxins by immobilizing or inducing the synthesis of enzymes. Fungal NPs have shown an effective and efficient clean-up of the environment from the chemical pollutants and heavy metals, reducing total time consumption and total cost reduction. Fungal species of A. flavus and T. harzianum have shown promising crude oil degrading abilities with silver NPs at a very low concentration. Other fungal species used as resources for metal NPs that have been useful as bioremediators include Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Verticillium. The Author(s), 2023. All rights reserved. -
Fungi-Templated Silver Nanoparticle Composite: Synthesis, Characterization, and Its Applications
The self-assembly of nanoparticles on living bio-templates is a promising synthetic methodology adopted for synthesizing nano/microstructures with high efficiency. Therefore, the method of bio-templating offers various advantages in controlling the geometries of nano/microstructures, thereby increasing the efficiency of the synthesized material towards various functional applications. Herein, we utilized a filamentous fungus (Sclerotium rolfsii) as a soft bio-template to generate silver nanoparticle (AgNP) microtubules adhering to the fungal hyphae. The resulting composite combines the unique properties of silver nanoparticles with the biological activity of the fungi. The 3D fungal hyphaesilver nanoparticle (FH-AgNP) composite was characterized using SEM, elemental analysis, and the X-ray diffraction technique. Additionally, to highlight the functional application of the synthesized composite, dye degradation studies of methylene blue under visible light was effectuated, and a percentage degradation of 67.86% was obtained within 60 min, which highlights the potent catalytic activity of FH-AgNPs in dye degradation. Further, the antibacterial study of the composite was carried out against the bacterium Escherichia coli, and it was found that 200 ?g of the composite exhibited maximum antibacterial properties against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Overall, fungi-templated silver nanoparticle composites are a promising area of research due to their combination of biological activity and unique physical and chemical properties. 2023 by the authors. -
Furaldehyde-based magnetic supported palladium nanoparticles as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reaction
A novel palladium functionalised magnetic nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2-FA-Pd) was prepared using silica-coated iron oxide and furaldehyde Schiff base as a supported material. FT-IR, VSM, TEM, FESEM, XPS, EDAX and TGA were used to analyse the morphological structure and chemical composition of Fe3O4@SiO2-FA-Pd NPs. Thus, the prepared Fe3O4@SiO2-FA-Pd NPs as a magnetic nanocatalyst were used in the Mizoroki-Heck reaction of arylbromide and terminal alkenes, exhibiting effective catalysis with good yields. The magnetic nanocatalyst can be reused up to 6 times without significantly losing catalytic activity and is easily separable from the reaction mixture. This new catalytic system has significant and potentially useful applications in the pharmaceutical industry. 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Further Discussion on the Significance of Quartic Autocatalysis on the Dynamics of Water Conveying 47nm Alumina and 29nm Cupric Nanoparticles
Improvement of product performance, efficiency, and reliability is a major concern of experts, scientists, and technologists dealing with the dynamics of water conveying nanoparticles on objects with nonuniform thickness either coated or sprayed with the catalyst. However, little is known on the significance of quartic autocatalysis as it affects the dynamics of water conveying alumina and cupric nanoparticles. In this study, comparative analysis between the dynamics of water conveying 29nm CuO and 47nm Al 2O 3 on an upper horizontal surface of a paraboloid of revolution is modeled and presented. In the transport phenomena, migration of nanoparticles due to temperature gradient, the haphazard motion of nanoparticles, and diffusion of motile microorganisms were incorporated into the mathematical models. Due to the inherent nature of the thermophysical properties of the two nanofluids, viscosity, density, thermal radiation, and heat capacity of the two nanofluids were incorporated in the mathematical model. The nonlinear partial differential equations that model the transport phenomenon were transformed, non-dimensionalized and parameterized. The corresponding boundary value problems were converted to an initial value problem using the method of superposition and solved numerically. The concentration of the catalyst increases significantly with buoyancy at a larger magnitude of space-dependent internal heat source in the flow of 29nm CuOwater nanofluid. Negligible migration of nanoparticles due to temperature gradient decreases the concentration of the fluid throughout the domain. 2020, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals. -
Further results on equitable near proper coloring of derived graph families
A proper coloring assigns distinct colors to the adjacent vertices of a graph. An equitable near proper coloring of a graph G is an improper coloring in which neighbouring vertices are allowed to receive the same color such that the cardinalities of two distinct color classes differ by not more than one and the number of monochromatic edges is minimised by giving certain restrictions on the number of color classes that can have an edge between them. This paper discusses the equitable near proper coloring of line, middle, and total graphs of certain graph classes, such as paths, cycles, sunlet graphs, star graphs, and gear graphs. 2024 The Author(s). Published by Combinatorial Press. -
Further results on induced graphoidal decomposition
Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and applications Vol.5, No.1, ISSN No.1793-8317 -
Further results on induced graphoidal decomposition
Let G be a nontrivial, simple, finite, connected and undirected graph. A graphoidal decomposition (GD) of G is a collection ? of paths and cycles in G that are internally disjoint such that every edge of G lies in exactly one member of ?. As a variation of GD the notion of induced graphoidal decomposition (IGD) was introduced in [S. Arumugam, Path covers in graphs (2006)] which is a GD all of whose members are either induced paths or induced cycles. The minimum number of elements in such a decomposition of a graph G is called the IGD number, denoted by ?i(G). In this paper, we extend the study of the parameter ?i by establishing bounds for ?i(G) in terms of the diameter, girth and the maximum degree along with characterization of graphs achieving the bounds. 2013 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Further Results on the 3-Consecutive Vertex Coloring Number of Certain Graphs
A 3-consecutive vertex coloring is an assignment of colors on vertices of a graph G such that for any 3-consecutive vertices a, b and c, the color of b is the same as the color of a or c. ? 3c(G) denotes the maximum number of colors that can be used to 3-consecutive vertex color a graph G. The main aim of this article is to give the value of ? 3c(G) for some particular types of graphs, which includes: necklace graphs; the Cartesian product of two paths, a cycle and a path, and two cycles; the corona product of a path and a clique; Mobius Ladder graphs; the 3rd edge line graph; triangular snake graphs, double triangular snake graphs, triple triangular snake graphs, quadrilateral snake graphs and the alternative versions of them; Hanoi graphs; Sun graphs; Barbel graphs; the n-pan graph. The objective of this article is to explore some important results on ? 3c(G). 2024 The Authors. -
Further studies on chromatic completion of graphs
The chromatic completion graph of G with respect to a proper vertex coloring c of G, denoted by Gc?, is the graph obtained by adding all possible edges to G without violating the proper coloring protocol. The maximum number of edges added to G to obtain the chromatic completion graph is the chromatic completion number ??(G). Equitable chromatic completion graph Ge? of a graph G and equitable chromatic completion number ??e(G) are the equitable analogues of Gc? and ??(G), respectively. In this paper, we present various structural aspects of chromatic completion graphs and equitable chromatic completion graphs. Also, the chromatic completion and the related parameter are described in terms of adjacency matrix and color matrix of graphs. The equitable chromatic completion graph is shown to be a Tur graph. More relevantly, we obtained the equitable chromatic completion number of an arbitrary graph G. World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Further studies on circulant completion of graphs
A circulant graph C(n, S) is a graph having its adjacency matrix as a circulant matrix. It can also be interpreted as a graph with vertices v0, v1,,vn?1 that are in one-to-one correspondence with the members of Zn and with edge set {vivj: i ? j ? S}, where S known as the connection set or symbol, is a subset of non-identity members of Zn that is closed under inverses. This work extends the study of circulant completion and general formulae for calculating circulant completion numbers in two different perspectives, one in terms of circulant span and the other in terms of the adjacency matrix. (2024), (SciELO-Scientific Electronic Library Online). All Rights Reserved. -
Further Study on the s-Shunt Intersection Graph of a Graph
For an integer s ? 1, an s-arc in a graph G is a sequence of (s + 1) vertices (v1, v2, , vs+1) of G such that any two consecutive vertices are adjacent in G and vi ? vi+2; 1 ? i ? s ? 1. Certain structural properties of an intersection graph defined on the set of all s-arcs on distinct vertices of a graph G, that can be shunted onto another s-arc on distinct vertices of G, known as the s-shunt intersection graph of G is studied. 2026, SINUS Association. All rights reserved. -
Fusion model of wavelet transform and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system for stock market prediction
Stock market prediction is one of the most important financial subjects that have drawn researchers attention for many years. Several factors affecting the stock market make stock market forecasting highly complicated and a difficult task. The successful prediction of a stock market may promise attractive benefits. Various data mining methods such as artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy system (FS), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) etc are being widely used for predicting stock prices. The goal of this paper is to find out an efficient soft computing technique for stock prediction. In this paper, time series prediction model of closing price via fusion of wavelet-adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (WANFIS) is formulated, which is capable of predicting stock market. The data used in this study were collected from the internet sources. The fusion forecasting model uses the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to decompose the financial time series data. The obtained approximation and detailed coefficients after decomposition of the original time series data are used as input variables of ANFIS to forecast the closing stock prices. The proposed model is applied on four different companies previous data such as opening price, lowest price, highest price and total volume share traded. The day end closing price of stock is the outcome of WANFIS model. Numerical illustration is provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model and is compared with the existing techniques namely ANN and hybrid of ANN and wavelet to prove its effectiveness. The experimental results reveal that the proposed fusion model achieves better forecasting accuracy than either of the models used separately. From the results, it is suggested that the fusion model WANFIS provides a promising alternative for stock market prediction and can be a useful tool for practitioners and economists dealing with the prediction of stock market. 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Fusion of medical image using STSVD
The process of uniting medical images which are taken from different types of images to make them as one image is a Medical Image Fusion. This is performed to increase the image information content and also to reduce the randomness and redundancy which is used for clinical applicability. In this paper a new method called Shearlet Transform (ST) is applied on image by using the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to improve the information content of the images. Here two different images Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are taken for fusing. Initially the ST is applied on the two input images, then for low frequency coefficients the SVD method is applied for fusing purpose and for high frequency coefficients different method is applied. Then fuse the low and high frequency coefficients. Then the Inverse Shearlet Transform (IST) is applied to rebuild the fused image. To carry out the experiments three benchmark images are used and are compared with the progressive techniques. The results show that the proposed method exceeds many progressive techniques. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017. -
Fusion Techniques for medical imaging and clinical data towards precision diagnostics and personalized care
The combination of clinical data with medical imaging has created a revolution in modern healthcare, which provides a clear insight into patient's health sometimes in an earlier stage itself. Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography scans, ultrasounds, and X-rays are a few of the medical imaging techniques that offer high-resolution representations of the body's structure and physiological processes. Clinical data, such as physical examinations, test findings, and medical histories, help to contextualize these photographs, which enhances treatment planning and broadens diagnostic discoveries. Fusion approaches combine data from multiple sources to create a unified dataset, making diagnoses more accurate and treatments more personalized. This chapter emphasizes the importance of the fusion of heterogeneous medical data along with various fusion techniques, including deep learning and attention mechanisms, to align medical images with clinical data for meaningful insights. By using fusion techniques, healthcare professionals can make real-time decisions, identify diseases with better accuracy, and derive insights that can lead to actionable treatment or management strategies. Advanced fusion methods enable healthcare providers to obtain a holistic view of a patient's health, allowing advancements in precision medicine and customized treatment plans. 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
FusionBotSentinel: A Framework to Mitigate Probable Social Bots Spreading False Information in Cyber Physical Systems
The escalating dissemination of fake news across social media networks has emerged as a concerning societal issue and a threat to cyber physical systems. Bots, often employed to propagate such misinformation, present a formidable challenge in their detection and elimination. Bot prediction have been pivotal in identifying and curbing these deceptive bot activities within social media networks. Twitchs live streaming content is readily scrapable and totally accessible. But quite understudied. Recent studies scrutinized these frameworks, revealing significant strides in their development while acknowledging the need for further enhancements in both predictions for proactive measures. FusionBotSentinel proposes a novel architecture that underscores the imperative for future research to concentrate on fortifying these frameworks, ensuring they are more resilient and adaptable in mitigating and predicting the spread of fake news by social bots. Another focus is on enhancing the effectiveness of deep learning models through a refined understanding of data quality with a largest dataset available and employing better hybrid techniques that bolster the generalizability and robustness helping in forecasting bot activities in combatting this escalating problem within cyber physical systems. Since bots are seen to be the source of the present problems with cyber physical systems, including privacy, security, safety, and ethical difficulties, it is necessary to recognize these gaps. Our suggested FusionBotSentinelprovides a revolutionary significance by contributing to in combatting fake news in the society by achieving up to 99% in accuracy, 98% in precision, 100% in recall, 99% in sensitivity with F1 score as 99% in social bot prediction offering 20% more efficiency when compared to the most advanced existing models proving its superiority. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
Future Battlefield System Using Graph Database and Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) concept is rapidly evolving and is expected to influence each field of the computational realm. These advances have an impact on any nations defence force. The defense industrys solution mostly depends on detectors and their installations. The major goal of sensory statistics is to provide information that may be used for strategic choices and evaluation in future battling fields. Each piece of statistics, from documenting a soldiers essential health metrics to its ammunition, weapons, and position circumstance, has a function and is especially important to the strategic commander stationed in the control unit. This research proposes an innovative approach that combines the IoTs with the growing graph database to produce a contextual consciousness regarding each characteristic of the personnel on the battlefield. We show a projected future battlefield application condition in which we explore the graph database for contextual consciousness patterns to gain a strategic benefit over our competitors. 2024 selection and editorial matter, Prof. (Dr.) Dorota Jelonek, Prof. (Dr.) Narendra Kumar, Prof. (Dr.) Mamta Chahar, Prof. (Dr.) Rusudan Kinkladze and Prof. (Dr.) Lilla Knop; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Future Crop Designing: Antistress Capacities Gained by CRISPRmediated Releasing the Potential of Functional Genomes
Abiotic stresses, including temperature fluctuations, salinity, and drought, as well as biotic stresses such as viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, exert detrimental effects on plant growth and development, thereby significantly impeding overall plant productivity and crop yield. Traditionally, the sustainable mitigation of abiotic stress has been achieved through the breeding of tolerant cultivars; however, this process is characterized by its timeconsuming and labor-intensive nature, as well as its inherent lack of precision. Thus, there is a pressing need to adopt advanced genome technology to address these limitations and enhance the efficacy of stress-tolerance breeding efforts. This can be addressed by facilitating site-specific modifications of selected functional genomic elements, thus providing a potential avenue for introducing desired traits to combat adverse stress conditions. Among various genome engineering methodologies, CRISPR-Cas9 has emerged as the most promising genomeediting tool, attributed to its notable efficiency, precision, and rapidity. This study offers insights into the prospective trajectory of crop improvement through the advancement of crop enhancement strategies, employing CRISPR technology to enhance crop resilience against stress conditions by selectively modifying or activating specific functional genomes. CAB International 2025. All rights reserved.