Browse Items (16488 total)
Sort by:
-
Ni-Co MOF Flowers/ZnO NRs Mediated Electrochemical Sensor for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of Neotame in Food Samples
This study focuses on the bioreduction of waste-derived graphite rods into reduced graphene oxide(rGO), followed by the fabrication with Ni-Co metal-organic flowers and Zinc oxide nanorods(ZnO NRs) using Nafion, for sensitive detection of neotame. The Ni-Co metal-organic flowers and ZnO NRs were synthesized using solvothermal synthesis and Azadirachta indica leaf extract, respectively. Additionally, Nafion polymer enhances the stability and conductivity of the nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was characterized using UVvis, Fourier transform infrared spectorscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray analsysis, Transmission electron microscopy, and Atomic force microscopy. The electrochemical studies were carried out using Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Cyclic voltammetry. The modified electrode (rGO/Nafion/Ni-Co MOF/ZnO NRs) demonstrated improved electrochemical activity (34.01 ?A) for neotame with an enhanced peak current at +0.73 V. The LOD and LOQ values were calculated and found to be 0.32 and 0.99 ?M with a recovery (%) ranging from 94.50 to 101.34%. The outcome of this study identifies the morphological and electrochemical factors as major contributors to the adsorption affinities and catalytical activities, with promising possibilities for the design of electrochemical sensing of artificial sweeteners. 2024 The Electrochemical Society (ECS). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved. -
Nickel oxide modified with sodium alginate and dopamine nanoparticles for enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity against HepG2 cells
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, while multidrug-resistant bacterial infections pose escalating health threats. To address these challenges, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO Nanoparticles) and sodium alginatedopamineNiO-SA-Dop nanoparticles (NiO-SA-Dop Nanoparticles) were synthesized and extensively characterized for multifunctional biomedical applications. X-ray diffraction revealed crystallite sizes of 40.6nm (NiO) and 29.76nm (NiO-SA-Dop). Transmission electron microscope analysis confirmed spherical morphology with reduced particle size upon modification, supporting improved surface properties. UVvisible spectroscopy showed band gap energies of 4.15eV (NiO) and 4.44eV (NiO-SA-Dop). Photoluminescence spectra indicated enhanced green emission in NiO-SA-Dop, suggesting a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies Linked to increased reactive oxygen species Generation. In functional assays, NiO-SA-Dop demonstrated superior free radical scavenging efficiency in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay compared to NiO. Strong antibacterial activity was observed against Gram-negative pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysenteriae. Cytotoxicity assays against HepG2 cells yielded IC?? values of 11.9g/mL for NiO and 10.3g/mL for NiO-SA-Dop, underscoring the enhanced anticancer efficacy of the modified nanoparticles. Overall, NiO-SA-Dop Nanoparticles exhibit promising antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, making them strong candidates for advanced therapeutic development. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Nickel Telluride Quantum Dots as a Counter Electrode for an Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently emerged as highly appealing and efficient options for electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), effectively substituting the scarce and expensive metal platinum (Pt). In this work, nickel telluride (NiTe2) quantum dots (QDs) were effectively used as a counter electrode for DSSCs by providing a sustainable alternative to the scarce platinum (Pt). The DSSC based on NiTe2 QDs shows a power conversion efficiency (?) of ?8.06%, which is comparatively better than exfoliated NiTe2 (? ? 6.58%). The density functional theory (DFT) was employed to comprehensively understand the underlying mechanisms involved in the charge transfer between the QDs and the electrolyte species. The outcomes demonstrated the benefits of creating diverse structural configurations designed to enhance interfacial transport, ensure an even distribution of active facets, and improve the electrocatalytic performance in the DSSC process.(Figure Presented). 2023 American Chemical Society. -
Nickel-Based Inks for Flexible Electronics - A Review on Recent Trends
Inkjet printing (IJP) is an efficient, simple, scalable and low-cost additive manufacturing technique for the deposition of functional materials on substrates used in flexible electronic devices, sensors, and light-emitting diodes to name a few. Nanoparticle ink, metal oxide decomposition (particle-free ink), polymer ink, and semiconductor ink are classifications of the inks used in IJP. Effective printing of the material is possible when the ink parameters (viscosity, particle size, surface tension) and its derived dimensionless quantities (Weber number, Reynolds' number, and Ohnesorge number) fall within a desirable range. The formation of the coffee-ring effect during the post-printing process is one of the major concerns, which affects the morphology and electrical conductivity of the printed pattern. In this review, a summary of recent developments of Ni-based inks in terms of formulation, sintering and properties is presented, along with the effect of combining Ni with other materials such as NiO, Ag, Cu, Zn, Fe, carbon, and rare earth metals on the film properties. The precursors and solvents used for the Ni ink preparation, along with the additives and surfactants, have been presented to understand their impact on the film's properties and develop a design to choose the ideal precursor-solvent pair. Finally, the challenges in formulating inks and the necessity to develop a model to optimize the choice of solvent/ precursor are presented. The model would improve the selection of additives and precursors and reduce material wastage and enhance performance with fewer defects. 2022 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Nickel-Enforced MoS2/MoTe2 Heterostructure for Energy Harvesting from Stray Magnetic Field
Harnessing magnetic noise fields for sustainable energy harvesting offers a pervasive power source for wireless devices. In this context, recently developed 2D van der Waals heterostructures have emerged as promising candidates for advancing the fundamental understanding of magnetoelectric (ME) coupling and the development of nanoscale ME devices. This work investigates thermo-magneto-electric coupling to enable MoS2/MoTe2-based heterostructures for harvesting energy from stray magnetic fields. Furthermore, introducing a nickel layer further enhances interfacial interactions under a magnetic field, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm its significant influence on the ME behavior of the heterostructures. The optimized flexible heterostructure demonstrated an open-circuit voltage of ?4.5V and a power density of ?2.12mW/cm3 under an alternating current (AC) magnetic noise field of 1.33 mT. These results highlight the potential of the novel 2D-based heterostructure for harvesting stray magnetic fields and powering low-power electronic devices in self-powered wireless sensor network applications. 2026 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Nicotiana genus: a green and sustainable source for designing of nitrogen-rich efficient carbon nanocomposites for the hydrogenation of nitrophenol and non-enzymatic glucose sensing
Transition metals based nitrogen-doped carbon nanocomposites have been envisioned as a potential replacement for precious metal-based nanostructures to catalyze a variety of reactions. Herein, we report the synthesis of a group of nitrogen-doped carbon nanocomposites derived from the Nicotiana genus family plant, e.g. tobacco, a highly nicotine rich entity, and iron nitrate mixture followed by their exploitation for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing. The controlled study suggests that the pyrolysis of tobacco results in ?7 at.% of nitrogen doping, an important heteroatom to enhance the catalytic efficiency of nanocomposites. The kinetics of the reduction of 4-NP follow a pseudo-first-order reaction. The time constant is found to increase with the Fe content in the composite owing to the formation of FeNx centers. The separation of a catalyst with the aid of a magnetic field offers a huge add-on to vouch for the recovery of these catalysts. Along with the display of appealing catalytic reduction, its application to non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing is also demonstrated. Overall, the Nicotiana genus can be used as nitrogen-carbon precursors for designing of targeted N-doped carbon-based composites that could be exploited for various applications. 2021 Elsevier Ltd -
NiFe2O3 and carboxymethyl cellulose modified NiFe2O3 nanoparticles: synthesis, antibacterial activity, and zebrafish embryo bio-evaluation
The alarming rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections has necessitated the development of novel and biocompatible antimicrobial agents. In this study, NiFe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared using co-precipitation method. The NiFe2O3 nanoparticles were functionalized with carboxymethyl cellulose to enhance their stability, dispersibility, and biological activity. The characterization results revealed that the CMC-modified NiFe2O3 nanoparticles exhibited an enhanced physicochemical property when compared to bare NiFe2O3. The hydrodynamic diameter of the CMC-modified NiFe2O3 nanoparticles were found to be 202.3 nm. The crystallite size of the nanoparticles was found to be 28.2 nm for NiFe2O3 and 24.3 nm for CMC-NiFe2O3. Fourier-transform infrared spectra revealed the effective functionalization of CMC through typical O[sbnd]H, C[sbnd]H, and C[sbnd]O[sbnd]C vibrations. The HRTEM results revealed the homogenous particle morphology with negligible aggregation. BET analysis indicated a high surface area of 85.75 m2/g and a pore volume of 1.789 cm3/g, showing a mesoporous structure. The optical studies demonstrated a narrowed band gap from 3.22 eV to 3.12 eV, and lower PL intensity, implying better charge separation and higher surface defects. Antibacterial activity, assessed by agar well diffusion method, indicated drastically bigger zones of inhibition for CMC-NiFe2O3 over bare NiFe2O3, against Shigella dysenteriae and Proteus vulgaris. The antioxidant activity of CMC-NiFe2O3 was determined through DPPH assay which demonstrated dose-dependent radical scavenging activity. The zebrafish embryo toxicity testing revealed dose-dependent developmental anomalies, with high doses (3 mg/mL) triggering pericardial edema, tail malformation, and reduced pigmentation. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Nifty index: Integrating deep learning models for future predictions and investments
The Indian stock market, led by the NSE and BSE, has witnessed remarkable growth, exemplified by the NIFTY 50 index surpassing INR 176 trillion in market capitalization. Post the transformative New Economic Policy reforms in 1991, the market underwent significant expansion due to increased accessibility. This chapter focuses on predicting Nifty index prices for the upcoming 10-day period, aiming to provide valuable insights for investment decisions. Despite the markets inherent complexity, exacerbated by various factors like economic conditions and investor sentiment, the objective of the research study is clear: to boost profitability, mitigate risk, and safeguard traders capital. Leveraging Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Vector Autoregression (VAR) models, the research study rigorously evaluates prediction accuracy using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) metric. The study underscores the potential of deep learning techniques in achieving reasonable accuracy, especially for short-term forecasts, while acknowledging the markets inherent unpredictability. Notably, the findings demonstrate that the LSTM model excels in predicting Nifty Bank prices, with an impressive RMSE score of 242.55 compared to VAR models. Furthermore, optimal data splitting, at an 8:2 ratio, significantly enhances prediction accuracy across all models, emphasizing the critical role of high-quality data in training. In conclusion, this study unequivocally recommends LSTM as the preferred model for Nifty index price prediction, providing practitioners with a robust tool to navigate the complexities of the Indian stock market with enhanced precision and confidence. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Vivek S. Sharma, Shubham Mahajan, Anand Nayyar and Amit Kant Pandit; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Nine Level Quadra Boost Inverter with Modified Level Shifted Pulse Width Modulation Technique
This research initiatives to introduce a switched capacitor based nine level boost inverter (SC-9LBI) powered by modified level shifted pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. The SC-9LBI equipped with single DC source along with three capacitors and eight controlled switches to develop nine level inverter output voltage. The suggested inverter configuration has the ability of boosting the inverter input voltage into 1:4 ratio. Also, this research involves modified level shifted PWM technique to enhance the quality of inverter output voltage. The effectiveness of the NLMLI is assessed through parameters such as harmonic distortion, peak voltage, and output voltage root mean square value (rms). Simulation studies have been conducted using MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the proposed inverter's performance. 2024 IEEE. -
NIR properties of Be stars in star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds
Magellanic Clouds are the nearby galaxies which are ideal to study the properties of metal poor stellar population. In this study, we explore the near-IR properties of optically identified classical Be stars in 19 star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds. From an optically identified sample of 835 Be stars we obtained the J, H, K magnitudes of 389 stars from the IRSF MCPS catalog. Among these, 247 stars (36.4%) are found in 9 clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud and 142 stars (55.5%) in 10 clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud. After correcting for reddening, we studied their NIR properties in the (HK)0 vs (JH)0 diagram. We identified 14 stars with abnormally large near IR excesses, which were removed from the analysis, there by restricting our study to 355 classical Be stars. We propose an extended area in the near-IR (H-K)0 vs (J-H)0 diagram as the diagnostic location of Classical Be stars in the Magellanic Clouds. We identified 14 stars to have near-IR excess, higher than those seen in classical Be stars. From the analysis based on spectral energy distribution and luminosity estimate, we found that 8 candidate Be stars may be Herbig Ae/Be stars. We identified a new sample of 6 sgB[e] stars, which when added to the sparse existing sample of 15 sgB[e] stars in the Magellanic Clouds can provide insight to understand the evolutionary link between sgB[e] stars and Luminous Blue variables. 2017 Elsevier B.V. -
Nirod Mukerji
Nirod Mukerji, a notable author in the field of psychology, penned the influential work Psychopharmacology, offering insights into the intersection of psychology and pharmacology. His intellectual contributions extend to Standing at the Crossroads, where he tackles the fundamental challenges of psychosocial integration within the Indian context. Mukerjis scholarly articles, such as Frontiers of Psychopharmacology, Psychology and History, and Modern Science and Technology and Their Impact on Indian Spiritual Values and Traditions, further explore the implications of psychological practices and contemporary advancements on cultural values in India. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Braj Bhushan; individual chapters, the contributors. -
NiSe2@CdO Nanocomposite: A Next-Generation Electrode for Asymmetric Supercapacitors with Gel Electrolyte
This article investigates the electrochemical performance of NiSe2@CdO nanocomposites synthesized by combining melt-diffusion-synthesized NiSe2 and hydrothermally prepared CdO, followed by ball milling to obtain the final NiSe2@CdO composite. Structural, morphological, and electrochemical analyses revealed flake-like NiSe2 nanoparticles decorated with rod-shaped CdO nanostructures, exhibiting exceptional electrochemical performance. The nanocomposite electrode achieved a specific capacitance of 255 F/g at 10 mV/s from the three-electrode setup, and also, was achieved at an energy density of 48 Wh/kg at the power density 2000 W/kg by the NiSe2@CdO||AC asymmetric device. fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the structural integrity, while transmission electron microscopy images revealed nanostructures with clear lattice fringes, and energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy verified elemental uniformity. The device demonstrated 96.7% capacitance retention even after 5000 cycles and displayed superior energy and power density characteristics in the Ragone plot. These results in turn, highlight the potential of NiSe2@CdO nanocomposites for next-generation energy storage systems. 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots@?-Fe2O3/PANI nanocomposite based electrochemical sensor for cadmium ion detection
Cadmium (Cd2+) ions pose significant risks due to their toxic effects even at low concentrations. By integrating nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) with ?-Fe2O3 and polyaniline (PANI), we have engineered a nanocomposite that demonstrates a remarkably high sensitivity and selectivity in detecting Cd2+ ions. The NCQDs@?-Fe2O3/PANI nanocomposite was prepared by using hydrothermal and in-situ polymerization methods. The characterization techniques for an eco-friendly polymer nanocomposite confirm the interactions between N-CQDs, ?-Fe2O3, and PANI. X-ray diffraction analysis shows the nanocomposite possesses a crystal size of 24 0.03 nm. Field-emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope images showed that the spherical N-CQDs are enclosed by irregular ?-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, which are dispersed on the PANI sheets. Further, the particle size distribution analysis indicates an average size of 5.8 nm for the N-CQDs. The electrochemical sensing result suggests that the nanocomposite is effective in sensing the Cd2+ ions with a detection limit of 750 nm. 2025 -
Nitrogen-doped carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) and their optical and antibacterial characteristics: A short review
Substantial advancements in the field of Carbon Dots (CDs) and their derivatives in recent years can be accredited to their tunable properties. Recently Carbonized Polymer Dots (CPDs) are the emerging form in the CDs family, which possesses a typical polymer/Carbon hybrid structure and properties due to its incomplete carbonization. Alteration of various parameters during the synthesis process suggested that the properties of CPDs depend on temperature and pH. It was found that doping of CPDs using nitrogen enhanced its optical properties, thereby being used as biomarkers. CPDs generally hold a strong green and blue emission, while intense red luminescence was observed doping with nitrogen. Photoluminescence Quantum Yield (PLQY) was also found to increase with the increase in doping and temperature. Doped CPDs find several applications, including bio-imaging, LEDs, etc. In this review, we focus on analyzing the increase in efficiency of CPDs with the process of doping considering optical and antibacterial applications. 2021 by the authors. -
Nitrogen-Oxygen Co-Functionalized Waste Cassava Peel-Derived Carbon Dots for White Led
White light emitting diodes (WLEDs)are most sought after, with the broad spectra ranging from cool to warm white light being skillfully utilized to create various modes of lighting effects. The fabrication of WLEDs is generally sophisticated, involving either multiple components emitting in different regions or single-component phosphors with complex elemental compositions. In the present work, WLEDs utilizing solvent-tuned carbon dots derived from waste cassava peel are reported through a facile one-step microwave-assisted solvothermal method. The carbon dots show evident UV absorption and correspondingly emit broad visible light spectra when dispersed in a dimethylformamide (DMF)-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)blend, making themselves suitable white lightemitting down conversion materials. The successful transformation of a 400nm UV LED into a WLED with a general colour rendering index (CRI) of 83 and colour correlation temperature (CCT) of 4426 K gives a promising future outlook toward developing eco and economic-friendly WLEDs. 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Nitrogen-Oxygen Co-Functionalized Waste Cassava Peel-Derived Carbon Dots for White Led
White light emitting diodes (WLEDs)are most sought after, with the broad spectra ranging from cool to warm white light being skillfully utilized to create various modes of lighting effects. The fabrication of WLEDs is generally sophisticated, involving either multiple components emitting in different regions or single-component phosphors with complex elemental compositions. In the present work, WLEDs utilizing solvent-tuned carbon dots derived from waste cassava peel are reported through a facile one-step microwave-assisted solvothermal method. The carbon dots show evident UV absorption and correspondingly emit broad visible light spectra when dispersed in a dimethylformamide (DMF)-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)blend, making themselves suitable white lightemitting down conversion materials. The successful transformation of a 400nm UV LED into a WLED with a general colour rendering index (CRI) of 83 and colour correlation temperature (CCT) of 4426 K gives a promising future outlook toward developing eco and economic-friendly WLEDs. 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Nitrogen-rich dual linker MOF catalyst for room temperature fixation of CO2 via cyclic carbonate synthesis: DFT assisted mechanistic study
The benign synthesis of a novel Zn based Lewis acid-base bifunctional metal-organic framework (ITH-1) and its room temperature catalytic ability for the chemical fixation of carbon dioxide via cyclic carbonate synthesis is reported herein. ITH-1 is characterized by the presence of mono coordinated pendant imidazole groups throughout the framework inducing Lewis basicity. The synthesized material is crystallized in the monoclinic space group as revealed by the Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Analysis and possesses a 2 D non-planar interdigitated network wherein the neighbouring sheets are connected via strong hydrogen bonding (1.947 . ITH-1 was characterized thoroughly via various physicochemical analyses such as XRD, FT-IR, Raman, FE-SEM, CHN, ICP, TGA and was found thermally stable up to 300 ?C. The co-existence of accessible and active Lewis acid (Zn) Lewis base (imidazole) moieties rendered ITH-1 the potential to catalyse the cycloaddition of CO2 with propylene oxide under solvent and co-catalyst free conditions (~95% conversion) at moderate temperatures with remarkable reusable performance (over 5 times). ITH-1 manifested excellent CO2 conversion even under room temperature and 1 bar pressure in the presence of a co-catalyst. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations utilizing M06 functional were exercised to envisage the mechanism behind the successful CO2 conversion by ITH-1 at room temperature and were found to be in clear agreement with the experimental results. 2022 Elsevier Ltd -
NLP and Topic Modeling in Healthcare: Identifying Diseases from Patient Histories
Topic modeling and Natural Language Processing (NLP) have demonstrated significant prospects in the healthcare industry for extracting insightful information from unstructured patient histories that can help diagnose diseases and enhance clinical decisions. In this study, patient histories are grouped into ten different clusters using advanced K-Means clustering, with the Dunn Index being used to validate the clustering performance. After the clusters are formed, each cluster is subjected to topic modeling approaches. Four topic modeling approaches are examined in this study, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP), Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), and Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). These techniques are used to find disease-related terms from patient histories. Coherence scores, which show the semantic significance of the terms produced, and execution times, which show the computational efficiency needed for real-time healthcare applications, are used to evaluate the models. According to experimental findings forthe USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills exam dataset, NMF and HDP generated the most cohesive terms, with NMFs faster execution time (1.67s) making it appropriate for widespread healthcare applications. Whereas, a reasonable balance between coherence and computational demands is offered by LDA and LSI. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
NLP-based Health Care- Hospital Recommendation Systems with Online Text Reviews by Patients Satisfaction
Recent times, these recommendations based on reviews play a vital role in the service industry. The hospital is assessing its quality of service using these surveys or studies posted in online forums. The ongoing pandemic also played a vital role in making the online review more popular. These statistical data and visualization are informative in representing the views of patient satisfaction towards health service. As the size of data is large and it is of varied size and format it is difficult to get consolidated results. The users share their emotions and feelings through this review. So, it is a challenge to assess the emotions of the patients. Sentiment analysis using machine learning makes our work easy in evaluating the scores visually. The reviews are analyzed using natural language processing (NLP), and the sentiment of the studies is analysed as positive, negative, and neutral using polarity ranking, which in turn is converted as the recommendation system based on patient reviews. This paper aims to propose a new method of recommending the hospital based on the sentiment of the previous user review. The thought of the user is collected from the various hospitals. The proposed (Healthcare Recommendation System) HRS system has nearly 0.5 mean absolute error, which states that the proposed HRS system is significantly effective. 2023 IEEE. -
NLP-based personal learning assistant for school education
Computer-based knowledge and computation systems are becoming major sources of leverage for multiple industry segments. Hence, educational systems and learning processes across the world are on the cusp of a major digital transformation. This paper seeks to explore the concept of an artificial intelligence and natural language processing (NLP) based intelligent tutoring system (ITS) in the context of computer education in primary and secondary schools. One of the components of an ITS is a learning assistant, which can enable students to seek assistance as and when they need, wherever they are. As part of this research, a pilot prototype chatbot was developed, to serve as a learning assistant for the subject Scratch (Scratch is a graphical utility used to teach school children the concepts of programming). By the use of an open source natural language understanding (NLU) or NLP library, and a slack-based UI, student queries were input to the chatbot, to get the sought explanation as the answer. Through a two-stage testing process, the chat-bot's NLP extraction and information retrieval performance were evaluated. The testing results showed that the ontology modelling for such a learning assistant was done relatively accurately, and shows its potential to be pursued as a cloud-based solution in future. 2021 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.