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A study on operational efficiency of scheduled commercial banks in India
Banking institutions play an important role in the economic development of the entire nation. Financial services industry is dominated by banking sector. Performance of any economy largely depends on the efficiency of commercial banks. Efficiency of banks depends upon diversified banking system that attracts savings and channelizes them into productive investments to generate income. The strength of the bank depends on newlineefficiency of these operations. Banks need to convert its deposits into loans, advances and investments efficiently. Efficiency in operations results in productivity. Productivity brings in faster economic growth. The cost of these operations should be kept to the minimum in order that they are efficient. With stiff competition that characterises banking industry, the competitive advantage that one bank has over the other depends on various efficiencies. This research attempts to measure the various efficiencies of scheduled commercial banks in India and investigate the factors that influence the same. Review of related newlineLiterature has been carried out to identify the research gap. Scheduled commercial banks in India include public sector banks, private newlinesector banks, foreign banks and regional rural banks. Regional rural banks are excluded from the study. As per the RBI report, currently (as on 31 March 2014) there are 26 public sector banks, 22 private sector newlinebanks and 43 foreign banks. However, this study considers the banks which have existed before, during and after the study period in order to measure the technical and cost efficiency of each bank and compare those efficiencies within the group as well as across the group. Accordingly 25 PSBs, 18 PvSBs and 25 FBs have been considered for the present study. Operational efficiency in this study includes the banks with technical and newlinecost efficiency. Technical efficiency is measured using the primary operating variables like fixed assets, loanable funds, employees, loans and advances and investments. -
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A study on optimal portfolio construction with special reference to NSE CNX Nifty pharma index
Portfolio is a process of blending together the broad asset classes so as to obtain optimum return with minimum risk is called portfolio construction. In order to reduce the risk, investors need to diversify, spread their portfolio across a broad mix of assets. Diversifying the portfolio can help smooth out market ups and downs and returns from better performing assets help to offset those that arent performing so well. The present study has empirically examined the portfolio construction with special reference to NSE CNX Nifty Pharma Index. The study applied the Sharpe Single Index model to generate an efficient combination of securities from sample Pharma companies and has come up with a subsequent pattern. The study found that out the sample Pharma companies, Aurobindo Pharma Ltd attracted high risk while Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd experienced the least risk, on the basis of return earned by the companies in the Pharma Index; Aurobindo Pharma Ltd has high return while Lupin Ltd has lowest return. Experimental results have demonstrated the feasible of the investment strategy, portfolio idea and electiveness of the combination assets on the investment strategy. IAEME Publication. -
A study on Organizational Commitment in relation to Job Involvement in the Information Technology Industry
The research is entitled A Study on Organizational Commitment in relation to Job Involvement in the Information Technology Industry. Both Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment are areas of much interest to academicians, researchers, HR practitioners and the industry in its entirety. The last few decades has seen an increased interest in the study of both Organizational Commitment and Job Involvement by academicians and practitioners in a variety of work settings in the hope that it improves job performance and organizational effectiveness, and reduces tardiness, absenteeism and turnover. Organizations are realizing that it is critical to not just attract the right kind of talent but also ensure the retention of their key talent by addressing the problem of retention. Hence the increased focus on areas such as Job Satisfaction, Job Involvement, Organizational Commitment, Human Resource Development, Psychological Contract, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour or OCB, Organizational Development or OD initiatives, Retention strategies, Employee Engagement, etc. Each of these HR activities play a key role in achieving an organization??s strategy, goals, vision and mission. Both Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment have been studied because they are believed to affect and impact organizational performance and effectiveness in addition to clearly predicting other important variables such as absenteeism, turnover, organizational citizenship behaviour, etc. Several studies have indicated organizational commitment to be a better predictor of turnover than job satisfaction. This study, however, is intended to examine the impact of Job Involvement on Organizational Commitment specifically in the IT industry, and also understand the influence of several personal, situational, and organizational characteristics pertaining to Job Involvement on Commitment. The sample considered was 250 IT workers across various levels (right from industry freshers with no work experience whatsoever to Senior Managers with 12 to 15 years of IT experience) and functions in various IT organizations in Bangalore, India. It involved all employees working in IT organizations, including employees in functions such as HR & Training, Administration, Quality, Marketing/Sales and Finance in these organizations. The tools used for the study were (a) Organizational Commitment Questionnaire or OCQ developed by Meyer, Allen and Smith (1993); the internal reliability coefficient (Cronbach??s alpha) was found to be 0.95; and (b) the Lodahl and Kejner Job Involvement Scale (1965); Cronbach??s alpha for the 20-item Job Involvement scale was 0.79. Some of the key findings of this study were: 1. There is a significant relation between Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment of employees in the Indian IT industry 2. There is a significant influence of Job Involvement on Organizational Commitment of employees in the IT industry 3. There is a significant influence of Job Involvement on Affective Commitment of employees in the IT Industry. 4. There is a significant influence of Job Involvement on Normative Commitment of employees in the IT industry. 5. There is a significant influence of Job Involvement on Continuance Commitment of employees in the Indian IT industry 6. There is a significant difference between Organizational Commitment across demographics in the Indian IT industry. The researcher has also discussed the limitations and future research areas on the variables of this study. -
A Study on Organizational Performance related to Employee Attitude and Behavior in the Information Technology Industry, in Bangalore City
The integral part of any management process is to manage the people at work. A well managed organization sees worker as the root cause of quality and productivity. Attitude is a mental position consisting of a feeling, emotion, or opinion evolved in response to an external situation. It can be momentary or can develop into a habitual position that has a long- term influence on an individual's behavior. Employee attitude is the behavior pattern, manners, body language of an employee towards his/her co-workers, colleagues, sub-ordinates, boss etc. It is very much important to keep a good relation between an employee and his/her boss as well as his/her sub-ordinates and co-workers. A good relationship enables an employee to succeed in his/her work field and helps the company to reach up to its goals and maximizes its benefit. In order to be an ideal employee, he/she should be attentive to his/her work. The nature of IT employees job is very time bound, client oriented and technology intensive. The studies have revealed that poor employee attitude and behavior results in poor organizational performance and low outcome also. The study explores the meaning and relationship between employee attitude & behavior and organizational performance of IT employees. The study was carried out with survey instrument, consists of 27 items and completed by 310 employees in the IT industry. The data was gathered and analyzed using Descriptive, Karl Pearsons correlation and ANOVA which revealed interesting factors with organizational performance related to employee attitude and behavior of IT employees across the variables. The review on the related literature in the area of organizational performance and employee attitude and behavior of IT employees studied has provided many insights for the study. It also provided direction in designing the present study. A number of researchers have established the relationship between organizational performance and employee attitude and behavior across various professions mainly in developed countries. Since Bangalore is known as Silicon Valley of India, the attitude and behavior was a major concern among IT employees. Though there were various studies undertaken in the field of employee attitude and behavior, very few researchers have attempted to focus in detail the variables such as job satisfaction, HRM policies, organizational change, and organizational commitment and also with productivity, well being, and absenteeism etc., Having reviewed several studies and having identified the gap, the investigator felt an imperative need to undertake the present investigation. The sample consisted of 310 IT employees from various IT companies in Bangalore respectively. The sample was given representation to both male and female IT employees. Judgment Sampling has been adopted in this study. The purpose of choosing judgment sampling is to exercise judgment or expertise, in choosing the elements to be included in sample because researchers believed that they are representative of the population of interest. Two standard tools were used to measure the variables of the study. The survey questions were drawn from employee attitude and behavior, including Gallie, D, White, M, Cheng, Y and Tomlinson, M (1998); Appelbaum, E., Bailey T., Berg P., and Kalleberg A. 2000 and Wright P.M., and Gardner, T. (2003).and suganya sengupta and her colleagues, 2006. The overall reliability of employee attitude survey was satisfactory. These results suggested that the employee attitude survey is a handy tool for the goal the organization wants to use it for its performance. The major findings of the study were: 1. There is a significant relationship between employee attitude and behavior and organizational performance of IT industry. 2. The employee attitudes are positively related with discretion effort and loyalty negatively related with intention to quit job and job stress. 3. There is a significant difference between gender and the employee attitudes and behavior. The implications of the study will help the organizations to understand the impact of organizational performance related to employee attitude and behavior and its outcome. A famous statement is that a happy worker is a productive worker. This assumes a relation between employees attitude & behavior and organizational performance. -
A Study on Ornated Graphs
In this paper, we introduce the notion of a finite non-simple directed graph called, an ornated graph. An ornated graph is a directed graph on n vertices, denoted by On(sl), whose vertices are consecutively labeled clockwise on the circumference of a circle and constructed from an ordered string sl. Joining vertices is such that for an odd indexed entry at of the string, a tail vertex vi has clockwise heads vj if and only if (i + at) ? j. For an even indexed entry as of the string, a tail vertex vi has anticlockwise heads vj if and only if (i - as) ? j. Some interesting results for certain types of ornated graphs are presented. 2023 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
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A Study on Parental and Peer Influence on Adolescent Health Risk Behavior
Adolescents are the future of the country. It is this period that they face several problems as it is a stage of exposure and experimentation. They get exposed to several practices like consumption of alcohol, Drugs, Tobacco and unsafe Sexual practice. These behaviours are often triggered by faulty parenting and bad peer influence. Hence this study is an attempt to know the proneness among adolescents to follow such health risk behaviours and how these behaviours are influenced by parent and peers. The study reveals that about 59% of the adolescents are into one or multiple health risk behaviours and it is parental monitoring and peer modelling which are significantly associated with the overall health risk behaviour.(p value <0.05). When it comes to specific health risk behaviour, we can see a significant association between peer modelling and health risk behaviour. Peer modelling is an influence proved to be there on all the health risk behaviours namely consumption of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and practice of unsafe sex. However it is evident from the study that it is boys who are significantly higher in number than girls with regard to the practice of health risk behaviours. Key Words: Adolescents, Health Risk Behaviour, Parental Influence, Peer Influence -
A study on partial domination in graphs
The theory of domination is one of the most studied fields in graph theory. Many new domination parameters have been defined and studied so far. One such parameter that was introduced in 2017 is partial domination number. For a graph G = (V,E) and for a p ∈ (0,1], a subset S of V(G) is said to partially dominate or p-dominate G if |N[S]| ≥ p|V(G)|. The cardinality of a smallest p-dominating set is called the p-domination number and it is denoted by γp(G). In scenarios wherein domination concepts are applied, partial domination concepts can also be applied with the added advantage of being able to dominate the underlying graph partially, when the need arises. This advantage makes this parameter appear unique amongst most other domination parameters. We present some basic properties of partial dominating sets, some properties related to particular values of p, some properties related to the eccentricity of a p-dominating set, some results in the line of classical domination and characterization of minimal and minimum p-dominating sets. Then we study partial domination in the context of prisms of graphs. We give some bounds for partial domination numbers of prisms of graphs G in terms of partial domination numbers of G for particular values of p. We define universal γp-fixers and universal γp-doublers and we characterize paths, cycles and complete bipartite graphs which are universal γ 1 2 - fixers and universal γ 1 2 - doublers. Then we concentrate on establishing a domination chain in the context of partial
domination, which we call as ‘partial domination chain’. -
A Study on Partial Domination in Graphs
The theory of domination is one of the most studied fields in graph theory. Many new domination parameters have been defined and studied so far. One such parame- ter that was introduced in 2017 is partial domination number. For a graph G = (V, E) and for a p and#8712; (0, 1], a subset S of V (G) is said to partially dominate or p-dominate G if |N[S]| and#8805; p|V (G)|. The cardinality of a smallest p-dominating set is called the p-domination number and it is denoted by and#947;p(G). In scenarios wherein domination con-cepts are applied, partial domination concepts can also be applied with the added ad-vantage of being able to dominate the underlying graph partially, when the need arises. This advantage makes this parameter appear unique amongst most other domination parameters. We present some basic properties of partial dominating sets, some prop- erties related to particular values of p, some properties related to the eccentricity of a p-dominating set, some results in the line of classical domination and characterization of minimal and minimum p-dominating sets. Then we study partial domination in the con-text of prisms of graphs. We give some bounds for partial domination numbers of prisms of graphs G in terms of partial domination numbers of G for particular values of p. We define universal and#947;p-fixers and universal and#947;p-doublers and we characterize paths, cycles and complete bipartite graphs which are universal and#947;1 2 - fixers and universal and#947;1 2 - dou- blers. Then we concentrate on establishing a domination chain in the context of partial domination, which we call as partial domination chain . For this, we defined indepen-dent partial domination number (IPD-number), found exact values of IPD-numbers for some classes of graphs, found bounds for IPD-numbers in terms of independent domi-nation number and some relations between the independent partial dominating sets and the independent dominating sets. -
A STUDY ON PERFECT ITALIAN DOMINATION OF GRAPHS AND THEIR COMPLEMENTS
Perfect Italian Domination is a type of vertex domination which can also be viewed as a graph labelling problem. The vertices of a graph G are labelled by 0, 1 or 2 in such a way that a vertex labelled 0 should have a neighbourhood with exactly two vertices in it labelled 1 each or with exactly one vertex labelled 2. The remaining vertices in the neighbourhood of the vertex labelled 0 should be all 0s. The minimum sum of all labels of the graph G satisfying these conditions is called its Perfect Italian domination number. We study the behaviour of graph complements and how the Perfect Italian Domination number varies between a graph and its complement. The NordhausGaddum type inequalities in the Perfect Italian Domination number are also discussed. 2025, Krasovskii Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics. All rights reserved. -
A study on police personnels perception about causes for stress and frequency of stress occurrence
This paper states that Police Personnels Perception about causes for Occupational stress like organizational context (goals and objectives), organizational structure (size, degree of centralization), organizational processes (leadership style, decision making etc.), nature of work (shifts etc.) and physical environment (employee safety, rewards etc.) constitute the dimensions of the climate.This study is a descriptive one and it reveals the facts which are already exist. This report is about the policeconstables where it is in Tuticorin district, South part of Tamilnadu. This study focused on52 police stationswhichare divided into eight sub divisions and 600samples collected from three differentgrades of police constables. Police stress inventory (PSI) used to measure the level ofoccupational stress. Appropriate statistical tool was used for data analysis. According to theresults most of the police constables experienced more stress. Female constables facehigh stress compare with male police constables. This study concludes most of the constables areunder medium level stress group and results shows a significant difference between occupationalstressorganizational context (goals and objectives), organizational structure (size, degree of centralization), organizational processes (leadership style, decision making etc.), nature of work (shifts etc.) and physical environment (employee safety, rewards etc.). 2020 SERSC. -
A Study on Popular Naga Cuisine and Its Representation on Instagram
Food is a very sensitive topic as it is the representation of culture that shapes identity such that any flaw in representation could result in identity confusion or identity clashes. Food culture and its meaning varies from one culture to another. Also, very often one will notice that a cuisine which is a delicacy for a community could be a taboo or unacceptable for the other. India is known for its rich diverse culture, which includes geography, lifestyle, food habits, biodiversity and more. It is commonly seen that dominant food are often presented as the national cuisine while relegating others to the margins or erasing them altogether. A society is dynamic in nature, which goes through constant social issues too. But while the society strives to solve or seek for a solution to the conventionally defined social problem it fails to count in the misrepresentation of food culture as an issue that results in identity crisis. The dependency on media has increased tremendously such that a personal opinion and views about a subject are shaped by the sources that are readily available at their convenience in the form of social media. Today the concept of food gram that is the combination of Food and Instagram is a very popular trend among netizen. Instagram is an online photo-video sharing application where popularly in these context users post food images of what they eat, with whom and where. Whereas for professional based account it is seen as a marketing forum. The representation of food culture on social media is seen as an advantage and a challenge. The food culture of the Naga Tribes of Nagaland, Northeast, is the core of the study. It aims to understand the dominant tribal representation of Naga food and seek to understand how these representations on Instagram shape perceptions about the Naga population. The researcher has adopted a theoretical framework of Representation and Semiotics. A triangulation method approach has been applied for the study in analyzing Instagram post that is hash tagged, #nagacuisine from the month of July and August 2018. How Instagram as a medium represent Naga food and how it shapes an identity for the Naga population is what this study will seek to understand. -
A STUDY ON POTENTIAL OF INEXPENSIVE ADVERTISING
The paper research??s about the potential of an advertisement strategy on a lower scale, where number of promotional activities and the use of certain strategies like; direct marketing, social networking sites, internet, word-of-mouth, guerrilla marketing are used as a channel for promoting and creating brand awareness unconventionally. The research paper is primarily incorporating few aspects which relate to market study. The paper is in context of the upcoming trend of advertising. Not every client has a big business, not every client is a opulent person, and such people need to spend money carefully as they do not have sufficient investment. One of the major reasons why this research is conducted is to plan clients a lucrative marketing scenario within the budget, as well provide them a good promotion scale. The communication is indirect to the mass audience but direct to the niche audience. The research is on how low cost advertisement i.e. strategies like below the line advertising, guerrilla marketing which is capturing the target market. The paper also researches about how various new mediums can club together and make it possible to advertise on a low cost channel, meant for clients with low budget as well as high budget and create more awareness in a way of unconventional media when compare to the conventional media. It is also becoming a cut throat marketing strategy for all the products. The researcher also believes that there is allot of potential in conducting this research, as it extracts allot of information and opinions of different people in today??s scenario based on daily observation. Also helps the research gather relevant information about the use of medium??s and their potential. -
A study on prediction of health care data using machine learning
Every clinical-decision relies on the doctors experience and knowledge. Perhaps this conventional practice may look appropriate, but it may lead to unpredictable errors, biases, and maximized costs that may affect QoS (Quality-of-Service) given to patients. To help the doctor to save time, the conventional practice to analyze the data for clinical-decision support has to be updated. Machine Learning (ML) and Data Mining (DM) algorithms have applied to have greater and higher predictions. This paper studies a set of ML algorithms by which clinical-predictions are going to be more appropriate and cost-effective. IJSTR 2020. -
A Study on psycho-social problems of persons with chronic renal failure with specific reference to bangalore cosmopolitan city
The present research is an attempt to describe the psychosocial problems faced by individuals with chronic renal failure in Bangalore cosmopolitan city. The aim of the study was to describe the level of psycho social problems experienced by them and to develop a psychosocial intervention programme to address this issue. The researcher adopted newlinedescriptive research design. The sample of 200 individual with chronic renal failure was newlineselected with consecutive sampling technique from St. John s Hospital and Medical College, newlineJayanagar Government Hospital and Manipal Hospital. The researcher used structured newlineinterview schedule to collect the data; to study the psychosocial problems, Psychosocial newlineAssessment Tool (PAT-5)-A measure of psychosocial problems in Haemodialysis Patients (Kansal, 2010) was adopted. newlineThe results of the study depict that, in the health awareness domain more than half (52%) of the patients were having moderate level of problems and 13.5% reported severe level of newlineproblems. In the occupational domain, three fourth (75.5%) of the patients reported severe level of problems; in family and social domain, nearly half of the patients (46%) reported severe level of problems. In the financial domain, two third (66%) reported severe problems. In the psychological domain it is seen that near about half (41%) reported severe level of newlinepsychological distress. The overall psychosocial score of the patients reveal that nearly half (47.5%) of patients felt severe level of psychosocial problems. Based on the finding of the study, needs assessment and discussion with the experts in the field a psychosocial intervention programme has evolved. It is suggested that effective use of this intervention programme can reduce the psychosocial problems faced by the patients and lead to better clinical outcomes. -
A STUDY ON QUALITY OF LIFE OF PERSONS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY
The aim of present study is to assess the Quality of Life (QOL) of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) in relation to physical health, psychological health, social relationship, and environmental dimensions with orientation to Indian context. The objectives of the study was to describe the Socio demographic and clinical profile of respondents, to measure the Quality of life of persons Spinal Cord Injury and to evaluate the relationship between socio demographic data, clinical data and Quality of Life dimensions among persons with Spinal Cord Injury. Universe of the study was individuals with spinal cord injury from different states of India. Sample Unit was Patients with spinal cord injury admitted as inpatient under the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore. A total of 40 subjects were participated in the study. It has been considered the Descriptive research design for the study. Purposive sampling design was selected. Tools administered were Socio Demographic Data Sheet, Clinical Data Sheet and WHOQOL - BREF Scale (26 Item Questionnaire). Results confirmed that mean score on Quality of life of the respondents with regard to their Physical health, Psychological health and social relationship domain was at moderate level, whereas mean score on Quality of life of respondents in relation to their environmental domain was found at lower level. Majorly findings of present study also demonstrated that there was no significant difference in quality of life between different Age groups, Marital status, different Education levels, duration of Rehabilitation, Type of treatment (Surgical/ Non surgical) and between people with Paraplegia, Tetraplegia and Non Traumatic Paraplegia (p >0.05), while there was significant difference in quality of life between Male & Female, Duration since injury, Post injury Occupation status & Post injury monthly income status (p < 0.05). The study finding suggest that comprehensive rehabilitation program team professionals need to incorporate some more appropriate interventions & remedial procedures which can enhance the quality of life of persons with spinal cord injury in relation to physical health, psychological health, social relationship and environmental dimensions. In addition government has to modify policy and develop new projects/ programs in the interest of enhancing quality of life in relation to environmental dimensions of persons with spinal cord injury. -
A study on regular and chaotic convection in an anisotropic porous cavity
The primary intent of the work is to investigate the linear and weakly nonlinear stability analyses of the BrinkmanBard convection (BBC) problem in a horizontal thermally-anisotropic porous enclosure with temperature-dependent uniform heat source/sink analytically by using a weighted residual Galerkin scheme. The linear stability analysis of the study reveals that the conductive system is stabilized by increasing anisotropy, Darcy number, and internal heat source strength. Three modal Lorenz model is derived by performing weakly nonlinear stability analysis using truncated Fourier series solutions. Equilibrium points of the Lorenz model and stability analysis is studied. The conductive equilibrium point (zero equilibrium point) is asymptotically stable and the eigenvalues are negative, whereas the convective equilibrium points (non-zero equilibrium points) are asymptotically stable up to a threshold Rayleigh number. Later, Hf bifurcation or chaotic motions sets in. The effect of an increase in the values of internal heat source and thermal anisotropic term delays the onset of the chaotic convection, whereas the Darcy number exhibits the opposite fashion. Further, the amount of heat transport is estimated at the lower boundary of an enclosure, and it is seen that the amount of heat transfer is maximum in the case of heat source, Darcy medium, and heterogeneous medium compared within the Brinkman medium in the presence of heat sink. 2025 The Physical Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan) -
A Study on Regular Perfect Graphs
A graph (V, E) is said to be a perfect graph if the independence number of every induced subgraph in G is equal to the clique covering number of the subgraph in G. The independence number of a graph G is denoted by and#945;(G), and it is the maximum number of vertices in G such that no two of them belong to the same clique in G. The clique covering number of a graph G is denoted by and#952;(G), and is the minimum number of cliques required to cover the vertex set of G. F- perfect graph is a special type of perfect graph, where F can be any graph, like, complete graph (Km), the complement of a complete graph (Km), star, cycle, and so on. A graph G is said to be F-perfect if F-independence number for every newlineinduced subgraph H of G is equal to its F-covering number. The F-independence number of a graph G is the maximum number of vertices in G such that no two of them belong to the same F-subgraph in G. F-covering number is the minimum number of F-subgraphs in G that is required to cover the vertex set of G. newlineThe present study introduces the concept of regular perfect graphs, and induced regular perfect graphs which are denoted by R-perfect graphs, and R-perfect graphs respectively. These graph classes are obtained by considering F as the set of all regular subgraphs in a graph, R, and the set of all induced regular subgraphs, R, in a graph respectively. We conceptualise the graph parameters, R-independence number, and R-covering number for R-perfect graphs and R-independence number, and R-covering number for R-perfect graphs, and characterise both these classes of graphs. We initially study a subclass of regular perfect graphs, namely, cycle perfect graphs (C-perfect graphs) and induced cycle perfect graphs (C-perfect graphs). Further we extend the study to analyse various product graphs under C-perfection, and characterise them. -
A study on remote sensing image segmentation and classification
The image is a composition of many pixels. These pixels include two pieces of information: coordinate or position and intensity value. The image includes several objects; extracting the crucial objects from the image is critical. Based on the similarity of patterns, classes, groups, and segments of contained objects in the image can be created. Assigning the labels to the pixels is necessary to make the image more informative for analyzing features and decision-making. This study addresses segmentation techniques and classifying images pertaining to remote sensing images. Thereafter, Land Use Land Cover (LULC) mapping is discussed, which classifies the remote sensing images. 2025 Bentham Science Publishers. All rights reserved.