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Kerala's Haritha Karma Sena model of waste management: A critical analysis through the lens of sustainability
Urbanization had a glacial pace in India for a good period of time. It became active only in the 21st century. However, compared to national average, Kerala's percentage of urban population was very high during the 1980-1990s. But along with urbanization, Kerala also faces many challenges like environmental degradation caused mainly through unsystematic waste management system. With the support of the Clean India Mission and in response to the Supreme Court verdicts, Kerala initiated the Suchitva Mission and Haritha Keralam Mission with the tagline of 'Clean Kerala' by effectively managing the waste. This mission functioned with the field work of Haritha Karma Sena (Green Task Force), mostly employed by uneducated women. They have provided awareness among the public and systematically managed waste with their committed work. However, it also has many drawbacks and failures with regard to its implementation. In line of above, this chapter tries to critically analyze the Haritha Karma Sena model of waste management in order to examine whether it is a suitable model of waste management. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
Digital Communication Ethics: A Critical Analysis Through the Lens of Virtue Ethics
Communication is the cornerstone of human survival. All fields of human existence flourish in and through communication. Scientific and technological advancements have broadened the scope of communication and increased the speed and efficiency of communication, covering the globe within seconds. Distance is no longer a communication barrier as more people communicate in the digital world. The amount of information conveyed in communication also increased along with these changes. However, it also raises ethical questions like privacy, unaccountability, irresponsibility, opacity, and intolerance confronted by various growing challenges like information overload, fake news, misinformation, identity crisis, cultural barriers, and cybercrimes. This necessitates a systematic ethical perspective in communication. Given the above, the chapter critically examines various ethical theories, such as utilitarianism, deontological ethics, and virtue ethics. It underlines virtue ethics as the most suitable ethical theory for a meaningful communication process. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Gender equality: A catalyst for global sustainable future
The paradox between inborn sexual identity and socially constructed gender identity existed throughout history. Unfortunately, gender identity got predominance over sexual identity in the context of patriarchy and religious beliefs. Even when all religions affirm the equality of both sexes, they demand the subordination of women. This continues to exist even in modern society. From the 19th century onwards, there were various efforts to address gender disparity that took place under the initiatives of feminism, human rights and women's rights movements. The United Nations in the second half of the 20th century advanced many attempts for the realization of gender equality. However, the present data shows that it will still take another 131 years to achieve gender equality. In this perspective, the chapter critically examines the attempts for gender equality and proposes certain policy changes and essential requirements for its true realization in view of sustainable future. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Navigating Global Poverty in the midst of Rising Income Inequality: A Human Security Approach
From the dawn of civilization, poverty has been a predominant concern. Among them, the post-Second World War welfare state policies and economic development had a significant effect. Scientific and technological advancements and economic growth increased the GDP of almost all countries. However, it also widened the gap between the rich and the poor. This became evident with neoliberalism, privatization, and deregulation of the economy. The private assets increased enormously, losing the public sector's control over the economic interactions. As a result, income and wealth inequality increased rapidly. The World Inequality Report (2022) affirms the massive concentration of income and wealth in the hands of a few individuals. It adversely affects poverty alleviation strategies as poverty increases along with the rising income inequality. The World Bank (2024) affirms this precarious situation. From this perspective, this chapter examines the significance of the human security approach in addressing these human insecurities. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Poverty and Social Insecurity Among the Unorganized Workers of Garment Industry: A Qualitative Study through the Lens of Human Security Approach
Poverty and social insecurities cause alarming inequalities. Employment is a secure mechanism to overcome these instabilities. However, formal and informal industrial sectors have insecure employment conditions affecting workers' well-b eing. Inequality is worse in the garment industrial sector as it has more unorganized workers. This is evident in developing countries like India and Bangladesh, which are demanding a human- centered security approach. This chapter explores, using qualitative methodology's semi- structured interview method, poverty and social insecurities of the unorganized garment workers in the Bommanahalli area of Urban Bangalore, India. The chapter also uses empirical study data from the Bangladesh Institute of Labor Studies (2023) to critically evaluate the garment sectors of Bangalore and Bangladesh through the lens of the human security paradigm. The study reveals that the unorganized garment workers of these developing countries face severe poverty and social insecurities. It requires urgent action from both governments using a human security approach. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Poverty, globalization, and human security: A policy perspective
Poverty has been an ongoing insecurity to humanity. But it was mostly understood in relation to basic needs, income, and wealth. Bretton Woods Institutions and the World Trade Organization propagated globalization and its interconnectedness as capable mechanisms for poverty eradication. Although globalization takes the credit for alleviating poverty, many authors argue that it was the outcome of the successful welfare policies of China and India. Globalization is criticized for prioritizing the developed world's interests and its multinational and transnational corporations and equating development only with an increase in gross domestic product. However, together with interconnectedness, human insecurities like poverty and inequality also increased. The latest World Bank (2024) and World Inequality Lab (2022) data affirm this precarious situation. This chapter thus examines the feasibility of the United Nations Development Program's human security approach for a successful (national and international) poverty eradication program through its people- centered perspective. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Poverty Eradication via Sustainable Human Development: A Human Security Approach
Poverty has been one of the major human insecurities throughout history. It became more evident in the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution. Though economic growth was suggested as an effective mechanism for poverty eradication, it severely increased inequality together with poverty. Realizing the importance of poverty eradication for human well-being, the United Nations initiated many policies and programs including Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Based on the framework of MDGs, the SDGs was moving towards the achievement of no poverty by 2030. But the Covid-19 pandemic slowed this pace, demanding more earnest effort from the international community. This chapter, in this perspective, using critical analytical method examines the possibility of human security approachs sustainable human development model for the realization of SDG1. The chapter advances human securitys all-inclusive and comprehensive human-centered sustainable development model as an effective mechanism for poverty eradication in the entire globe. Copyright 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global Scientific Publishing is prohibited. Use of this chapter to train generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is expressly prohibited. The publisher reserves all rights to license its use for generative AI training and machine learning model development. -
Revisiting Environmental Security and Climate Justice: A Human Security Perspective
A healthy and secure environment is essential to the survival of all living beings. Human interactions as individuals, social beings, and economic agents depend on the ecosystem. However, humans brutally exploited the ecosystem beyond its regenerating capacity, causing severe damage to environmental sustainability. This chapter employs a systematic review and thematic content analysis. The finding shows that humans profit-oriented and egoistic interests caused unparalleled damage to nature, resulting in global warming, biodiversity loss, and anthropogenic climate change. Such a precarious situation compelled global leaders to prioritize environmental security primarily through the 1987 sustainable development paradigm. In this regard, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) introduced the human security paradigm in 1994 as a broader framework, encompassing environmental security as its core category. Both Millennium and Sustainable Development Goals echo the spirit of human securitys people-centered approach. From this perspective, this chapter critically revisits environmental security and climate justice through the lens of the human security paradigm. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Drone Surveillance: Ethical Considerations for a Sustainable Future
The evolution of drones underlines the 20th-century scientific and technological progress. They evolved within the military context and remained within that circle for almost a century. The 21st century has increased the possibilities and opportunities of drones by incorporating Artificial Intelligence and machine learning technologies. Accordingly, drones are widely used in almost all fields of human inter-action. Among them, the use of drones for surveillance stands out due to its advantages and potential risks. The built-in cameras of the automated drones used not only by law enforcement agencies but also by private actors can collect personal information, raising serious ethical concerns. Although drone surveillance is beneficial to society, as it can restrict illegal activities and violations of human rights, it poses apprehensions concerning the privacy and security of people. From this perspective, this chapter examines the vital ethical considerations essential for realizing a sustainable future while using the method of drone surveillance. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Right to Internet Access vs. National Security Concerns: Addressing the Complex Questions of the Digital Era
The globe has made tremendous progress over the last few decades. The scientific and technological advancements have provided immense possibilities and opportunities to the world through the latest digitalization process. The present century is even termed as the digital era. Internet access is the most crucial element for the maximum utilization of digital technologies. Accordingly, the concept of digital rights evolved and identified the right to Internet access as the most essential digital right. However, several countries have not implemented this right as part of their human rights framework due to a lack of an international covenant or treaty. Besides, many countries violate the right to Internet access through many mechanisms, claiming national security grounds. In 2024, almost 300 Internet shutdowns happened across the globe, violating peoples fundamental rights. From this perspective, this chapter examines the relevance of Internet access and critically evaluates the national security defensive mechanism. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
Japan and Human Security Policy Praxis: Relevance and Inclusiveness for Indo-Pacific Partnerships
Post-war Japan focused on promoting its national interests with limited engagement in international settings. Japan became a leading economy through its hard work and positive commitment by the 1980s. Thereafter, it gradually became involved in the international arena by supporting various developmental projects in developing countries. The advancement of the United Nations Development Programs (UNDP, 1994) human security paradigm provided a suitable framework for Japans foreign policy engagement. However, in the first decade of the 21st century, Japan and other leading actors in the Indo-Pacific region recognized the importance of partnerships in limiting Chinas biased expansion strategies. Accordingly, the Quad and the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework evolved. Compared to other actors in these partnerships, Japans prioritization of the human security paradigm makes it a significant player in the sustainable future of the Indo-Pacific region. From this perspective, this chapter critically examines Japans people-centered and inclusive human security policy praxis. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
Blue Economy, Maritime Law, and SDGs: Converging AI and Climate-Smart Policies for a Sustainable Future
Oceans cover 72% of the Earths surface, constituting 99% of the living space by volume. By absorbing almost 25% of the carbon dioxide, it tries to prevent global warming. Oceans and maritime resources are becoming key players in international economic interactions, which has developed the idea of the blue economy. However, the increased economic interactions cause various insecurities, like interstate disputes, maritime zone confusions, piracy, terrorism, pollution, and illegal and unregulated exploitation of marine resources. This necessitated the advancement of maritime law with more possibilities and enforcement mechanisms. The interplay between the blue economy and maritime law is essential to realize Sustainable Development Goal No. 14. Their mutual dependence and empowerment are vital for conserving and promoting marine resources. From this perspective, this chapter, using qualitative methodologys critical analytical method, explores the possibilities of converging AI and climate-smart policies with the blue economy and maritime law framework to realize a sustainable future. Copyright 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global Scientific Publishing is prohibited. Use of this chapter to train generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is expressly prohibited. The publisher reserves all rights to license its use for generative AI training and machine learning model development. -
Leveraging Cybersecurity in the Context of Digital Arrest, Fraud, and Identity Theft: An Ethico-Legal Perspective
The cyber world is becoming increasingly complex due to the diverse nature of cybercrimes. Although crimes like fraud, harassment, and identity theft exist in both the cyber and physical worlds, their magnitude is unpredictably high in the cyber world. However, digital arrest fraud is unique to cyberspace. Digital arrest fraud and identity theft are the top-listed cybercrimes, causing unimaginable monetary loss, anxiety, depression, fear, and isolation among the victims. The current cybersecurity measures and tools, as well as the legal and ethical framework, fail to address the evolving nature of cybercrimes. Such a scenario demands more collaborative efforts and a renewed approach to ensure global cybersecurity. From this perspective, this chapter critically examines the evolving nature of cybercrimes and the available legal and ethical framework to underline the importance of leveraging cybersecurity through some required changes in the ethico-legal landscape. It argues for a globally accepted regulatory system and international cooperation to ensure cybersecurity. Copyright 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
Digitalization and Human Rights: Navigating through Ethical and Legal Concerns
Digitalization became popular with the digital revolution of the late 20th century, propelling the shift from mechanical and analog electronic technology to digital electronics. It significantly contributed to all fields of human interactions, ensuring sustainable development, human well-being, and societal welfare. The latest innovations and constant changes in the technological world have broadened the scope of digitalization. Along withthe many advantages, digitalization poses some particular challenges to global society. Although these complexities can be attributed to system failures, they are primarily due to the misuse of digital technologies. Some people fraudulently use digitalization to satisfy their egoistic and profit-oriented motives, neglecting the fundamental claims of others. This shows that ethical principles and legal standards have not been adequately respected in the digital space. From this perspective, this chapter, using the critical analytical method, examines the required ethical and legal concerns to protect human rights in the digital space. Copyright 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global Scientific Publishing is prohibited. Use of this chapter to train generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is expressly prohibited. The publisher reserves all rights to license its use for generative AI training and machine learning model development. -
Sustainable Education and Economic Development: A Critique of the Kerala (India) Model
Education is essential for societys growth and economic development. From the UDHR, all international conventions, national constitutions, and enactments have prioritised education for transforming society. This became more explicit with the SDG4 (quality education). Based on the UDHR and SDG4 guidelines, India also prioritises augmenting the educational sector in its policies and programs. The national education policies provide a foundational framework for this effort. Although many researchers praise the Kerala model of education, several others sharply criticise it as not aligning with the demands of quality and job market requirements. In 2023, almost 250000 students emigrated from Kerala for educational purposes. The student emigration constitutes nearly 11.3% of the states total emigration, raising serious concerns about the quality of education. From this perspective, this chapter critically examines sustainable education and economic development aspirations, evaluating the educational landscape of the most literate state in India, Kerala. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Revisiting National Security and Economic Growth in the Context of Rising Military Spending
Military spending has increased substantially across the globe over the last few decades. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) states that the 2024 global military expenditure accounted for almost 2.5% of the global GDP. All regions of the globe have increased their military spending regardless of the difference between developed and developing countries. The NATO members determined to increase their military spending to 5% of the GDP by 2035. It will force other nations to also engage in the battle of spending more on the military. Although the military spending is increased on the grounds of national security, it puts forward only a restrictive vision without prioritizing the people's genuine concerns, interests, and security. A people- centered understanding of national security is essential for guaranteeing a sustainable future that allocates the benefits of economic growth for people's well- being and societal welfare. This chapter, thus, critically examines the rising military expenditure in the context of national security and economic growth. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Mental Health and Well-Being of Women in the Workplace: A Case Study of Bangalores Garment Industry
There has been a significant change in workplace dynamics over the last few decades. Women participate in all fields of the labour sector and hold key roles in numerous areas. They are qualified, skilled, and perform comparatively better than men in key positions. However, the working conditions in developing countries are not as progressive as in the developed world. It is particularly evident in the unorganised sector, such as the garment industry. Women workers are discriminated against based on gender and place of birth concerning wages, promotions, etc. They face job insecurity and financial burdens, which cause insecurities related to want, fear, and indignity. They also fail to balance workplace responsibilities and household activities as they lack support from their family members and the management. It adversely affects their mental health and well-being. From this perspective, this chapter employs the unstructured interview method to investigate the mental health and insecurities of women workers in Bangalore's garment industry. Copyright 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global Scientific Publishing is prohibited. Use of this chapter to train generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is expressly prohibited. The publisher reserves all rights to license its use for generative AI training and machine learning model development. -
Aging Populations, Economic Growth, and Sustainable Development: A Policy Perspective
Over the last century (from 1925 to 2025), there has been a 311% growth in global population (from 2 billion to 8.22 billion). Scientific and technological advancements, increased educational and healthcare facilities, and active involvement of women in the labor market have contributed to this significant change. However, the globe faces an imbalance between the percentages of youth, working, and oldage populations. The decline in the fertility rate and an increase in longevity have contributed to the disproportionate growth of the old- age population. Although the increased life expectancy can be credited as a substantial achievement of society, there are complex discussions on the contributions of older people to economic growth. From this perspective, this chapter critically examines the role of the old- age population in enhancing economic growth and sustainable development of society. It also proposes specific policy suggestions for achieving the UN Decade of Healthy Aging objectives (2021- 2030) that align with the SDGs. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Role of BRICS in the International Relations of the 21st Century: A Critical Analysis Through the Lens of Multipolarity
Compared to the previous century, international relations in the 21st century are more intense and complex. The global order moved from multipolarity (pre-Second World War period) to bipolarity (post-Second World War period) to unipolarity (post-Cold War era). Although many believed that unipolarity would continue to exist for long under the superpower leadership of the USA, it was short-lived. Globalization, liberalization, and an open economy reshaped the international order that echoes interconnectedness and interdependence. Accordingly, the 21st century witnesses the revival of multipolarity. However, this period advances the emergence of developing countries to the global scenario, demanding active roles in policy-making and decision-making processes. The BRICS grouping is one such body. Consisting of ten emerging economies, it has a unique position to stand for the developing world's interests. From this perspective, this chapter critically examines the role of BRICS in 21st-century international relations through the lens of multipolarity. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Prospects of Green Finance for a Sustainable Future: A Critical Study
Global initiatives for economic development started with the Industrial Revolution. However, it caused serious environmental issues. It necessitated to focus on ecofriendly developmental projects. Accordingly, the sustainable development paradigm has evolved to balance both environmental and developmental models. Although the UN affirmed sustainable development from 1987 onwards, its scope was elaborated with MDGs and SDGs. The declaration of SDGs in 2015 provided a framework for a global sustainable future. However, developing countries face financial hurdles in responding positively to the demands of SDGs that prioritize sustainable development and environmental protection. The OECD (2021) notes that developing countries experience 2.5 to 3.7 trillion dollars shortfall to meet the demands of SDGs. To address this complexity, developed countries, international institutions, and multinational and transnational corporations promoted green finance. From this perspective, this chapter critically evaluates the scope and functioning of green finance in light of a sustainable future. Copyright 2026, IGI Global Scientific.