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A Comprehensive Study on Parametric Optimization of Plasma-Sprayed Cr2C3 Coatings on Al6061 Alloy
Plasma spray, a widely employed thermal spray method, is known for enhancing coatings with heightened microhardness, density, and bonding strength. In this study, Taguchis approach was applied to optimize processing parameters for plasma spray-coated surfaces, aiming to reduce porosity, increase hardness, and fortify the connection between Cr2C3 coatings. The design of experiments method facilitated the optimization of process parameters, utilizing signal-to-noise ratios and ANOVA analysis to assess the significance of each processing parameter and identify optimal parameter combinations. Powdered feed rate and stand-off distance emerged as the two most critical processing variables influencing permeability and hardness, contingent on signal-to-noise ratios. S/N ratio analysis was employed to determine the optimal processing parameters for permeability, hardness, and bonding strength. For porosity, the optimal stand-off distance, powdered feed rate, and current density were identified as 60rpm, 50g/min, and 460ampsmm/s, respectively. Exemplary process conditions for hardness included a powdered feed rate of 60g/min, a stand-off distance of 80rpm, and a current density of 480 amps. Lastly, for strength properties, the ideal process variables were a stand-off distance of 80rpm, a current density of 480amps, and a powdered feed rate of 60g/min. Despite small differences between projected R2 and modified R2 values in statistical data on permeability, hardness, and bonding strength, the proximity to the one emphasizing the fit of the linear regression used for analysis was evident. Fracture results from the binding strength test postulate mixed adhesion-cohesion type failures in the Cr2C3 coatings. The Institution of Engineers (India) 2024. -
Fabrication and Characterization of AA7050 Nano Composites by Enhancing Directional Properties for High Impact Load Applications
The demand for materials with superior strength and impact resistance has driven the exploration of innovative composite materials. In this research, Al 7050 is chosen as the matrix material due to its excellent mechanical properties, whereas SiC and graphene nanoparticles are incorporated to tailor its directional strength characteristics. The fabrication process involves the synthesis of Al7050 nanocomposites through a meticulous blending of nanoparticles with the matrix material. The characterization phase encompasses a comprehensive analysis of various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mechanical testing. The results shows that the directional strength improvements achieved through SiC and graphene nanoparticle reinforcement with Al7050. The tensile strength of the aluminum in the AA7050-7.5g composite rose from 185.3 to 256.1MPa upon the addition of SiC and graphene. The findings of this study contribute to the evolving field of nanocomposite materials, offering insights into the design and development of advanced materials tailored for specific directional strength requirements. The Institution of Engineers (India) 2024. -
A Study on Wear Behavior of Al7075, Boron Fiber and Silica Particle Reinforced HMMC
The purpose of this work is to ascertain development and wear characteristics of hybrid aluminum composites (Al7075) reinforced with silica particles and boron fiber, which could lead to application within high-performance applications. Hybrid composites fabricated by using the liquid metallurgy. Silica content was varied at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight, while the boron fibers were used at 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% by weight. The dry sliding conditions wear tests were executed with the following parameters: load (1040 N) & sliding velocity (0.52.0m/s). Results showed that the composites with 4% silica and 5% boron fibre revealed a 28% decrease in wear loss at 10 N compared to Al7075, indicating a maximum improvement in wear resistance. By performing statistical analysis with ANOVA, the loads were found to be the major contributor of 48.02% to wear loss, followed by silica content and sliding velocity as 24.91% and 22.38%, respectively. SEM confirmed uniform dispersion of reinforcement, very low porosity, and good interfacial bonding. It is observed that hybrid Al7075 composites exhibit enhanced strength and wear resistance, thus well suited for severe applications requiring light weight, tough materials. The Institution of Engineers (India) 2025. -
Effect of 2024-T3 Aluminum Face Sheet Thickness on Impact-Induced Damage and Sandwich Behavior of GLARE Laminates
Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy (GLARE) composites are widely employed in impact-critical aerospace and automotive structures due to their superior damage tolerance and energy absorption capability. In this study, the influence of Al 2024-T3 aluminum face-sheet thickness on the low-velocity impact (LVI) response and damage evolution of GLARE laminates was experimentally investigated. Laminates with a constant total thickness of 2mm were fabricated using a hybrid hand lay-up and compression molding process, while the aluminum face-sheet thickness was varied between 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4mm. LVI tests were conducted according to ASTM D7136 at a constant impact energy of 19.26J using a 3.926kg impactor. Complementary tensile and flexural tests were performed to support the interpretation of impact behavior. The results show that face-sheet thickness significantly affects peak load, displacement, and energy absorption mechanisms. Laminates with a 0.3mm aluminum face sheet exhibited the highest peak load and reduced displacement, indicating improved stiffness and resistance to impact-induced damage, while thinner and thicker face sheets showed higher energy absorption due to increased deformation and interlaminar damage. Scanning electron microscopy and EDAX analyses revealed that optimized face-sheet thickness promotes uniform stress transfer, delayed delamination, and controlled plastic deformation of aluminum layers. The study demonstrates that an intermediate aluminum face-sheet thickness provides an optimal balance between stiffness and energy dissipation, offering valuable design insights for GLARE laminates used in impact-sensitive lightweight structures. The Institution of Engineers (India) 2026. -
Contributing Factors for Building a Flexible Supply Chain in the Digital Age: Studying Their Impact on SDGs
The rapid advancement in digital technologies has required supply chains to adapt to more flexible and resilient frameworks. This study explores the potential contributing factors to developing a flexible supply chain in the digital age and evaluates their impact on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study employs the fuzzy Delphi method and the fuzzy bestworst method to systematically identify and prioritise the potential contributing factors from a literature survey and expert insights. The fuzzy Delphi method is utilised to attain a consensus among experts on relevant contributing factors, while the fuzzy bestworst method assesses the relative importance among factors and ranks them based on their contributions to supply chain flexibility. The findings emphasise the importance of digital integration, data analytics, and agile methodologies to foster a responsive supply chain. Additionally, the study highlights the positive association between enhanced supply chain flexibility and attaining several SDGs. The study presents a comprehensive framework for supply chain flexibility, integrating supplier diversity, technology, and risk management. Furthermore, it suggests that sustainability, human capital, and risk management are key to building flexible, adaptable supply chains. The studys findings emphasise the need for investment in digital technologies, agility, and collaboration. This study provides a comprehensive framework for policymakers and business leaders, aiming to align sustainable development objectives with supply chain strategies in the digital era. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management 2025. -
Building Resilience Through Flexibility to Mitigate Pandemic Disruption: A SAPLAP Analysis of Textile and Clothing Supply Chain
Global organisations are increasingly emphasising efficiency in their supply chain activities. However, amidst the post-COVID-19 pandemic landscape, supply chain resilience is becoming imperative for mitigating disruptions, and ensuring uninterrupted production and delivery of goods and services. This is more true for textile and clothing supply chains which have their activities present across the globe and therefore susceptible to pandemic disruptions. This research attempts to advance the discourse on supply chain resilience by highlighting the ambidextrous role of flexibility and how it strengthens robustness as well as agility. The study employs the SAP-LAP framework (situation, actor, process; learning, action, performance) and views it through the lenses of Contingency Theory and Dynamic Capability Theory to formulate reactive and proactive strategies for supply chain resilience. The research reveals key elements of situation, actors, processes, learning, and actions for enhancing resilience performance in the textile and clothing supply chains. The results underscore the enormous significance of flexibility as a precursor for creating flexible procurement, agility, operational manoeuvrability, product diversification, and risk management culture in the supply chain. By intertwining flexibility with resilience and underpinning it with organisational theories, this study contributes to the broader discourse on supply chain disruption risk management. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management 2025. -
Study of surface wave velocity in distinct rheological models with flexoelectric effect in piezoelectric aluminium nitride structure
This study investigates the propagation of surface seismic waves at the loosely bonded interface of a visco-piezoelectric composite structure, incorporating the flexoelectric effect. The structure consists of a viscoelastic layer placed over a piezoelectric substrate, with the upper layer's shear stiffness modelled using the KelvinVoigt approach. An analytical method based on the separation of variables is employed to derive the complex dispersion relations for both electrically open- and short-circuit boundary conditions. Numerical simulations reveal the significant influence of various parameters on the wave's phase velocity and attenuation coefficient. Furthermore, a graphical comparison of three rheological modelsMaxwell, Newton, and KelvinVoigtis presented. The results show that the attenuation is lower in the Maxwell and Newton models compared to the KelvinVoigt model. Key findings include the bonding parameter's direct proportionality with phase velocity and inverse relationship with attenuation, and the pronounced impact of flexoelectricity on both phase velocity and attenuation. This theoretical framework offers insights into the piezo-flexoelectric coupling, with potential applications in designing sensors, actuators, energy harvesters, and nano-electronic devices. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2024. -
Study of a modified JohnsonCook model for 304 stainless steel incorporation with coupled strain, strain rate, and temperature effects
304 stainless steel (SS 304) with its superior high-temperature resistance has been highly sought after. To explore the rheological behavior of SS 304 at high-temperature conditions, isothermal hot compression tests were conducted using the Gleeble-3800 thermal simulation machine under temperatures of 8001200C, strain rates 0.011 to 11 s-1, and a strain of 60%. The JohnsonCook (JC) constitutive model was constructed and optimized based on the experimental data. By introducing coupled strain, strain rate, and temperature effects, a more precise constitutive equation was established. The result indicates that the optimized JC model predicts the rheological behavior of SS 304 more accurately, as evidenced by a correlation coefficient (Rco) value of 0.9884 and an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 8.452%, indicating high prediction accuracy. ABAQUS further verified the optimized model. This study has important theoretical value to the hot processing of SS 304 and helps to ensure accurate calculation of the stress response of the material at high-temperature conditions, which will aid in optimizing process parameters and optimizing the performance of the material. Novelty of the research is a modified JohnsonCook model incorporating coupled strain, strain rate, and temperature effects was developed and validated to accurately predict the high-temperature rheological behavior of SS 304, achieving high predictive accuracy (R = 0.9884, AARE = 8.452%). The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2025. -
Mechanics of love-type surface wave energy transmission in viscous liquid-coated piezomagnetic plate
Purpose: This study investigates Love-type wave propagation in a multilayered structure composed of a viscous liquid (VL) layer, a piezomagnetic (PM) layer, and a heterogeneous half-space (HHS). It considers two models: Model 1 (Terfenol-D) and Model 2 (Cobalt Ferrite). Wave behaviour is analysed under magnetically open (MO) and short (MS) circuit conditions. Methods: The dispersion relation for Love-type waves was derived analytically, and phase velocity graphs were displayed and analysed in Mathematica. A thorough analysis was conducted to establish the impact of critical variables on phase velocity, including material heterogeneity, piezomagnetic coupling, and viscous liquid layer thickness. Findings: Both models show significant effects of VL and PM coupling on phase velocity. Terfenol-D (Model 1) displays higher sensitivity to piezomagnetic effects, while Cobalt Ferrite (Model 2) shows steadier trends. MO and MS conditions yield comparable results, indicating minor boundary effects. Research limitations: The model only considers linear wave transmission and excludes nonlinear effects. Furthermore, the technique is predicated on idealised material properties that account for heterogeneity. Practical Implications: The studys findings can be used to design and develop energy harvesters, sensors, and wave manipulation instruments using PM with viscous liquid coatings. Understanding the behaviour of surface waves, including phase velocity, is essential for efficient application in these frameworks. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2025. -
Surface acoustic waves in a layered piezoelectric plate with considered surface effects
In an attempt to remove such impediments in the technological revolution of surface acoustics waves (SAW) sensors, the main objective of the current work is to study how wave propagation direction effects the performance of SAW macro- and nano-sensors. In order to investigate the propagation of shear horizontal (SH) and anti-plane SH waves in piezoelectric materials with surface effects, a model has been presented. The wavenumber of surface waves in any direction of the piezoelectric medium is presented using the theoretical forms that are generated. To get the phase velocity equation from the wavenumber expression, we additionally use surface elasticity theory. To account for surface phenomena at the nanoscale, the model includes permittivity, surface elasticity, and piezoelectricity. Two configurations are investigated: a piezoelectric material half-space with a nano-substrate and an orthotropic piezoelectric material layer atop an elastic framework. Frequency equations for both symmetric and anti-symmetric waves are determined analytically. The crucial thickness of the piezoelectric layer, where surface energy greatly affects dispersion properties, is highlighted by numerical results. Analysis of the impact of density and surface elasticity on wave velocity reveals a boundary-like spring force. The objective of this study is to investigate the SH wave transmission behavior in anisotropic, transversely isotropic piezoelectric nanostructures. Summaries of recent theoretical work aid in the construction of more effective surface acoustic wave sensors, and the study findings may be valuable in building SAW devices and piezoelectric sensors. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Chaos and control in a fractional-order financial model: a non-local dynamical approach
The idea of financial resources is all encompassing and crucial to every facet of human existence; it also has indirect relationships to people, communities, cities, and nations. Researchers are interested in this topic since it has significant value for a societys progress. This investigation devotes to the analysis of non-local effects of the fractional finance system. In order to make sure the system is well-posed, the boundedness has been examined. Furthermore, the stability analysis investigation confirms the unstable state of the system. Additionally, we show how to use Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation parameter analysis to determine the appropriate range where the system is more chaotic. Using Picards operator, we investigated the existence and uniqueness of the solutions and showed that the system under consideration had two unstable equilibrium points. By using the active control approach, we provide the necessary circumstances for fractional finance systems to synchronize as well as control functions to manage chaos in the considered system, so that we can record the observations. To illustrate the numerical simulations for different parameter values of the finance system, the fractional Eulers method is used, and the chaotic behaviors are captured in figures. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Influence of magnetic field on salt finger convection using micropolar liquids: a study of heat and mass transfer through linear and nonlinear theories
This paper examines the effects of a magnetic field on heat and mass transfer in salt finger convection within a micropolar liquid layer confined between two infinitely long, parallel plates separated by a thin gap. The system is heated and soluted from above. A linear and nonlinear stability analysis is carried out to investigate the heat and mass transfer mechanisms in the presence of magnetic field. A linear stability analysis is conducted to determine the critical Rayleigh number and solutal Rayleigh number, which are key parameters governing the onset of salt finger convection. To model the system, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations are solved numerically using finite-amplitude analysis. The solution framework utilizes a Fourier series representation of the stream function, spin, magnetic field, temperature distribution, and concentration distribution. The study further explores the influence of various micropolar fluid parameters such as the coupling parameter, micropolar heat conduction parameter, couple stress parameter, and inertia parameter on heat and mass transfer under magnetic field effects. To provide deeper physical insight, flow variables are analyzed and illustrated graphically for different values of micropolar parameters over time. Finally, the paper presents key findings and their implications in the results and discussions. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Minority Stress and Mental Health of Indian Non-binary Individuals
This study investigated how Indian non-binary individuals experience minority stress and its impact on mental health, with a focus on the role of social support and coping mechanisms. Semi-structured interviews with eight non-binary participants aged 1823 from Bengaluru revealed four main themes: societal treatment, self-identity, minority stress and mental health, and social support. Findings indicate that experiences with discrimination, misgendering, gender dysphoria, and identity concealment contribute to negative mental health outcomes. However, social support and effective coping strategies were found to positively influence mental health by affirming identity. These results suggest potential avenues for developing targeted interventions and support systems to improve mental health among non-binary individuals. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Transition to an Empty Nest: A Phenomenological Exploration of Homemaker Mothers of Out-of-State College Students
This phenomenological study explores the lived experiences of Indian homemaker mothers transitioning to an empty nest, focusing on middle-aged mothers emotional, psychological, and cultural dimensions. Five homemaker mothers, aged between 46 and 50, with at least one child attending an out-of-state college in Bengaluru, participated in semi-structured interviews. Data was analysed using Colaizzis descriptive phenomenological method, which revealed 95 minor themes organised into 9 major themes and 4 overarching categories. The findings highlight a complex emotional intersectionality where feelings of pride and joy in their childrens achievements coexisted with sadness, loneliness, and loss. Cultural expectations surrounding motherhood in India, which emphasises maternal self-sacrifice, further emphasised the emotional challenges the participants face. Coping strategies such as spirituality, social support, and technology emerged as key elements in navigating the transition, with participants often using prayer and digital communication to maintain emotional bonds with their children. The study also found that the empty nest transition triggered a redefinition of parental roles and personal identity. Participants with higher education levels were better equipped to embrace this phase as an opportunity for self-growth, while others struggled with their diminished caregiving role. Technology played a dual roleoffering emotional comfort through digital connection and fostering dependency and frustration. Overall, the empty nest experience for Indian homemaker mothers is emotionally challenging and a potential period of personal rediscovery, shaped by cultural norms and the evolving role of family dynamics. This research provides a culturally specific perspective on a largely Western-studied phenomenon, offering insights for further investigation into the changing maternal identity in India. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Polyvictimization among Children and Adolescents in India: A Scoping Review of Prevalence, Consequences, and Risk Factors
Polyvictimization, defined as the experience of multiple forms of victimization such as physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, neglect, bullying, and exposure to violence, is a significant but underexplored concern in India. This scoping review set out to map the existing literature on polyvictimization among children and adolescents, with a focus on prevalence, psychological and social consequences, and contextual risk factors. Studies published between 2000 and 2025 were included if they involved Indian participants aged 018 years and addressed more than one type of victimization. The framework given by Arksey and OMalley (2005) was adhered to for the review. Twenty-three studies were included in the review, highlighting that children were often subjected to overlapping victimizations rather than single instances, with emotional and physical abuse most common, alongside neglect, sexual abuse, and bullying. These experiences were consistently linked to depression, anxiety, PTSD, behavioral problems, and poor social functioning, with risks heightened by gender, poverty, family conflict, and institutional settings. Overall, the findings show that polyvictimization is prevalent yet seldom studied as a distinct concept in India, underscoring the need for nationally representative research, clearer definitions, and integrated child protection policies that address the cumulative impact of multiple victimizations. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Experimental Investigation and Predictive Modelling of Tribological Behaviour in Fly Ash Reinforced Polymer Composites Fabricated via Stereolithography
Tribological evaluation of fly ash-reinforced UV-curable resin composites produced through stereolithography additive manufacturing formed the central focus of this study. Controlled fly ash additions extending up to 2% by weight were examined, and all tests ran under dry sliding conditions. Neat resin was designated as the experimental reference throughout. Even with the modest addition of 0.5% fly ash, wear came down by roughly 9.8%, which was small but directionally significant. Moving to 1% fly ash pushed wear reduction to 16.4%. At 1.5%, the reduction advanced further to 21.3% with all evaluations performed under identical testing conditions. The 2% fly ash specimen produced the highest wear reduction of 25.8% among all compositions examined. Frictional behavior followed a comparable declining trend across filler levels. At 0.5% fly ash COF fell 7.6% below the neat resin value, and at 1% that reduction grew to 12.9%. The 1.5% addition brought friction reduction to 17.4%. Total COF reduction at 2% fly ash reached 20.3%, which confirmed a steady and consistent frictional improvement with progressive filler incorporation. Linear regression and artificial neural networks and XGBoost-based gradient boosting were the three predictive frameworks developed alongside experimental work. All three tracked closely with measured tribological outcomes. Prediction accuracies reached up to 95.4% with lower error values documented across every model. The 2% fly ash formulation stood out as the most effective composition tested. It delivered the strongest combined improvements in wear resistance and friction stability while remaining fully compatible with the operational demands of additive manufacturing. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Narratives of Substance Users in Rehabilitation Centers: Exploring Usage, Identity, and Recovery
Addiction and Substance use are complicated issues that have a significant impact on a persons identity and social interactions. To gain a thorough understanding of identity construction and the recovery process, this study aimed to investigate the narratives of substance users in the rehabilitation center. Using a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 participants selected through purposive sampling at a rehabilitation center in Delhi. The data was analyzed using Catherine Riessmans Narrative Analysis. Seven core narratives emerged: Substance as the Main Character, Substance as Air, Nostalgia over Lost Life, Confronting the Reality, Oscillating Recovery, Coexistence of Hope and Despair, and Push and Pull of Support. These narratives illustrate the multifaceted nature of addiction, where substances are not merely consumed but become central to identity, daily existence, and interpersonal relationships. The findings provide insights into the complexities of substance use and recovery by highlighting the constant oscillation between hope and despair in the recovery journey, as well as the ambivalent nature of family and society. The study concludes that substance use cannot be understood solely as a disorder. It often becomes intertwined with an individuals life and narrative. A holistic and humanized approach is necessary to address the personal, familial, and societal factors that influence addiction and recovery. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature India Private Limited 2025. -
Parent-Reported Severity of Autism and Parental Quality of Life: Mediating Role of Stress and Adjustment of Indian Parents
Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often experience heightened emotional distress, difficulties in adjustment, and a compromised quality of life. While the severity of ASD symptoms has been consistently linked to these negative outcomes, the psychological mechanisms underlying these associations remain underexplored. The present study examines the mediating roles of parental stress and adjustment in the relationship between ASD severity and parental quality of life. A cross-sectional correlational study design was employed with 52 parents of children with ASD in Bengaluru, India. Participants completed standardised measures assessing ASD severity, parental stress, adjustment, and quality of life. Data was analysed using Pearsons correlations and mediation analysis with SmartPLS, and ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection. Findings indicate that greater parent-reportASD severity is associated with increased parental stress and adjustment difficulties, while higher stress and poorer adjustment are linked to lower QoL. Mediation analysis demonstrated that parental stress significantly mediated the relationship between ASD severity and QoL (? = ? 0.165, p =.035), whereas parental adjustment did not emerge as a significant mediator (? = ? 0.116, p =.165). The direct effect of parent-reportASD severity on QoL was non-significant (? = 0.108, p =.410). Additionally, parents reporting greater engagement in leisure activities showed higher QoL, highlighting the potential role of adaptive coping and self-care. These findings underscore parental stress as a key mechanism influencing parental well-being and suggest that interventions targeting stress management and leisure engagement may enhance QoL among parents of children with ASD. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature India Private Limited 2026. -
Deep CP-CXR: A Deep Learning Model for Classification of Covid-19 and Pneumonia Disease Using Chest X-Ray Images
The global spread of the Coronavirus has caused a disastrous effect, affecting millions of people and making it crucial to take action. Numerous experts have worked extensively to create viable vaccines in the fight against this infectious disease. The current study offers hope by suggesting a deep learning model, Deep CP-CXR, for determining patients with Covid-19 and pneumonia. Our study encompasses two significant investigations. First, we used images from chest X-rays for binary classification to distinguish Covid-19-diagnosed patients from normal patients. Second, using chest X-ray images, we expanded the study to include several groups, such as pneumonia, Covid-19, and normal instances. The results of our studies were extremely promising. The binary classification achieved a remarkable average accuracy of 100%, allowing for accurate classification between Covid-19 patients and normal cases. In addition, the multiple-category classification was able to distinguish between Covid-19, pneumonia, and normal individuals with a remarkable average accuracy of 98.57%. These astounding findings lead us to conclude that the Deep CP-CXR method weve suggested for classifying Covid-19 and pneumonia patients enables medical professionals to perform it accurately. Healthcare providers worldwide will benefit significantly from this development since it has the potential to enhance both the detection and treatment of these ailments. The proposed deep learning approach improves the speed and precision in classifying the disease with which doctors can diagnose and treat their patients effectively. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
An Integrated Pythagorean Fuzzy Delphi-AHP Framework for Optimizing Foreign Direct Investment: Key Drivers for Success
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a pivotal role in global economic development, fostering cross-border collaborations and driving economic growth. Recognizing the significance of optimizing FDI drivers, this study employs a novel approach by integrating the Pythagorean Fuzzy Delphi (PFD) and Pythagorean Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (PFAHP). The Pythagorean Fuzzy Delphi methodology was used to identify and classify drivers into Technological, Political, Environmental, Social, and Cultural categories. Subsequently, the PFAHP was employed to rank these drivers. The top three prioritized drivers are: advocating for favorable foreign investment policies and trade agreements; implementing advanced cybersecurity measures to safeguard sensitive technology and data; and developing cutting-edge research and development facilities to foster innovation and attract technology-intensive investments. The study concludes by discussing how implementing these top-ranked drivers can significantly enhance FDI by creating a conducive environment for international investment, thereby contributing to economic prosperity and technological advancement. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.