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Marketing strategies of surrogate advertisements of liquor products in India /
Advertisements have a strong influence in our life we like them because they provide information and create awareness about the market. But, the Government of India has restricted promotion of certain products on television like liquor, tobacco, pan etc. To overcome this companies use surrogate advertising. -
Markov analysis of unmanned cryogenic nitrogen plant with standby system
The unmanned cryogenic nitrogen plants operated by the industrial gas companies globally have their unique set of Reliability, Availability and Maintainability challenges. A generic reliability model of a typical unmanned cryogenic nitrogen plant is presented in this research work along with standby cryogenic storage System. The standby system is analysed for sensing and switching device as well as for load sharing system. The complexities of unmanned cryogenic nitrogen plant under repair with standby system are analysed using Markov method. A Markovian model has been developed for two different configurations: Configuration-1: Cryogenic nitrogen plant with gas and liquid production, nitrogen plant with only gas production and its dependence on the standby cryogenic storage system and to overall system reliability. Configuration-2: Considering cryogenic nitrogen plant is under repair and the standby system with external supply component under operation without failure and the system reliability of the configurations are solved by solving the set of differential equations and the solutions are presented in this paper. 2020 Author(s). -
Markov based genetic algorithm (M-GA): To mine frequent sub components from molecular structures
Processing the molecular compounds to identify the internal chemical structure is a challenging task in bio-chemical research. Popular approaches, mine the frequent subcomponents from the molecules with chemical and biological properties represented in the form of feature vector histogram. Though this helps to identify the absence or presence of mined feature, calculating the frequency of every frequent substructure involves sub graph isomorphism test which is an NP-Complete process. To overcome the above mentioned bottleneck we proposed Markov based Genetic algorithm (M-GA) in which the chemical descriptors were considered from two-dimensional representations of molecules that classify chemical compounds using mining significant substructure and generates the binary vector that generate pure active classes, singleton reactors, descriptor sets. This method scales down the process of mining substructures that are statistically significant from huge chemical databases. The results shows that the performance of proposed algorithm is improved compared to the existing algorithms. 2020, Research Trend. All rights reserved. -
Marriage, parenting and adoption issues for LGBTQ+ community in India and their human rights challenges: A critical analysis /
The central facet of the concept of human rights is the equality of all people. Since everyone deserves respect, treating everyone equally is appropriate. Any act that diminishes that dignity is wrong because it violates the equality principle and makes discrimination more likely. Human rights are a topic that is hotly contested around the globe and is related to homosexuality. Only because of who they love and how they look do people everywhere become targets of violence and discrimination. Additionally, the LGBTQ+ community's civil rights, such as the right to marriage and the right to adopt, are not recognized on an equal footing with those of the heterosexual community. To have a family life with kids i.e. comparable to that of the heterosexual community, the LGBTQ+ community must have equal adoption rights.
The LGBTQ+ community, however, is subject to discrimination under India's adoption laws, which prevents them from fully exercising their legal rights to adoption. The discrimination on the basis adoption laws, which are predicated on the binary knowledge of gender, violate several principles outlined in Articles 14, 15, and 21 of the Indian Constitution. -
MARS: Manual andAutomatic Robotic Sanitization onSocial Milieu
Sanitization is not a new term, but with the evolution of deadly COVID-19, the process came into the limelight quickly. The process was already utilized widely in hospitals, vaccination centers, food processing units, and medicine industries and suddenly became crucial in every domain related to our lives. Even though sanitization is considered the first line of defense against pandemic viruses like COVID-19, it is highly difficult to sanitize every nook and corner of bigger buildings and external structures like airports, railway stations, theaters, institutions, and hospitals. Slight carelessness to eliminate the virus from the sanitization process can reciprocate in the pandemic spread. Our proposed work deals with utilizing the accuracy and precision of robots to effectively sanitize bigger structures. The multi-faceted methodology of the work manages the comprehensive investigation of the robotic unit for the social setting. The concentrate additionally stretches out to refine the standard human behavioral reaction for modern robotic consideration in our lives. This will ease up the process and, at the same time, will reduce the chance of human error. The robotic structure is powered by a 12 V rechargeable battery, which has manual and automation cleaning modes. During manual mode, we control the robot with an Android application installed on the phone and connected with the robot through Bluetooth wireless connectivity. During automation, the mode robot moves in different directions and cleans and sanitizes the area independently. There is an ESP8266-based IoT connection unit to update the overall process for the cloud. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Martian Habitats: A Review
Establishing colonies in Lunar and Martian environments is the major task of our primary means to become a multi-planetary civilization. The Space Exploration Initiative (SEI), administered by President George H.W. Bush in 1989, was the first spark that ignited humanity's vision to establish space settlements beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) (Marc M. Cohen, 2015). At present, private space companies (like SpaceX and Blue Origin) are competing to be the first ones to colonise space. From the late 1980s to the present space race, many space habitat designs to suit human factors, ensure protection from space radiation, and be capable of regulating our day-to-day activities have been proposed for both lunar and martian settlements, respectively. In this paper, only Martian settlements are focused, and the reason for that follows next. While the moon is closer to Earth than Mars, Mars has several other advantages that make it an equal, if not a better candidate for colonisation. Some of the reasons why martian colonisation is preferred over lunar colonization include the presence of an atmosphere on Mars, its resource-rich nature, and its rotation period being closer to Earth's rotation period (Mars has 24.5 hours per day, while the moon has 28-day days) (Kamrun Narher Tithi, 2017). Another added advantage is its proximity to the main belt asteroids, which will further increase the potential for space mining in the future. So this paper will be a review of the various Martian habitat designs proposed over the last one and a half decades in terms of their designs, construction and challenges. To do so, it is assumed that every step associated with delivering the habitats to the Martian environment is achievable. These steps include the following: propulsion systems for long-term spaceflights; launch vehicles capable of lifting the habitats and fitting the habitat modules within them (Marc M. Cohen, 2015). Copyright 2023 by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). All rights reserved. -
Masculinities, tlawmngaihna, and mizo nationalism: Why soft, pretty Mizo men are perceived as a threat
Masculinities are social and cultural attributes, roles and performances typically associated with being men. Through ethnography, this article explores the complicated position of soft masculinity in mizo cultural space and nationalist discourse. It looks at tlawmngaihna (mizo code of conduct) performances as hierarchies that are gendered and explains why mens tlawmngaihna are considered to be more visible and valuable. Using hegemonic masculinity theory, this article argues that mizo nationalism is masculinised which is fuelled by homophobia and anti-femininity. Ultimately, it explains the complexity of soft mizo masculinitys position and how they are involved but are non-visible in mizo cultural space. 2025 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Masked Face Recognition and Liveness Detection Using Deep Learning Technique
Face recognition has been the most successful image processing application in recent times. Most work involving image analysis uses face recognition to automate attendance management systems. Face recognition is an identification process to verify and authenticate the person using their facial features. In this study, an intelligent attendance management system is built to automate the process of attendance. Here, while entering, a persons image will get captured. The model will detect the face; then the liveness model will verify whether there is any spoofing attack, then the masked detection model will check whether the person has worn the mask or not. In the end, face recognition will extract the facial features. If the persons features match the database, their attendance will be marked. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, wearing a face mask is mandatory for safety measures. The current face recognition system is not able to extract the features properly. The Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networks (MTCNN) model detects the face in the proposed method. Then a classification model based on the architecture of MobileNet V2 is used for liveness and mask detection. Then the FaceNet model is used for extracting the facial features. In this study, two different models for the recognition have been built, one for people with masks another one for people without masks. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Mass layoffs at BYJUS founders dilemma
Learning outcomes: This case study provides students/managers an opportunity to learn about the following: to infer the challenges involved in the downsizing of employees; to asses and evaluate BYJUS organizational culture; and to determine the impact of workplace toxicity. Case overview/synopsis: The focus of this case is the controversy faced by BYJUS due to its mass layoffs and toxic work culture. This case discusses the CEOs dilemma in resolving the controversy. Two rounds of mass layoffs at BYJUS are discussed in detail. The industrial dispute filed by Employees Union against BYJUS accusing it of denying due compensation to laid-off employees is also discussed. This case consists of a section explaining the toxic work culture at BYJUS, which is supported by employee complaints. The CEOs justification and apology have been illustrated in this case. The case ends with a closing dilemma and challenges faced by the CEO. Complexity academic level: The case is best suited for undergraduate students studying Human Resources Management subjects in Commerce and Business Management streams. The authors suggest that the instructor inform students to read the case before attending the 90-min session. It can be executed in the classroom after discussing the theoretical concepts. Supplementary material: Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code: CSS 6: Human Resource Management. 2024, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
Masstige consumption in the emerging market: mediating effects of brand happiness and moderating role of age
Purpose This study investigates how Indian consumers evaluate local and foreign cosmetic brands, focusing on brand prestige, loyalty and evangelism. It explores brand happiness as a mediating variable and age as a moderating factor within the masstige consumption context in an emerging market. Design/methodology/approach A two-phase empirical approach was adopted. Phase 1 involved a comparative analysis of marketing strategies across Lakmand international brands (MAC, L'Orl Paris, and Maybelline) using a total sample of 573 female consumers. In Phase 2, only the high masstige brands (MAC and L'Orl Paris) were retained, and responses from 244 participants were analyzed using structural equation modeling to examine the mediating role of brand happiness and the moderating effect of age. Findings Indian consumers perceive foreign brands like MAC and L'Orl Paris as masstige brands. Masstige brand consumption significantly enhances brand happiness and brand loyalty, while its influence on brand evangelism is fully mediated through brand happiness and brand loyalty. Brand happiness partially mediates the relationship between masstige consumption and brand loyalty, and also indirectly affects brand evangelism through brand loyalty. Age weakens the effect of masstige consumption on loyalty but strengthens the effects of brand happiness on loyalty and brand loyalty on evangelism. Originality/value This study extends masstige marketing literature by integrating emotional (brand happiness) and demographic (age) variables into the brand prestigeloyaltyevangelism framework. It offers practical insights for global and local brands aiming to enhance consumer engagement in emerging markets through differentiated brand strategies. 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited -
Masstige scale: An alternative to measure brand equity
Masstige marketing is a strategic word for market penetration for premium but reachable products based on brand equity, trying to develop brand awareness, likability, affection and attachment. Hence, masstige scale may allow firms to measure brand equity to derive insights into the popularity of their brands. However, there is no empirical evidence available to test whether these scales are related measures of brand equity and, at the same time, independent measures, respectively. This study investigates whether the masstige scale and multidimensional consumer-based brand equity scale measure the same constructs. A total of 493 participants evaluated four different athletic shoe brands. The multi-trait, multimethod and confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the masstige scale may be a viable alternative to consumer-based brand equity and masstige value. We discuss the implications and provide directions for future research derived from our findings. 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
Maternal circulating sFlt-1/placental growth factor is a biomarker of fetal death associated with placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion
Objectives: Fetal death is a major pregnancy complication, with rates of 5.5 per 1,000 births in the United States and substantially higher in India (24.7/1,000) and Pakistan (44.5/1,000). Maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) is the most frequent placental lesion associated with fetal death, occurring in 58 % of fetal deaths and 31 % of preterm neonatal deaths in South Asia. Angiogenic imbalance, characterized by a low placental growth factor (PlGF) to soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) ratio, has been associated with MVM and fetal death in high-income countries. We examined whether maternal serum concentrations of PlGF, sFlt-1, and their ratio differ between mothers with and without MVM among stillbirths and preterm neonatal deaths in India and Pakistan. Methods: This retrospective cohort analysis used data from the PURPOSe study (Project to Understand and Research Preterm Pregnancy Outcomes and Stillbirths in South Asia). Maternal blood was collected at delivery, and placental histopathology was classified according to the Amsterdam criteria. Serum PlGF and sFlt-1 were measured using Elecsys immunoassays, with analyses stratified by gestational age. Results: Placental MVM was present in 44-57 % of stillbirths and 31-38 % of preterm neonatal deaths. Between 28 and 36 weeks, women with MVM had significantly lower PlGF and higher sFlt-1 and sFlt-1/PlGF ratios (p<0.001). A tenfold decrease in PlGF or increase in the ratio was associated with MVM (OR 0.5 and 1.7, respectively). Conclusions: The maternal sFlt-1/PlGF ratio identifies pregnancies with fetal or neonatal death associated with placental MVM, particularly between 28 and 36 weeks' gestation. 2025 the author(s) -
Mathematical analysis of histogram equalization techniques for medical image enhancement: a tutorial from the perspective of data loss
This tutorial demonstrates a novel mathematical analysis of histogram equalization techniques and its application in medical image enhancement. In this paper, conventional Global Histogram Equalization (GHE), Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), Histogram Specification (HS) and Brightness Preserving Dynamic Histogram Equalization (BPDHE) are re-investigated by a novel mathematical analysis. All these HE methods are widely employed by researchers in image processing and medical image diagnosis domain, however, this has been observed that these HE methods have significant limitation of data loss. In this paper, a mathematical proof is given that any kind of Histogram Equalization method is inevitable of data loss, because any HE method is a non-linear method. All these Histogram Equalization methods are implemented on two different datasets, they are, brain tumor MRI image dataset and colorectal cancer H and E-stained histopathology image dataset. Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) and Structural Similarity Index Matrix (SSIM) both are found in the range of 0.6-0.95 for overall all HE methods. Moreover, those results are compared with Reinhard method which is a linear contrast enhancement method. The experimental results suggest that Reinhard method outperformed any HE methods for medical image enhancement. Furthermore, a popular CNN model VGG-16 is implemented, on the MRI dataset in order to prove that there is a direct correlation between less accuracy and data loss. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Mathematical and computational analysis of a fractional-order drug abuse model with nonlinear incidence and logistic growth
This paper presents a novel mathematical model for analyzing the dynamics of drug addiction using a fractional-order system based on the LiouvilleCaputo derivative. The proposed model incorporates a nonlinear saturated incidence rate, logistic growth in the addiction compartments, and seven interconnected subpopulations representing different stages of drug use and recovery, including relapse and awareness. We conduct a rigorous mathematical analysis to establish the existence, uniqueness, positivity, and boundedness of solutions, ensuring the epidemiological and physical validity of the model. The basic reproduction number R0 is derived, and the local and global stability of the equilibrium points is analyzed. A major contribution of this work is the application of a new domain decomposition spectral method based on second-kind Dickson polynomials, combined with the quasilinearization technique, to efficiently solve the complex nonlinear system. The convergence of the numerical method is theoretically validated. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the model's dynamics and to explore the impact of various parameters and intervention strategies. Compared to existing models, this study offers an improved framework for understanding memory-dependent behavior in addiction dynamics and introduces a computationally efficient approach to solve fractional-order systems with high accuracy. 2025 International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (IMACS) -
Mathematical and prosodic analysis of intonation in Malayalam
This study investigates the intonation patterns of Malayalam, a language spoken in Kerala, India, using polynomial regression and Kernel Density Estimation. Malayalam has distinct pitch modulation patterns across genders and question types, with variations in acoustic features, syllables, and stress structures. We examine the mean pitch characteristics of different question types and analyze the correlation between stress patterns and syllable structure counts in the language. Additionally, we perform clustering analysis on Malayalam words to highlight similarities and diversities in acoustic features, which helps us understand the phonetic diversity within the language. Our analysis shows that the overlap of KDE curves in the feature space allows us to analyze the linguistic factors that influence variability in Malayalam speech. This suggests a need for further research on regions where syllable complexity and phonological patterns are notably concentrated. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Mathematical approach for impact of media awareness on measles disease
During the recent pandemic caused by COVID-19, media awareness played a crucial role in educating people about social distancing, wearing masks, quarantine, vaccination, and medication. Media awareness brought individual behavioral changes among the people, which in turn helped reduce the infection rate. Motivated by this, we have formulated a mathematical model introducing a media compartment to mitigate measles disease transmission. In this paper, the SEIR model is used to study measles disease in three cases: one with a delay in vaccination, the second with regular vaccination, and the third with the impact of media awareness on the spreading of measles disease. Further, the dynamical behavior of the models is studied in terms of positivity, boundedness, equilibrium, and basic reproduction number (BRN). The sensitivity analysis of the models is conducted, which verifies the importance of the BRN ((Formula presented.)) to be less than one for disease eradication. The numerical study confirms the impact of media awareness on exposed and infected populations. 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
Mathematical Capabilities of LLMs
Large language models (LLMs) have the potential to solve mathematical problems well, but little has been investigated. In this research, we evaluate five leading LLMs - (Gemini, Claude, Mistral, ChatGPT, and Llama - on a set of 50 mathematical problems that cover calculus, algebra, geometry, number theory, and probability. Finally, the study evaluates the accuracy of their solutions and gives the ability to assess their intermediate steps correctly. I created a primary dataset for comparison of the LLM performances and ranked the models according to how well they were able to solve those problems. It illustrates the shortcomings of present LLMs at reasoning and solving for mathematics and suggests what needs to be rectified in the LLMs. Future research will further refine this dataset and monitor the progression of LLM capabilities in solving more complex mathematical problems. 2025 IEEE. -
Mathematical foundations based statistical modeling of software source code for software system evolution
Source code is the heart of the software systems; it holds a wealth of knowledge that can be tapped for intelligent software systems and leverage the possibilities of reuse of the software. In this work, exploration revolves around making use of the pattern hidden in various software development processes and artifacts. This module is part of the smart requirements management system that is intended to be built. This system will have multiple modules to make the software requirements management phase more secure from vulnerabilities. Some of the critical challenges bothering the software development community are discussed. The background of Machine Learning approaches and their application in software development practices are explored. Some of the work done around modeling the source code and approaches used for vulnerabilities understanding in software systems are reviewed. Program representation is explored to understand some of the principles that would help in understanding the subject well. Further deeper dive into source code modeling possibilities are explored. Machine learning best practices are explored inline with the software source code modeling. 2022 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. -
Mathematical model for effective CO2 emission control with forest biomass using fractional operator
The emission of CO2 is the foremost culprit for global warming and is also considered a significant greenhouse gas. Due to the human populations tremendous growth and activities, the rate of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased. To mitigate the emission of CO2 there are artificial ways. But, naturally have a natural resource called "Forest Biomass," one of the significant sinks to absorb CO2 during photosynthesis. Considering all these factors, the main objective of the current investigation is to understand and illustrate the importance of forest biomass in the emission of CO2. The proposed nonlinear model consists of four variables: atmospheric CO2, human population, energy sectors, and forest biomass. We have studied the model both qualitatively and quantitatively, which will help us make future predictions. To study the model in depth, we have formed a fractional-order model to study the systems behavior at different ranges of fractional orders. The model is termed with the Caputo fractional operator. Boundness and Lyapunov stability for non-linear and fractional order models are studied, and equilibrium points, existence and uniqueness, and numerical simulation are examined. The Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method illustrates the essence of the systems numerical method. The numerical approach reveals that the altered models stability is unchanged. Also, we have examined the model by changing the parameter values to different fractional orders to understand the systems behavior, and the changes are captured as figures. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF NICKEL-GRAPHENE COMPOSITE INKS FOR JETTING PROPERTIES IN INKJET PRINTING
The droplet formation process in inkjet printing is studied numerically and verified through a simulation model. The droplet formation process decides the printing quality of the coating, and a mathematical model is developed to understand the complete process from droplet formation to detachment. The Navier-Stokes equation is used to mathematically derive the droplet radius (rnumerical). COMSOL multiphysics is used for simulation and the radius (rsimulation) is calculated from the droplet mass. The rnumerical and rsimulation are compared for inks containing nickel, graphene, and nickel-graphene composite ink it is observed that the composite ink radiuses have the lowest difference (rsimulation - rnumerical = 0.085 m). A droplet is formed at 1.47 mm from the nozzle inlet, for nickel-graphene ink, and after 1.5mm for other pristine inks. The results are verified through Z number, velocity profile, and droplet mass. The droplet formation observed from the velocity profile is earliest at 120 s. It is seen that a stable droplet is generated at 100s for nickel-graphene ink and at 200 s for individual inks. 2024 Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya. All rights reserved.