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Jugaad in organizational settings: exploring the Jugaad leadership competencies
The Hindi term 'jugaad' is closely linked to frugal innovation. In resource-scarce environments, organizations can thrive by developing jugaad-related leadership abilities. Previous research on jugaad has focused primarily on individual problem-solving and overlooked the leadership skills necessary to implement it in organizational settings. This study employs a theoretical lens of leadership competency models, interpretive phenomenology, purposive sampling, and an inductive data-driven coding approach to explore the jugaad leadership competencies of 28 Indian business leaders and managers. The study presents the Jugaad Leadership Competency (JLC) model, identifying ten competency clusters exhibited by jugaad leaders. This is the first study to develop a model for jugaad leadership in organizational settings. In environments characterized by scarcity and intense competition, the JLC model can aid individuals and organizations in acquiring the necessary competencies for frugal innovation. The study evaluates the theoretical and practical implications of the findings, their transferability, and limitations and offers suggestions for future research. 2023, Springer Nature Limited. -
Juice Jacking: Security Issues and Improvements in USB Technology
For a reliable and convenient system, it is essential to build a secure system that will be protected from outer attacks and also serve the purpose of keeping the inner data safe from intruders. A juice jacking is a popular and spreading cyber-attack that allows intruders to get inside the system through the web and theive potential data from the system. For peripheral communications, Universal Serial Bus (USB) is the most commonly used standard in 5G generation computer systems. USB is not only used for communication, but also to charge gadgets. However, the transferal of data between devices using USB is prone to various security threats. It is necessary to maintain the confidentiality and sensitivity of data on the bus line to maintain integrity. Therefore, in this paper, a juice jacking attack is analyzed, using the maximum possible means through which a system can be affected using USB. Ten different malware attacks are used for experimental purposes. Various machine learning and deep learning models are used to predict malware attacks. An extensive experimental analysis reveals that the deep learning model can efficiently recognize the juice jacking attack. Finally, various techniques are discussed that can either prevent or avoid juice jacking attacks. 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. -
Jurisprudential basis of the right to clean and healthy environment
Examining the basis of the right to a clean and healthy environment helps in an increased understanding of the nature of the right which in turn will further the job of devising effective strategies and policies to meet the interests of the environment and make the right a reality. This paper examines four strategies: Firstly protect environment rights by declaring it to be a right. This would protect it from mutilation at the hands of political processes, and thus would be a safer option, but its dimensions have not yet been crystallised. Secondly, it can be protected by making it part and parcel of human rights. Thirdly, the Interest Theory suggests that the interest of the environment must be protected for its own sake by creating such an interest. Fourthly, the notion of Intergenerational Responsibility which establishes that the present generation has an obligation/duty to preserve and protect the environment for a correlative similar right which the future generation enjoys. The article also examines the conflict between environment protection and developmental needs of humanity. Indian courts have referred to traditional Indian philosophy of 'Dharma' and have tried to adopt a balancing approach by integrating environment values with developmental values. Any theory that does not resolve the above conflict would clearly be insufficient. 2013 Journal of Dharma: Dharmaram Journal of Religions and Philosophies (DVK, Bangalore). -
Just Another Way to Track? Exploring the Critical Dimensions of Wearable Technologies Usage in Workplace Monitoring
With three main goals in mind, this critical research paper raises concerns about the widespread use of wearable technology for workplace surveillance. The first goal concerns with the examination of the ethical and moral implications of using wearable technology in work environments. Informed permission, privacy concerns, data ownership, and the possibility of discriminatory behaviors must all be carefully examined. For the second goal, the authors delve into the implications constant monitoring affects employees' physical and mental health. Examining the possibility of elevated stress, burnout, and decreased job satisfaction as a result of ongoing observation and performance pressure is part of this. Lastly, the authors of this paper have attempted to develop a Framework for Equitable Wearable Integration (FEWI) that describes how wearable devices can be utilized fairly and efficiently at workplaces in future. The study outlines the detrimental effects of wearable monitoring on workplace culture and employee morale using both empirical data and theoretical models. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Just: towards jute pest classification by combination of supervised learning and triplet loss aided contrastive learning
Jute is a vital agricultural commodity contributing significantly to the GDP of countries like Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, and China. However, because of its inaccuracy and slowness, its vulnerability to pest infestations-which are often handled by manual inspections-poses serious cost concerns. This study suggests a unique method for early and accurate pest identification that combines contrastive and supervised learning. Contrastive learning enhances feature representation by distinguishing between positive and negative samples, ensuring that instances within the same class are closely grouped while maintaining separation between different classes. It reduces false negatives by classifying some samples as negative and others with the same label as positive. Supervised learning enables precise pest identification by aligning features with distinctive characteristics of each class. Metrics including precision, recall, F1 score, ROC curve, and confusion matrix are used to assess the hybrid models performance; the findings show notable accuracy gains over conventional techniques. This scalable and dependable solution lowers losses caused by pests and provides a sustainable method of growing jute using cutting-edge advanced machine-learning techniques. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
JUSTICE BEYOND COURTS: EXPLORING FEMINIST AND DIGITAL APPROACHES TO RESTORATIVE PRACTICE IN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been a worldwide problem that has been quite hard to handle with traditional justice systems that lack the capacity to address the intricate needs of victims. The present paper aims to discuss how using restorative justice (RJ) based on feminist theory and driven by digital innovations, a different route to justice other than the traditional courts can be pursued. The research involves integrative qualitative method of synthesizing the results of peer-reviewed literature, policy reports on the assessment of such programs as Project Restore (New Zealand), NYC Blueprint (USA), and Open Circle (Australia), and online interventions, such as AR storytelling and digital mediation sites. This review shows that feminist models of RJ are based on the safety and empowerment of the survivor providing results that criminal courts can hardly provide. Nonetheless, these models do not have an easy time scaling because of resource limitations. Digital technologies, nevertheless, make RJ more accessible and anonymous, but at the same time they have ethical risks, including questions of privacy and algorithmic bias. The paper argues that such problems may be solved through the combination of feminist ethics and responsible digital design to create survivor-led and technology-enabling RJ systems. The results can be used in theory and policy formulation through the suggested model that will combine feminist and digital methods to make justice innovative, but ethically sound. This is an interdisciplinary approach that holds transformative prospects in the context of dealing with IPV worldwide. 2025. -
K shell Radiative and Total Vacancy Transfer Probabilities of Barium & Thallium from Internal Conversion Electron Sources
The information obtained from X-ray fluorescence parameters is very important in the study of some basic phenomena, in atomic molecular and radiation physics. This demands for accurate values of XRF parameters such as shell wise and sub-shell wise X-ray fluorescence yield, fluorescence X-ray production cross-section, shell and sub-shell intensity ratios, K to L vacancy transfer probabilities and so on. Nuclear processes like orbital electron capture or internal conversion of gamma transition and interaction of photons or charged particles give rise to X-ray fluorescence. It is reported that the probability of emission of X-rays by decay process is different from the probability of emission of X-rays by photoionisation[1-3]. The K shell XRF parameters of elements have been extensively studied by several researchers by photon exciation methods and varieties of detectors [4-9]. But there are not many reports on the measurements of K shell X-ray intensity ratios of elements following decay processes. This may be due to the requirement of the radioactive sources of the order of 100mCi and preparing many electron capture and internal conversion sources of this strength may be a difficult task. In view of this, we have made an attempt to study the effect of internal conversion on the probability of X-ray emission of thallium and barium by determining K shell intensity ratios, K ?? Li, K-M radiative and K-L total vacancy transfer probabilities from weak internal conversion sources Hg203 and Cs137respectively. To examine the effect of decay process on X-ray emission the K shell fluorescence parameters determined are compared with the theoretical values and other experimental results obtained using radioactive decay and photon excitation methods. The dissertation consists of five Chapters. In the first Chapter, we introduce the project work carried out. In Chapter 2, we present the brief theory of XRF and literature survey. It consists of two sections; in section 2.1, we give the theoretical aspects of the K X-ray fluorescence and in section 2.2, we present the literature survey related to the determination of K X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities through photoionization methods and decay processes. Chapter 3 deals with experimental details such as the radioactive sources, detector and electronic modules used in our experiment, the experimental arrangement and standardization of spectrometer, and experimental procedure adopted in the collection and analysis of the data. In Chapter 4, we present the results on K X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities along with the theoretical, semi-empirical and others experimental values. In Chapter 5, we give the conclusions. -
K shell X-ray Fluorescence Parameters of Platinum and Lead
X-ray fluorescence phenomenon (XRF) has gained importance as a tool the fields of atomic, nuclear and radiation physics, material science, medical physics, and in such diverse fields as industry, agriculture, archaeology, forensic science and so on for elemental analysis. This demands for accurate values of XRF parameters such as shell wise and sub-shell wise x-ray fluorescence yield, fluorescence x-ray production cross-section, Auger transition rate, shell and sub-shell intensity ratios, K to L vacancy transfer probabilities and so on. In addition, measurements of these parameters are useful in obtaining physical parameters such as photoelectric cross-sections, jump ratios and x-ray emission rates. Over the years several researchers have measured these parameters employing variety of methods and detectors (Apaydin and Tira?o?lu 2012; Hopman et al. 2012; Kahoul et al. 2011; Cengiz et al. 2011; Cengiz et al. 2010; M??nesguen and M. -C. L??py 2010; S????t et al. 2009a; S????t et al. 2009b; Reyes-Herrera and Miranda 2008; Ertu?rul et al. 2007; Aylikci et al. 2007; Demir and ?ahin 2007; ?ahin et al. 2005; ??zdemir et al. 2002; ?imsek et al. 2002; Durak et al. 2001; 1998; Allawadhi et al. 1993). However these methods involve complicated single and double reflection geometries armed with sophisticated equipments and strong sources of the order of 109 Bq or more. These experiments involve many corrections such as attenuation of x-rays in the target itself (self attenuation correction), attenuation in the window of the detector (window attenuation correction), solid angle correction, photopeak efficiency and total detection efficiency of the detector, etc. Estimation of intensity of radiations incident on the target is a difficult task in these methods. The incident intensity and the total x-ray fluorescence intensity generated in the target are the quantities, which determine the accuracy of the K x-ray fluorescence parameters. Recently Gudennavar et al. (2003a; 2003b) and Horakeri et al. (2011; 1998; 1997) have developed a simple method to measure K-shell fluorescence yields, production cross section and other parameters by adopting a 2geometrical configuration and employing weak radioactive sources. K x-ray fluorescence parameters are independent of angle of emission because K x-rays are emitted isotropically from the target atom. It was found that the method yields K x-ray fluorescence parameter values as accurate as any standard reflection geometry experiment. The simplicity of method helps one to utilize it to develop student laboratory experiments to train students in x-ray fluorescence field. Since the method requires weak sources, it is of great advantage to student laboratories for they do not need special permission to acquire sources and sources can be handled safely without any personal radiation hazards. However the validity of the target thickness criterion and the method needs to checked with other X-ray detectors such as CdZnTe, HPGe as their construction arrangements are different from NaI(Tl) detectors and for all the elements in the periodic table. In the present study, we have measured the K x-ray fluorescence parameters for the elements platinum and lead using HPGe detector spectrometer and 57Co excitation source. The results are compared with the theoretical, semi-empirical fitted and other experimental values. -
K shell X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities of Fe, Ag, and Te following electron capture decay
The K shell X-ray photons of Fe, Ag, and Te following the electron capture decay of Co57, Cd109, and I125, respectively, were detected using Si(Li) detector coupled to PC-based 8k multichannel analyzer employing a simple method suggested earlier by our group. The calculated K shell X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities for these elements are compared with the theoretical values predicted by Scofield and with others' experimental values obtained via photoionization. It is found that the A? to A? X-ray intensity ratio of Fe is lower by 4.0%, while that of Ag and Te are greater by 7.9% and 19.1%, respectively, from the theoretical values. These deviations may be attributed to the exchange interactions occurring between the 3p-3d shell electrons as well as the recoil effect of the nucleus due to neutrino emission. 2014 Published by NRC Research Press. -
K Shell X-Ray Intensity Ratios and Vacancy Transfer Probabilities of Iron, Silver and Tellurium from Electron Capture Sources
Over the years X-ray fluorescence studies have gained much importance due to the increasing applications in various fields. Today X-ray spectroscopy contributes significantly to the increasing knowledge in different scientific disciplines such as atomic, nuclear and radiation physics, solid-state and semiconductor research, space research, medicine and biomedical research, forensic science, metallurgy, geophysical research and source exploration, industry, archaeology, art, environment analysis and protection, and so on for elemental analysis. X-rays are generated in a wide variety of ways: Proton induced, ion induced, photon induced and X-ray emission following radioactive decay. There are two types of decay processes that result in K shell X-ray emission; electron capture (EC) process and internal conversion (IC) of gamma transitions. It has been reported that the values of K shell X-ray intensity ratios following electron capture (EC) decay are different from the theoretical values as well as those obtained via photon induced excitations. Eventhough several researchers have made attempts to study the K shell intensity ratios by photon excitation methods employing reflection geometries, there are very few reports on the measurements of K shell X-ray intensity ratios of elements following decay processes. In the present investigation, we have determined the K shell X-ray intensity ratios and total vacancy transfer probabilities of iron, silver and tellurium via electron capture decay of Co57, Cd109 and I125 employing 2??-geometrical configuration method. The obtained results are discussed in the light of the effects of electron capture decay on X-ray emission probabilities comparing with theoretical, semi-empirical and experimental results. This dissertation consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to the subject and ends with specifying the relevance of the present investigation. Chapter 2 deals with the theoretical details followed by the literature review and statement of the problem. In the following chapter, we give a brief description on the experimental procedure and data analysis methods. Chapter 4 includes the results and discussions. In the concluding chapter, a summary of the present investigation and the scope for future work are clearly stated. -
K shell X-ray intensity ratios, K-Li, K-L, and K-M vacancy transfer probabilities of Ba and Tl following internal conversion process
K shell X-rays of barium and thallium following internal conversion decay in Cs137 and Hg203, respectively, were detected using a Si(Li) X-ray detector coupled to PC-based 8k multichannel analyser employing the method suggested earlier by our group. The K shell X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities for thallium and barium were calculated. The obtained results are compared with theoretical, semiempirical, and others' experimental results obtained via photoionization as well as decay processes. The effects of beta decay and internal conversion on X-ray emission probabilities are discussed. 2014 Published by NRC Research Press. -
K-12 schools campus, food service, and transportation directors COVID-19 and current challenges
This study examines the COVID-19 experiences of K-12 school campus directors, especially in terms of building and grounds, transportation, and food services from the Midwestern United States. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed to online education mode and implemented safety protocols to ensure equitable access to K-12 education. School directors play a crucial role in United Statess school administration. The researchers used a mixed method research design and purposive sampling. The sample included 9 school-grounds directors, 34 food service directors, and 31 transportation directors. A 5-point Likert-type questionnaire was prepared by the researchers to collect the relevant data for the study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. While revealing their experiences, various school directors mentioned that key challenges are reliable sources of information for them to work, inequities in resource allocation, finance allocation, and lack of professional training. The survey highlighted the need for several resources, including federal and state funding, teacher professional development programs, and community partnerships that support K-12 education. School directors addressed challenges regarding transportation, buildings, grounds, and food services during COVID-19. The study revealed the need for systemic policy changes and communication resources to create resilient and adaptive learning environments for K-12 education. Eventually, the study recommended that policymakers and educational leaders bring changes to K-12 infrastructure to withstand crises like COVID-19. 2026, Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama. All rights reserved. -
k-Domination Connectivity in Graphs
The conditional connectivity of G with respect to a graph theoretic property P is the smallest cardinality of a set S of vertices (edges), if any, such that every component Hi of the disconnected graph G ? S has property P. Connectivity and domination are two major areas of graph theory having numerous applications in computer and information sciences. In this paper, we study a type of conditional connectivity that combines connectivity and domination, called k-domination connectivity. Further, we investigate the k-domination connectivity of some standard graph classes. 2025 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
k-Domination Vertex Connectivity in Internet of Things Networks
The Internet of Things refers to a collection of closely connected devices that form a network through wireless or wired communication technology that work together to achieve common goals for their users. The IoT devices that are distributed in nature may cause the system to suffer from server crashes, server omissions, incorrect responses, and arbitrary errors. In this paper, we present a method of fault tolerance in IoT networks using graph theory approach to ensure the robustness of the network in case of attacks or disconnections through the concept of domination vertex connectivity in graphs. We further study this parameter in case of the Tensor product and Lexicographic product of specific graph classes, which have major implications in IoT networks. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026. -
K-Nearest Neighbor Optimization of Silver-Graphene Fiber Optic Sensor for Lung Cancer Detection
At nearly 1.8 million deaths annually, lung cancer is among the world's top causes of mortality. Cancer is curable up to a point, after which recovery is extremely challenging. Preventing cancer requires early cancer detection, which localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based sensors high sensitivity. The phenomenon known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) occurs when nanoparticles resonate with light at certain wavelengths, leading to the development of characteristics including quick reaction times, adjustable resonance, high sensitivity, and localized light-matter interaction. Since silver-graphene has qualities that make it perfect for cancer detection, it is selected as the material composition. The silver-graphene sensor is utilized for detecting CL1-5 and A549 cell lines, for which the peak of the extinction coefficients was found to be 2.7169 and 1.8592, with a sensitivity of 107 RIU. The Silver-Graphene LSPR sensor interaction with cell lines generated a novel dataset, for which K-Nearest Neighbor Regression has been chosen due to its adaptability and robustness to outliers and has been used to improve the functionality of the sensor by optimizing sensor design, improving sensor sensitivity, and reducing experimental time. With a prediction rate of 99%, KNN and the Silver-Graphene LSPR sensor are an excellent combination for early lung cancer diagnosis. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
K-shell fluorescence yields of barium and lanthanum
K-shell fluorescence yields for barium and lanthanum have been measured adopting simple 2? geometrical configuration and employing a weak 57Co radioactive source. A scintillation spectrometer with an NaI(Tl) detector of dimensions 44.5mm diameter0mm thickness was employed for the detection and measurement of radiation. The results obtained are in good agreement with the best-fitted values of Hubbell et al. (1994) and also with the other experimental values, indicating that our simple method can be extended to determine fluorescence parameters of high Z materials. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. -
K-shell jump ratio and jump factor of 3d elements
Employing a simple 2?-geometrical configuration method, K-shell absorption jump ratio and jump factor have been estimated in a few 3d elements viz. Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. The target elements in the form of thin foils were excited using 32.86 keV K X-ray photons from a weak137Cs radioactive source. The emitted K X-rays were detected using a low energy HPGe X-ray detector spectrometerand the K X-ray production cross-section and K X-ray intensity ratios for all the target elements were measured. Then, using the measured data, the K-shell absorption jump factor and jump ratios have been evaluated. The obtained results agree within the experimental uncertainties with previous values reported in the literature. 2018 Author(s). -
K-Shell X-Ray Fluorescence Parameters of a Few Low Z Elements
K-shell X-ray fluorescence parameters of low Z elements cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc have been measured employing a simple method. These elemental targets were excited by using 32.86 keV barium K X-ray photons from a weak 137Cs ?-ray source, and the emitted K-shell X-rays from these targets were detected using a low-energy high-purity germanium X-ray detector spectrometer. The results are compared with the standard theoretical, semi-empirical, fitted values and with the others experimental values. 2018, Pleiades Publishing, Inc. -
K-shell X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities of Pt, Au, and Pb by a simple method
The K-shell X-ray intensity ratios, radiative and total vacancy transfer probablities of platinum, gold, and lead are measured by employing the 2?-geometrical configuration and a weak gamma source, a simple method proposed previously by our group. The targets of Pt, Au, and Pb were excited using ?-rays of weighted energy 123.6 keV from a weak 57Co source and the emitted K-shell X-rays were detected using an HPGe X-ray detector spectrometer coupled to a 16k multichannel analyzer. The measured values of these parameters are compared with the theoretical values and experimental data of other researchers, finding a good agreement. Thus, the 2?-geometrical configuration method with a weak gamma source can be alternative simple method to measure various atomic parameters in the field of X-ray spectroscopy. 2014, Pleiades Publishing, Inc. -
K? to K? X-ray intensity ratio and KL vacancy transfer probability of Mn following electron capture decay
K? and K? X-rays of Mn following electron capture (EC) decay of55 Fe were detected using Amptek XR-100 T-CdTe X-ray detector spectrometer. Measured K? and K? X-ray intensities of Mn were used to determine the K? to K? intensity ratio and total KL total vacancy transfer probability. These values were compared with the theoretical, semiempirical, and others experimental values obtained via EC decay as well as photoionization. The X-ray intensity ratio of Mn was found to be higher by 1.5% from the relativistic Hartree-Slater theoretical value. This deviation may be attributed to the exchange interactions occurring between the 3p and 3d shell electrons as well as the recoil effect of the nucleus due to neutrino emission. 2023 The Author(s).