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Economic impact of micro loans on the rural women through self help group-bank linkage programme(SBLP) /
Zenith International Journal Of Business Economics And Management Research, Vol.6, Issue 2, pp.98-112, ISSN: 2249-8826. -
Economic Growth, Automation and Environmental Degradation: An Empirical Evidence from Asian Countries
In the era of Industry 4.0 the increase in population as a result of environmental erosion is the prime concern in the global scenario, Asia as the biggest continent is very much applied to it. In this context assessment of the interrelation relationship between automation, financial development, environmental degradation, and per capita growth of 12 Asian Countries from 1995 to 2022 using the panel ARDL model, in addition to assessing the cause-effect relationship panel causality test also incorporated. As a part of ARDL PMG estimation results demonstrated that capital formation, import automation machinery, urban population growth, and ecological footprint positively impact per capita in the long term. But in this phenomenon, aggregate industrial value added negatively impacts per capita, because of automation labor displacement. Results from the causality test suggest that economic upswing, and urban population growth two-way causal relationship. However, capital formation, value-added, and ecological footprint positively impacted per capita growth. Regarding policy formulation need to formulate the necessary skill development program so that individuals can cope with the new decade of automation, in addition, ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation positively impacts per capita growth, so the government needs to make a strategy at the societal level toward sustainable ecofriendly behavior. 2024 IEEE. -
Economic growth and higher education in south asian countries: Evidence from econometrics
South Asian economies has witnessed very slow growth over the years and the gap has widened manifold between other nations of Asia particularly East Asian nations and South Asian nations. This paper examines co-integration between the economic growth and reach of higher education in South Asian nations explaining this disparity. The research employed an econometric panel co-integration investigation to analyse the long run relationship of higher education and economic growth among these nations. The research confirmed positive long run causality between the economic growth of the South Asian nations and gross enrolment ratio of higher education. So, if the South Asian nations continue with their existing pattern of paying less attention to higher education by allocating low share of investment on it, poor human capital formation would result in growing further economic disparity between developed and South Asian nations where rich nations would remain richer and poor nations would remain poor with the gap remaining unabridged. This research will serve as an aid to policy makers, educators and financers of South Asian nations to bridge the gap between high-and low-income nations. The focus on the quantum of spending on higher education by the government will help improve the reach of tertiary education and build economic prosperity in these nations. 2020, Sciedu Press. All rights reserved. -
Economic globalization and unemployment: Evidence from high-, middle- and low-income countries
This study intends to empirically evaluate the effects of economic globalization and its components (i.e. trade and financial openness) on unemployment in high-, middle- and low-income countries from 1991 to 2020. Further, it considers real GDP per capita (sectoral divisions of income, i.e. agriculture, industry and service sector) and urbanization as control variables in the unemployment function. On the empirical front, this study employs the Panel Dynamic Simulated ARDL model and the Kernel-Based Regularized Least Squares for long-run influence estimations. The emanating outcome of these analyses states that economic globalization destroys employment opportunities for low-income countries as it enhances unemployment in the long run. However, in high- and middle-income countries, economic globalization creates employment, which implies reducing unemployment in the long run. The result also indicates that trade and financial openness destroy employment opportunities in low-income countries. Although trade openness in middle-income countries shows the same effect, financial openness does not mimic the same. For high-income countries, trade openness reduces unemployment, but financial openness fosters it. Therefore, these findings indicate that to keep unemployment at a low level, policies related to the opening up of the economy in terms of factor mobility, offshoring, outsourcing and international trade need to be implemented in low-income countries. Moreover, a similar consideration is needed for high and middle-income countries to avoid faraway repercussions on unemployment due to becoming a peripheral country. 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
Economic Burden and Productivity Loss of Employees with Lifestyle Diseases in Sedentary Occupations During Pandemic
Over the past few decades, the prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases or Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) have increased. There has been an increasing concern about these lifestyle diseases, with hypertension acting as the most prevalent lifestyle disease in the populace. It further exaggerates the issue as its prevalence increases exposure to other lifestyle diseases such as Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). With health being an important component of human capital, the presence of lifestyle diseases has an economic impact on the individual and the organisation. The presence of an illness reduces the productivity level delivered by the individual to work, resulting in productivity loss. Apart from impacting an employee's productivity, the prevalence of lifestyle diseases incurs a significant monetary expense in the form of healthcare required to manage them. This monetary expense is called an economic burden or out-of-pocket expenditure. On these grounds, the current study examines the economic burden and impact on the productivity of employees suffering from lifestyle diseases (Hypertension, Diabetes and CVD) working in sedentary occupations. With lifestyle diseases majorly influenced by the lifestyle patterns of an individual, employees working in a sedentary occupation are at greater exposure to lifestyle diseases and hence were selected as the target population. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 426 employees of sedentary occupations in the Delhi-NCR region. The economic burden has been measured as a sum of the direct and indirect costs of the diseases incurred in a year. Using the estimates of economic burden, Catastrophic Healthcare Expenditure (CHE) was measured at different threshold levels. The study has also evaluated productivity loss through presenteeism and absenteeism approaches. An attempt was made to examine the relationship between the economic burden 7 and productivity loss through presenteeism and absenteeism approaches. The result of the study shows a significant share of the economic burden for lifestyle diseases and their comorbidities. CHE was highest at the 40% threshold level. The level of disparity in catastrophe among lower and high-income individuals was also highest at the 40% threshold level. Further statistical results show a high cost of absenteeism due to lifestyle diseases compared to presenteeism and found that economic burden has a strong positive relationship with absenteeism and presenteeism. Overall, the study concludes that lifestyle disease incurs a substantial economic burden and CHE for employees working in sedentary occupations. The estimate for the same increases if multiple lifestyle diseases are present. Further, the impact of catastrophe is more for low-income than high-income individuals due to the limited availability of resources to manage the health issue. Apart from causing monetary expense, the presence of lifestyle diseases also causes a high cost of absenteeism and presenteeism, increasing the economic cost of managing lifestyle diseases. -
Economic aspects of marine biopolymers
The usage of synthetic polymers such as plastic is a much-debated topic across the globe for a reason; it is not recyclable and harms the environment. However, todays consumers have shifted their preferences to eco-friendly products over harmful products. The biopolymers market globally accounted for about $13.7 billion in 2021, and by 2030, its projected to reach over $35.2 billion, growing at 11.07% [compound annual growth rate (CAGR)]. By 2026, the marine biotechnology sector will be worth $5 billion worldwide. Despite the manufacturing cost of marine biopolymers being higher than that of standard polymers, the market is growing faster because of its benefits across various industries and mainly for stakeholders. The biopolymer industry has evolved due to the depletion of petroleum reservoirs. Key players from countries such as the United States, Brazil, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, and Australia are in the biopolymers market. Different classes of marine biopolymers and their industrial applications prove the precious value of ocean resources to society. 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Economic and Urban Dynamics: Investigating Socioeconomic Status and Urban Density as Moderators of Mobile Wallet Adoption in Smart Cities
This research paper examines the complex correlation between socioeconomic factors, urban density, and the acceptance of mobile wallet technology in smart cities. The study investigates how socioeconomic status and urban density influence the adoption of mobile wallets. Smart cities have experienced a significant increase in the adoption of mobile payment solutions such as Apple Pay, and Google Pay, noted for their technological innovation and ability to enhance living standards. These digital payment platforms provide ease, security, and efficiency, revolutionizing how individuals engage in financial transactions and navigate urban environments. The study examines the many aspects that impact this phenomenon, focusing on the significance of comprehending how socioeconomic status and urban density influence the acceptance of mobile wallets. The study utilizes a meticulous research technique, which involves evaluating the reliability and validity of constructs, analyzing Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratios, conducting tests for discriminant validity, and doing variance inflation factor (VIF) analysis. These measures are taken to ensure the strength and reliability of the report's conclusions. The research's importance is further supported by model fit statistics and hypothesis testing conducted through bootstrapping. The results emphasize that the inclusion of mobile wallet functions, the legal framework, and the development of smart city infrastructure have a substantial influence on the acceptance of mobile wallets. However, the impact of urban density on mobile wallet adoption is more intricate and multifaceted. This study provides significant insights into the dynamic field of technology uptake in urban regions, with implications for politicians, entrepreneurs, and urban planners seeking to promote financial inclusion and technological integration in smart cities. 2024 IEEE. -
Economic and sustainable management of wastes from rice industry: combating the potential threats
Rice is one of the imperative staple foods, particularly in the developing countries. The exponential boom in human population has resulted in the continuous expansion in the rice industry in order to meet the food demands. The various stages of paddy processing release huge quantity of solid wastes, mainly rice husk, rice husk ash and liquid wastes in the form of rice industry wastewater. The discharge of the rice industry wastewater imparts a substantial threat to the aquatic bodies and the nearby surrounding and, thus, consequently demands eco-benign treatment plan. As a result, different strategies are needed to enhance the effluent quality and minimize the operational cost of the treatment process. Therefore, efficient technological approach targeting the minimization of pollution as well as assuring the economic prosperity should be implemented. In this review article, several aspects related to the rice industry discussing the significant challenges involved in the generation of both solid and liquid wastes, mitigation experiments and future prospects have been meticulously elaborated. Furthermore, the article also focuses on the various processes utilized for reducing the pollution load and promoting the practice of reuse and recycle of waste rather than the discharge action for the sake of sustainability and the emergence of novel techniques for the generation of energy and value-added products. 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany. -
Economic Analysis, Environmental Impact, Future Prospects and Mechanistic Understandings of Nanosensors and Nanocatalysis
It is crucial to understand the economic importance of sensors and catalysis. Economy always plays a major role in the field of nanotechnology. The ever-growing industrial revolution raises many concerns to understand the phenomena and to develop inexpensive devices for sensing applications. However, manufacturing such devices have caused a severe impact on environment. Thus, it is a requirement to understand the mechanistic aspects and also future prospects of nanosensors and catalysis to achieve sustainable technologies for the future. 2023 selection and editorial matter, Anitha Varghese and Gurumurthy Hegde; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Ecofriendly Approaches for Ameliorating the Adverse Effects of Cadmium in Plants by Regulating Physiological and Defense Responses: An Overview
Mitigating cadmium stress in agricultural plants becomes extremely critical in order to assure food sufficiency in the scenario of a rapidly growing population. An extensive review of environmentally friendly methods for reducing cadmium toxicity in plants is provided in this chapter, with special attention to a variety of tactics like phytohormones, polyamines, melatonin, mineral ions, nanoparticles, and transgenic techniques. Nanoparticles are capable of changing the distribution of cadmium, activating antioxidant defense mechanisms, and boosting physiological processes that are crucial for plant resilience and growth. Microorganisms greatly increase plant resistance to cadmium stress by modifying phytohormones and regulating defense-related proteins. Phytohormones can increase a plants adaptability to cadmium stress through a number of mechanisms, such as the regulation of gene expression and physiological processes. Melatonin and polyamines provide protection against oxidative stress and heavy metal toxicity, while mineral ions such as silicon, calcium, zinc, iron, and selenium increase plant resistance to cadmium, minimizing pollution-related harm. Transgenic plants that are tolerant to cadmium exhibit enhanced detoxification processes and reduced metal accumulation. These findings provide important insights for long-term plant cadmium mitigation and highlight the significance of interdisciplinary approaches in managing heavy metal stress in agricultural systems. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Eco-friendly synthesized nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: an updated review
Green synthesis of NPs has gained extensive acceptance as they are reliable, eco-friendly, sustainable, and stable. Chemically synthesized NPs cause lung inflammation, heart problems, liver dysfunction, immune suppression, organ accumulation, and altered metabolism, leading to organ-specific toxicity. NPs synthesized from plants and microbes are biologically safe and cost-effective. These microbes and plant sources can consume and accumulate inorganic metal ions from their adjacent niches, thus synthesizing extracellular and intracellular NPs. These inherent characteristics of biological cells to process and modify inorganic metal ions into NPs have helped explore an area of biochemical analysis. Biological entities or their extracts used in NPs include algae, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, viruses, yeasts, and plants, with varying capabilities through the bioreduction of metallic NPs. These biosynthesized NPs have a wide range of pharmaceutical applications, such as tissue engineering, detection of pathogens or proteins, antimicrobial agents, anticancer mediators, vehicles for drug delivery, formulations for functional foods, and identification of pathogens, which can contribute to translational research in medical applications. NPs have various applications in the food and drug packaging industry, agriculture, and environmental remediation. Copyright 2023 Borehalli Mayegowda, Roy, N. G., Pandit, Alghamdi, Almehmadi, Allahyani, Awwad and Sharma. -
Eco-friendly innovations in food packaging: A sustainable revolution
Packaging is crucial in ensuring the quality and safety of food, protecting it from various contaminants, and extending its shelf life. Materials used for packaging food must be economical, durable, and possess good barrier properties. One of the major challenges faced by the food industry is developing an eco-friendly, economical, and sustainable packaging system. The conventional materials, which majorly depend on petroleum-derived polymers, are associated with several significant problems, such as environmental pollution, depletion of resources, generation of single-use wastes, leakage of chemicals into food products, limited recycling, and so on. As the food sector focuses on reducing its environmental impact, by encouraging revolutionary changes for an effective sustainable food packaging approach. The core objective of industrial packaging was to innovate a biodegradable material, especially derived from renewable biomass resources as eco-friendly alternatives in the food industry. One of the significant trends involves production of bioplastics, which are derived from renewable polymers such as corn starch, sugarcane, or algae. These materials offer a viable alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics, as they are often compostable or biodegradable. The development of advanced bioplastics with improved barrier properties and durability is gaining traction, addressing environmental and health concerns and functionalizing a packaging material. The present review discusses the limitations of conventional packaging materials used in the food industry and focuses on the various polymers derived from natural sources, their physio-chemical properties, and their potential application as a sustainable material that reduce carbon emission, and enhance preservation of food and ensure food safety. 2024 Elsevier B.V. -
Eco-Conscious Silver Nanoparticles via Quassia indica: Characterization and Multifaceted Applications
This research work explores the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Quassia indica (QI-Ag NPs), a natural plant extract, as a stabilizing and reducing agent. The synthesized QI-Ag NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques, including UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED). The UV-Visible analysis revealed a characteristic peak at 430 nm, indicating the successful formation of AgNPs. XRD analysis unveiled the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles, with four distinctive peaks corresponding to the silver crystallographic planes. SEM and EDX provided insights into the morphology and chemical composition of the QI-AgNPs. Moreover, TEM and SAED elucidated the structural attributes and crystallinity of the nanoparticles. The Ag NPs exhibited a spherical structure and crystalline nature, as supported by both SAED and XRD findings. The zeta potential of QI-Ag NPs exhibited a value of-24.2 mV. The synthesized QI-Ag NPs were evaluated for their photocatalytic potential, demonstrating a remarkable 97% degradation of Crystal Violet dye. Furthermore, comprehensive studies encompassing antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity assessments were conducted, showcasing the multifaceted applications of these nanoparticles. This research underscores the promising potential of Q. indica-mediated silver nanoparticles as environmentally benign and versatile nanomaterials. 2024 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Eco-conscious photocatalytic degradation of organic textile dyes using green synthesized silver nanoparticles: a safe and green approach toward sustainability
Green synthesized nanoparticles from Strobilanthes barbatus leaf extracts are environmentally safe and feasible for enduring wastewater treatment, especially for organic textile dye degradation. The synthesized Strobilanthes barbatusmediated silver/silver-oxide nanoparticles (SB-Ag/AgO NPs) showed maximum absorbance at 428nm. The SB-Ag/AgO NPs were generally spherical with an average diameter of 37.59nm (FESEM and TEM analysis). The importance of functional groups in the production of SB-Ag/AgO NPs was recorded by FTIR investigations. In the degradation and rate of degradation for textile dyes, after 320min, SB-Ag/AgO NPs displayed 96.60% (5.31 10?1 L mg?1min?1) and 87.50% (1.179 10?1 L mg?1min?1) degradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB-220) and Reactive Blue 222A (RB-222A), respectively. When compared to dye effluents, SB-Ag/AgO NPs-treated dye solutions revealed a considerable decrease in inhibitory efficiency during phytotoxicity evaluation on test organisms, Vigna radiata and Artemia salina. The biosynthesized SB-Ag/AgO NPs could serve as a feasible photocatalyst for the treatment of organic textile dyes in organic substancepolluted water ecosystems. SB-Ag/AgO NPs can serve as efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly sources for dye degradation. The current research offers a safe and environmentally friendly strategy for sustaining the environment. 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Eco friendly nitration of toluene using modified zirconia
Nitration of toluene has been studied in the liquid phase over a series of modified zirconia catalysts. Zirconia, zirconia- ceria (Zr0.98Ce0.02)O2, sulfated zirconia and sulfated zirconia- ceria were synthesised by co precipitation method and were characterised by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, Infra red spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X ray analysis (EDAX). The acidity of the prepared catalysts was determined by FTIR pyridine adsorption study. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the catalysts prepared mainly consist of tetragonal phase with the crystallite size in the nano range and the tetragonal phase of zirconia is stabilized by the addition of ceria. The modified zirconia samples have higher surface area and exhibits uniform pore size distribution aggregated by zirconia nanoparticles. The onset of sulfate decomposition was observed around 723 K for sulfated samples. The catalytic performance was determined for the liquid phase nitration of toluene to ortho-, meta- and para- nitro toluene. The effect of reaction temperature, concentration of nitric acid, catalyst reusability and reaction time was also investigated. 2013 BCREC UNDIP. -
Eco Friendly Nitration of Toluene using Modified Zirconia
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis Vol. 7, No.3, pp.205-214 ISSN No. 1978-2993 -
Echoes of Conflict: Unveiling the Interconnected Tapestry of Russia-Ukraine Warfare, Oil Price Ballet, and the Asian Stock Symphony
The purpose of this research is to look into the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the relationship between oil prices and the Asian stock market. While earlier studies have investigated the impact of oil prices on stock markets, there has been little research into the impact of crude oil prices on the Asian stock market in the context of the Russia-Ukraine war. For this purpose, the data is collected from NSE and Bloomberg database the study's findings imply that the Russia-Ukraine war has had a major impact on the relationship between crude oil prices and stock market indices in numerous Asia-Pacific countries. The study suffers from a few limitations such as it only examines the relationship between crude oil prices and stock market indices but there are other macroeconomic factors, such as interest rates, inflation, and political instabil ity which also affect the market. 2024, ASERS Publishing House. All rights reserved. -
Echo mapping of active galacticn nuclei
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the persistent high luminosity sources powered by accretion of matter onto super massive black holes (SMBHs) at their centres. They are known to show flux variation and this property can be used as an effective tool to map the extent of the broad line region (BLR) and the dusty torus that surrounds the central SMBH. Though the mass of the SMBH (MBH) can be directly measured using the dynamics of stars that are close to the SMBH, this method is limited to objects in the low redshift Universe (z < 0.1). On the other hand, the technique of reverberation mapping (RM) can provide MBH estimate over a range of redshifts. RM is based on the light travel time delayed response of the line emitting gas as well as the re-processed torus emission to changes in the continuum emission from the accretion disk. As of now, MBH measure-ments are available for more than 100 sources based on RM. The obtained BLR sizes (RBLR) are found to be correlated with the optical luminosity (L5100) at wavelength 5100 This relationship is obtained based on mea-surements of AGN available over a limited range of luminosity. Moreover, many of these measurements also have larger error bars. Therefore, there is an urgent need to increase RM measurements with small errors on more AGN covering a wide range of redshifts to better constrain the RBLR ? L5100 relation. We have carried out photometric reverberation observa- tions on the AGN Mrk 590. Using both broad band (that overlaps with the continuum) and narrow band (that overlaps with the H? emission line) observations, we found the BLR size to be 21.44+1.49 ?2.11 days, which is equiv- alent to 0.018+0.001 ?0.002 pc. Using this measured BLR size and the full width at half maximum of the H? line measured from the newly acquired Subaru spectrum we found a black hole mass of 1.96+0.15 ?0.21 108 M , using virial relationship and adopting a scale factor of 1.12. Similar to BLR reverberation mapping, the extent of the dusty torus in AGN can also be measured using dust reverberation mapping (DRM) based on the delayed response of the near infrared (NIR) flux from the torus to the ionizing UV/optical continuum coming from the accretion disk. From these observations too, a strong correlation is known to exist between the torus size (Rdust) and the optical luminosity (LV). Based on the Rdust ?LV relation, it is also possible to use AGN as standard candle to con- strain the Hubble constant (H0) and other cosmological parameters. But for that, a large number of DRM observations are needed at different red- shifts. As of today, very few NIR interferometric observations are avail-able, but measurements of the torus size via such direct imaging observa-tions are again limited to very near and bright AGN. Moreover, there is a large discrepancy in the size of the torus obtained via the direct imaging method through interferometry and that obtained from DRM. From long term monitoring in the optical and infra-red, we found the inner edge of the dust torus in H0507+164 and Z229?15 to lie at a distance of 0.029+0.010 ?0.008 pc and 0.017+0.005 ?0.005 pc, respectively, from the central optical continuum source. These two new measurements are also found to lie closely on the known Rdust ? LV relation line. Also, by modeling the available BLR RM data in the literature, it is possible to constrain the size, structure and kinemat-ics of the BLR using Bayesian approach. This approach is adopted several times to study the BLR morphology by different ways but is not applied to a large number of sources in an homogeneous manner. From an analysis of the RM data for a total of 57 sources following a Bayesian approach, we could constrain the structure of the BLR in them as well as derive other properties of BLR. -
Echo mapping of active galactic nuclei
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the persistent high luminosity sources powered by accretion of matter onto super massive black holes (SMBHs) at their centres. They are known to show flux variation and this property can be used as an effective tool to map the extent of the broad line region (BLR) and the dusty torus that surrounds the central SMBH. Though the mass of the SMBH (MBH) can be directly measured using the dynamics
of stars that are close to the SMBH, this method is limited to objects in the low redshift Universe (z < 0.1). On the other hand, the technique of reverberation mapping (RM) can provide MBH estimate over a range of redshifts. RM is based on the light travel time delayed response of the line emitting gas as well as the re-processed torus emission to changes in the continuum emission from the accretion disk. As of now, MBH measurements are available for more than 100 sources based on RM. The obtained
BLR sizes (RBLR) are found to be correlated with the optical luminosity (L5100) at wavelength 5100 Å. This relationship is obtained based on measurements of AGN available over a limited range of luminosity. Moreover, many of these measurements also have larger error bars. Therefore, there
is an urgent need to increase RM measurements with small errors on more AGN covering a wide range of redshifts to better constrain the RBLR − L5100 relation. -
Ecclesiology, piety, and presbyterian and independent polemics during the early years of the english revolution
Religious controversy swept across England during the revolutionary decades of the 1640s and 1650s. Historians have studied the attendant ecclesiological debates meticulously. The piety as practiced by the puritans has also been carefully examined. Yet generally, these two subjects of ecclesiology and piety have been kept as separate compartments of analysis. The plethora of tracts that rolled off the press during the initial years of the 1640s, nevertheless, shows that many contemporary polemicists were keen to tie the two themes together. The Presbyterian and Independent polemicists were no exception. As this article seeks to demonstrate, a common feature of their publications was the belief that their preferred ecclesiastical polity best served the purpose of promoting individual piety and creating a godly society. Thus the Presbyterian and Independent conflict waged not only over issues of ecclesiology proper such as categories of church offices and of governing councils or composition of church membership to which historians have directed their attention hitherto, but also over questions of how ecclesiology affected piety. Such conflict was a reflection of the commitment of Presbyterians and Independents to their respective vision of reformation for the country. More broadly, this article shows a facet of religious controversy that ultimately led to the disintegration of the godly community and weakened the base of support for the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. American Society of Church History 2015.