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Eco-market dynamics: deciphering Indias agricultural pricing in the context of carbon emissions and inflation
This study explores the intricate relationship between carbon emissions, agricultural commodity prices, and inflation in India. Using monthly data from January 2014 to March 2022 and structural vector auto regression (SVAR) modelling, the analysis reveals diverse dynamics among key; commodities. An inverse relationship is found between wheat prices and inflation, suggesting consumer benefits. Turmeric shows a strong negative correlation, indicating unique market behaviour, while refined soybean oil and cotton prices exhibit minimal negative impacts. In contrast, crude palm oil prices positively influence inflation. A noteworthy finding is the negative correlation between carbon emissions and inflation, highlighting the environmental-economic linkage. These insights enhance understanding of how specific agricultural prices interact with inflation, and how environmental variables play a role. The findings can guide evidence-based policies for agricultural stability, environmental sustainability, and economic growth in India. The implications extend globally, offering valuable insights for developing economies facing similar challenges. Copyright 2025 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Eco-friendly valorization of fruit peels: Physicochemical and functional characterization for feed industry applications
The fruit processing industry generates large amounts of fruit peels as waste. These peels, however, are rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids and phenolics, with excellent antioxidant properties. Utilizing them as feed ingredients provides an eco-friendly waste management solution and adds value to the processing chain. This study aimed to characterize the physicochemical (e.g., pH, ash, moisture content, crude lipid, crude fibre, carbohydrates content) and functional properties (e.g., bulk density, tap density, flowability, porosity, water and oil absorption capacities, foaming capacity, stability, and least gelation concentration) of selected fruit peels such as Carica papaya, Ananas comosus, Musa acuminata, and Punica granatum. The findings highlight the potential of the selected fruit peels as valuable feed ingredients. The low bulk density and tap density in M. acuminata peels (0.29 0.01 g. cm-3 and 0.31 0.01 g. cm-3, respectively) helps in enhanced palatability. M. acuminata peels also showed excellent water and oil absorption (5.30 0.10 mL. g-1 and 1.570.05 mL. g-1) and porosity (71.15 2.22), indicating their role as effective food hydrocolloids, improving digestibility and binding properties. Notably, P. granatum, C. papaya and A. comosus peels also demonstrated strong performance across all selected parameters, suggesting their utility in the feed industry. While the ash content was notably high in M. acuminata peels, all fruit peels exhibited high fibre content, which is beneficial for digestive health and gut functionality in livestock. These properties contribute to better feed stability, energy retention, and eco-friendly production, promoting sustainable waste valorization practices. 2025 University of Food Technologies Plovdiv. All rights reserved. -
Eco-friendly synthesized nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: an updated review
Green synthesis of NPs has gained extensive acceptance as they are reliable, eco-friendly, sustainable, and stable. Chemically synthesized NPs cause lung inflammation, heart problems, liver dysfunction, immune suppression, organ accumulation, and altered metabolism, leading to organ-specific toxicity. NPs synthesized from plants and microbes are biologically safe and cost-effective. These microbes and plant sources can consume and accumulate inorganic metal ions from their adjacent niches, thus synthesizing extracellular and intracellular NPs. These inherent characteristics of biological cells to process and modify inorganic metal ions into NPs have helped explore an area of biochemical analysis. Biological entities or their extracts used in NPs include algae, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, viruses, yeasts, and plants, with varying capabilities through the bioreduction of metallic NPs. These biosynthesized NPs have a wide range of pharmaceutical applications, such as tissue engineering, detection of pathogens or proteins, antimicrobial agents, anticancer mediators, vehicles for drug delivery, formulations for functional foods, and identification of pathogens, which can contribute to translational research in medical applications. NPs have various applications in the food and drug packaging industry, agriculture, and environmental remediation. Copyright 2023 Borehalli Mayegowda, Roy, N. G., Pandit, Alghamdi, Almehmadi, Allahyani, Awwad and Sharma. -
Eco-friendly synthesis of NiO and Ag/NiO nanoparticles: Applications in photocatalytic and antibacterial activities
Herein, NiO and Ag/NiO NPs were produced via the solution combustion method using nickel nitrate and silver nitrate as oxidizers and Cocos nucifera water as a fuel at 450C. The study also explores their applications in photocatalytic dye degradation, H 2 production and antibacterial properties. The primary advantage of using C. nucifera water as a green fuel in the solution combustion method is that it serves a dual purpose - both as a fuel and as a solvent. This eliminates the need for additional water to create a homogeneous redox mixture of fuel and oxidant in the experimental procedure. X-ray diffraction confirmed the existence of Ag in the bunsenite form of rhombohedral structure with a simple cubic system, with particles sized at 31-44 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed Ni, O and Ag weight percentages of 48.2, 44.5 and 7.3%, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Ag in NiO nanostructure. UV-visible spectrometry showed reduced band gap energy of Ag/NiO NPs (3.03-2.87 eV) compared to the bare NiO NPs (3.21 eV), red shift of the optical response towards the visible region after doping Ag into the NiO. The 0.3 wt% Ag/NiO NPs showed the highest quantum efficiency (0.781) among the other synthesized NPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed absorption bands in the range of 460-900 cm -1 stretching vibrations of Ni-O and Ag-O. Photoluminescence spectroscopy indicated that a doping concentration of 0.3 wt% Ag effectively introduces donor levels, defect levels and surface trap states within the NiO nanocrystalline structure, enhancing charge carrier separation and reducing recombination. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a voluminous, porous surface morphology characterized by numerous voids, resulting from the release of various combustible gases during the combustion process. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that most particles were spherical, irregular in size and well-distributed, with minimal aggregation with an average particle size of 25.8 nm. BET analysis of both NiO and 0.3 wt% Ag/NiO NPs exhibited type IV adsorption isotherms, indicating mesoporous structures and a clear monolayer-multilayer adsorption process, 0.3 wt% Ag/NiO NPs showed the highest surface area (170 m2 g-1) compared to the NiO (130 m2 g-1) NPs. Ag/NiO NPs has demonstrated a promising H2 evolution rate of 1212 ?mol g-1 under visible light illumination in a water/ethanol system. The trypan blue dye degradation reaches up to 98% and has moderate stability for the reusable photocatalysis process. The synthesized NPs exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity against a range of bacterial strains. 2025 The Authors. -
Eco-friendly packaging in fashion and retail: Aligning style with sustainability
The chapter identifies gaps in current research, particularly in developing countries, and calls for further studies on consumer perceptions, economic feasibility, and innovations in packaging materials and technologies. Future research directions are proposed, focusing on consumer trust in sustainability claims, cost-benefit analyses of eco-friendly packaging, and the development of new biodegradable alternatives. Overall, the chapter serves as a critical resource for understanding the challenges and opportunities in advancing sustainable packaging practices in the fashion and retail sectors, emphasizing the necessity of collaborative efforts to foster environmental stewardship and encourage environmentally friendly consumption habits. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Eco-friendly operations in Reality: Analysis of key factors of sustainability performance in manufacturing companies
Sustainable product design (SPD) focuses on eco-friendly products. The energy efficiency (EE) optimizes energy use in buildings, transportation, and industry. The policies that reduce the consumption at the macro-level rebound effects are debated. The evidence leans toward waste management (WM) needing strategies like recycling and source reduction in developing countries. This study examines the sustainable product design, energy efficiency, and waste management on overall sustainability performance in manufacturing companies. The study used correlation analysis, descriptive statistics, and multiple linear regression to quantify the significance of these factors. Results show that all three variables significantly contribute to sustainability performance and support the hypotheses. SPD, EE, and WM positively impact overall sustainability performance, and evidence leans toward strong relationships among variables, but multicollinearity could complicate findings. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Jossy George, Kamal Upreti, Ramesh Chandra Poonia, Ankit Gautam, and Danish Nadeem; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Eco-friendly innovations in food packaging: A sustainable revolution
Packaging is crucial in ensuring the quality and safety of food, protecting it from various contaminants, and extending its shelf life. Materials used for packaging food must be economical, durable, and possess good barrier properties. One of the major challenges faced by the food industry is developing an eco-friendly, economical, and sustainable packaging system. The conventional materials, which majorly depend on petroleum-derived polymers, are associated with several significant problems, such as environmental pollution, depletion of resources, generation of single-use wastes, leakage of chemicals into food products, limited recycling, and so on. As the food sector focuses on reducing its environmental impact, by encouraging revolutionary changes for an effective sustainable food packaging approach. The core objective of industrial packaging was to innovate a biodegradable material, especially derived from renewable biomass resources as eco-friendly alternatives in the food industry. One of the significant trends involves production of bioplastics, which are derived from renewable polymers such as corn starch, sugarcane, or algae. These materials offer a viable alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics, as they are often compostable or biodegradable. The development of advanced bioplastics with improved barrier properties and durability is gaining traction, addressing environmental and health concerns and functionalizing a packaging material. The present review discusses the limitations of conventional packaging materials used in the food industry and focuses on the various polymers derived from natural sources, their physio-chemical properties, and their potential application as a sustainable material that reduce carbon emission, and enhance preservation of food and ensure food safety. 2024 Elsevier B.V. -
Eco-friendly AgZnO Nanocomposites Synthesis and Their Role as Photocatalyst for Textile Dye Degradation
Recent research in the field of nanotechnology revealed that plant extract and their derivatives are good stabilizing and reducing agents. Artemisia stelleriana (Dusty Miller) is widely used as an ornamental plant. The current study, explores one-pot method to synthesise A. stelleriana-mediated silver/ zinc oxide nanocomposites (AS-Ag/ZnONCs). Using UV-visible spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, Transmission Electron Microscope, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy the characterisation of the synthesised AS-Ag/ZnONCs was examined. The crystalline size of the AS-Ag/ZnONCs was determined to be 45.39nm using the Williamson-hall equation. Irregular-shaped nanocomposites were observed from AS-Ag/ZnONCs, exhibiting an average size of 35.2nm. To check the activity of AS-Ag/ZnONCs as photocatalysts to degrade RY145, RY86, RB222A and RB220 dyes was determined. The order of photocatalytic activity of AS-Ag/ZnONCs was as follows: RY145 > RB220 > RB222A > RY86. Low toxicity was observed when Vigna radiata (Mung bean) and Artemia salina (Brine shrimp) were exposed to treated dye solutions using AS- Ag/ZnONCs when compared with untreated dye solutions. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Eco-Conscious Silver Nanoparticles via Quassia indica: Characterization and Multifaceted Applications
This research work explores the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Quassia indica (QI-Ag NPs), a natural plant extract, as a stabilizing and reducing agent. The synthesized QI-Ag NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques, including UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED). The UV-Visible analysis revealed a characteristic peak at 430 nm, indicating the successful formation of AgNPs. XRD analysis unveiled the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles, with four distinctive peaks corresponding to the silver crystallographic planes. SEM and EDX provided insights into the morphology and chemical composition of the QI-AgNPs. Moreover, TEM and SAED elucidated the structural attributes and crystallinity of the nanoparticles. The Ag NPs exhibited a spherical structure and crystalline nature, as supported by both SAED and XRD findings. The zeta potential of QI-Ag NPs exhibited a value of-24.2 mV. The synthesized QI-Ag NPs were evaluated for their photocatalytic potential, demonstrating a remarkable 97% degradation of Crystal Violet dye. Furthermore, comprehensive studies encompassing antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity assessments were conducted, showcasing the multifaceted applications of these nanoparticles. This research underscores the promising potential of Q. indica-mediated silver nanoparticles as environmentally benign and versatile nanomaterials. 2024 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Eco-conscious photocatalytic degradation of organic textile dyes using green synthesized silver nanoparticles: a safe and green approach toward sustainability
Green synthesized nanoparticles from Strobilanthes barbatus leaf extracts are environmentally safe and feasible for enduring wastewater treatment, especially for organic textile dye degradation. The synthesized Strobilanthes barbatusmediated silver/silver-oxide nanoparticles (SB-Ag/AgO NPs) showed maximum absorbance at 428nm. The SB-Ag/AgO NPs were generally spherical with an average diameter of 37.59nm (FESEM and TEM analysis). The importance of functional groups in the production of SB-Ag/AgO NPs was recorded by FTIR investigations. In the degradation and rate of degradation for textile dyes, after 320min, SB-Ag/AgO NPs displayed 96.60% (5.31 10?1 L mg?1min?1) and 87.50% (1.179 10?1 L mg?1min?1) degradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB-220) and Reactive Blue 222A (RB-222A), respectively. When compared to dye effluents, SB-Ag/AgO NPs-treated dye solutions revealed a considerable decrease in inhibitory efficiency during phytotoxicity evaluation on test organisms, Vigna radiata and Artemia salina. The biosynthesized SB-Ag/AgO NPs could serve as a feasible photocatalyst for the treatment of organic textile dyes in organic substancepolluted water ecosystems. SB-Ag/AgO NPs can serve as efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly sources for dye degradation. The current research offers a safe and environmentally friendly strategy for sustaining the environment. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Eco-conscious photocatalytic degradation of organic textile dyes using green synthesized silver nanoparticles: a safe and green approach toward sustainability
Green synthesized nanoparticles from Strobilanthes barbatus leaf extracts are environmentally safe and feasible for enduring wastewater treatment, especially for organic textile dye degradation. The synthesized Strobilanthes barbatusmediated silver/silver-oxide nanoparticles (SB-Ag/AgO NPs) showed maximum absorbance at 428nm. The SB-Ag/AgO NPs were generally spherical with an average diameter of 37.59nm (FESEM and TEM analysis). The importance of functional groups in the production of SB-Ag/AgO NPs was recorded by FTIR investigations. In the degradation and rate of degradation for textile dyes, after 320min, SB-Ag/AgO NPs displayed 96.60% (5.31 10?1 L mg?1min?1) and 87.50% (1.179 10?1 L mg?1min?1) degradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB-220) and Reactive Blue 222A (RB-222A), respectively. When compared to dye effluents, SB-Ag/AgO NPs-treated dye solutions revealed a considerable decrease in inhibitory efficiency during phytotoxicity evaluation on test organisms, Vigna radiata and Artemia salina. The biosynthesized SB-Ag/AgO NPs could serve as a feasible photocatalyst for the treatment of organic textile dyes in organic substancepolluted water ecosystems. SB-Ag/AgO NPs can serve as efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly sources for dye degradation. The current research offers a safe and environmentally friendly strategy for sustaining the environment. 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Eco-conscious consumers green real estate decisions in India: the role of social commerce
Purpose: The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the role of perceived trust, information quality, positive word of mouth and societal norms toward real estate purchase intention. The study also examines how pro-environmental self-identity mediates the relationship between positive word of mouth and real estate purchase intent, as well as between societal norms and real estate purchase intention. This research aims to delve into these intricate dynamics through a multidimensional lens. Design/methodology/approach: The research employs existing scholarly works and measurable variables evaluated through a five-point Likert scale, hypothesis testing and mediation analysis to examine the proposed framework. A structured survey comprising six sections was administered, yielding 385 valid responses. The data analysis process included the use of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling techniques. Findings: The analysis indicates that pro-environmental self-identity has the most significant influence on real estate purchase intention, closely followed by positive word of mouth. Incorporating eco-friendly themes in marketing campaigns significantly boosts purchase intentions. However, perceived trust does not significantly impact purchase intentions. Other factors, such as information quality and societal norms, also play significant roles, underscoring the importance of understanding the complex dynamics shaping consumer decisions in the real estate market. Research limitations/implications: This research exclusively targets responses from young consumers in specific regions of India. Future studies should aim for a more extensive geographic scope, encompassing a diverse global population for a broader understanding of the subject. Originality/value: Based on previous literature, this study is the first to identify the elements influencing the inclination to buy environmentally friendly real estate through social commerce. 2025, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
Eco friendly nitration of toluene using modified zirconia
Nitration of toluene has been studied in the liquid phase over a series of modified zirconia catalysts. Zirconia, zirconia- ceria (Zr0.98Ce0.02)O2, sulfated zirconia and sulfated zirconia- ceria were synthesised by co precipitation method and were characterised by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, Infra red spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X ray analysis (EDAX). The acidity of the prepared catalysts was determined by FTIR pyridine adsorption study. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the catalysts prepared mainly consist of tetragonal phase with the crystallite size in the nano range and the tetragonal phase of zirconia is stabilized by the addition of ceria. The modified zirconia samples have higher surface area and exhibits uniform pore size distribution aggregated by zirconia nanoparticles. The onset of sulfate decomposition was observed around 723 K for sulfated samples. The catalytic performance was determined for the liquid phase nitration of toluene to ortho-, meta- and para- nitro toluene. The effect of reaction temperature, concentration of nitric acid, catalyst reusability and reaction time was also investigated. 2013 BCREC UNDIP. -
Eco Friendly Nitration of Toluene using Modified Zirconia
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis Vol. 7, No.3, pp.205-214 ISSN No. 1978-2993 -
Echoes of Empire: Portuguese Cultural Imperialism in Goa and Mangalore from the 15th to 18th Centuries
The Portuguese colonization in Goa and its indirect religious influence in Mangalore from the 15th to the 18th century left behind a complex legacy of social, cultural, economic, political, and religious changes. Situated within postcolonial and neocolonial studies, the paper explores the mechanisms of Portuguese cultural dominance in Goa coerced religious conversion, linguistic imposition, architectural transformation, communication, and educational control contrasted with more indirect cultural and religious influence in Mangalore, and, as a result, the impact of cultural imperialism and cultural transformation. The study contextualises the enduring effects of these colonial processes by using the theoretical frameworks of Anal Quijano concept of Coloniality of Power, Johan Galtungs Centre-Periphery Model, Edward Saids Orientalism, and Herbert Schillers Communication Imperialism. The paper highlights local resistance and cultural hybridization, and reveals a complex negotiation between imposition and adaptation. The study emphasizes the legacy of Portuguese imperialism within a broader perspective of global power structures and how it has shaped the modern neocolonial frameworks. The findings contribute to discussions on cultural imperialism by illustrating how historical hegemonic practices persist through language policies, architectural preservation, and religious traditions. The paper also touches upon the regions postcolonial identity formation through Goas Lusophone heritage and Mangalores distinct religious evolution. This analysis demonstrates how past mechanisms of control continue to influence the contemporary global and regional dynamics, reinforcing cultural hegemony through modern neocolonialism. 2024 selection and editorial matter, Dr. L. Santhosh Kumar, Ms. Minu A., Dr. Barnashree Khasnobis, Dr. Preetha M. and Dr. Merrin R. S.; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Echoes of Conflict: Unveiling the Interconnected Tapestry of Russia-Ukraine Warfare, Oil Price Ballet, and the Asian Stock Symphony
The purpose of this research is to look into the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the relationship between oil prices and the Asian stock market. While earlier studies have investigated the impact of oil prices on stock markets, there has been little research into the impact of crude oil prices on the Asian stock market in the context of the Russia-Ukraine war. For this purpose, the data is collected from NSE and Bloomberg database the study's findings imply that the Russia-Ukraine war has had a major impact on the relationship between crude oil prices and stock market indices in numerous Asia-Pacific countries. The study suffers from a few limitations such as it only examines the relationship between crude oil prices and stock market indices but there are other macroeconomic factors, such as interest rates, inflation, and political instabil ity which also affect the market. 2024, ASERS Publishing House. All rights reserved. -
Echo mapping of active galacticn nuclei
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the persistent high luminosity sources powered by accretion of matter onto super massive black holes (SMBHs) at their centres. They are known to show flux variation and this property can be used as an effective tool to map the extent of the broad line region (BLR) and the dusty torus that surrounds the central SMBH. Though the mass of the SMBH (MBH) can be directly measured using the dynamics of stars that are close to the SMBH, this method is limited to objects in the low redshift Universe (z < 0.1). On the other hand, the technique of reverberation mapping (RM) can provide MBH estimate over a range of redshifts. RM is based on the light travel time delayed response of the line emitting gas as well as the re-processed torus emission to changes in the continuum emission from the accretion disk. As of now, MBH measure-ments are available for more than 100 sources based on RM. The obtained BLR sizes (RBLR) are found to be correlated with the optical luminosity (L5100) at wavelength 5100 This relationship is obtained based on mea-surements of AGN available over a limited range of luminosity. Moreover, many of these measurements also have larger error bars. Therefore, there is an urgent need to increase RM measurements with small errors on more AGN covering a wide range of redshifts to better constrain the RBLR ? L5100 relation. We have carried out photometric reverberation observa- tions on the AGN Mrk 590. Using both broad band (that overlaps with the continuum) and narrow band (that overlaps with the H? emission line) observations, we found the BLR size to be 21.44+1.49 ?2.11 days, which is equiv- alent to 0.018+0.001 ?0.002 pc. Using this measured BLR size and the full width at half maximum of the H? line measured from the newly acquired Subaru spectrum we found a black hole mass of 1.96+0.15 ?0.21 108 M , using virial relationship and adopting a scale factor of 1.12. Similar to BLR reverberation mapping, the extent of the dusty torus in AGN can also be measured using dust reverberation mapping (DRM) based on the delayed response of the near infrared (NIR) flux from the torus to the ionizing UV/optical continuum coming from the accretion disk. From these observations too, a strong correlation is known to exist between the torus size (Rdust) and the optical luminosity (LV). Based on the Rdust ?LV relation, it is also possible to use AGN as standard candle to con- strain the Hubble constant (H0) and other cosmological parameters. But for that, a large number of DRM observations are needed at different red- shifts. As of today, very few NIR interferometric observations are avail-able, but measurements of the torus size via such direct imaging observa-tions are again limited to very near and bright AGN. Moreover, there is a large discrepancy in the size of the torus obtained via the direct imaging method through interferometry and that obtained from DRM. From long term monitoring in the optical and infra-red, we found the inner edge of the dust torus in H0507+164 and Z229?15 to lie at a distance of 0.029+0.010 ?0.008 pc and 0.017+0.005 ?0.005 pc, respectively, from the central optical continuum source. These two new measurements are also found to lie closely on the known Rdust ? LV relation line. Also, by modeling the available BLR RM data in the literature, it is possible to constrain the size, structure and kinemat-ics of the BLR using Bayesian approach. This approach is adopted several times to study the BLR morphology by different ways but is not applied to a large number of sources in an homogeneous manner. From an analysis of the RM data for a total of 57 sources following a Bayesian approach, we could constrain the structure of the BLR in them as well as derive other properties of BLR. -
Echo mapping of active galactic nuclei
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the persistent high luminosity sources powered by accretion of matter onto super massive black holes (SMBHs) at their centres. They are known to show flux variation and this property can be used as an effective tool to map the extent of the broad line region (BLR) and the dusty torus that surrounds the central SMBH. Though the mass of the SMBH (MBH) can be directly measured using the dynamics
of stars that are close to the SMBH, this method is limited to objects in the low redshift Universe (z < 0.1). On the other hand, the technique of reverberation mapping (RM) can provide MBH estimate over a range of redshifts. RM is based on the light travel time delayed response of the line emitting gas as well as the re-processed torus emission to changes in the continuum emission from the accretion disk. As of now, MBH measurements are available for more than 100 sources based on RM. The obtained
BLR sizes (RBLR) are found to be correlated with the optical luminosity (L5100) at wavelength 5100 Å. This relationship is obtained based on measurements of AGN available over a limited range of luminosity. Moreover, many of these measurements also have larger error bars. Therefore, there
is an urgent need to increase RM measurements with small errors on more AGN covering a wide range of redshifts to better constrain the RBLR − L5100 relation. -
Ecclesiology, piety, and presbyterian and independent polemics during the early years of the english revolution
Religious controversy swept across England during the revolutionary decades of the 1640s and 1650s. Historians have studied the attendant ecclesiological debates meticulously. The piety as practiced by the puritans has also been carefully examined. Yet generally, these two subjects of ecclesiology and piety have been kept as separate compartments of analysis. The plethora of tracts that rolled off the press during the initial years of the 1640s, nevertheless, shows that many contemporary polemicists were keen to tie the two themes together. The Presbyterian and Independent polemicists were no exception. As this article seeks to demonstrate, a common feature of their publications was the belief that their preferred ecclesiastical polity best served the purpose of promoting individual piety and creating a godly society. Thus the Presbyterian and Independent conflict waged not only over issues of ecclesiology proper such as categories of church offices and of governing councils or composition of church membership to which historians have directed their attention hitherto, but also over questions of how ecclesiology affected piety. Such conflict was a reflection of the commitment of Presbyterians and Independents to their respective vision of reformation for the country. More broadly, this article shows a facet of religious controversy that ultimately led to the disintegration of the godly community and weakened the base of support for the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. American Society of Church History 2015. -
Eccentricity splitting graph of a graph
Let G = (V, E) be any connected graph with (Figure presented.) for all uj, uk ? Si if e(uj) = e(uk)(1 ? i ? t) with each | Si |? 2 and (Figure presented.). The eccentricity splitting graph of a graph denoted by ES(G) is obtained by taking a copy of G and adding vertices w 1, w 2, , wt such that wi is adjacent only to the vertices of Si for 1 ? i ? t. We initiate the study on eccentricity splitting graph ES(G) and examine its structural properties. We also analyze diameter, girth and chromatic number of eccentricity splitting graphs of certain classes of graphs. 2021 Taru Publications.