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Prospects of CSR: An Overview of 500 Indian Companies
The IUP Journal of Corporate Governance, ISSN No. 0972-6853 -
Prospects of Green Finance for a Sustainable Future: A Critical Study
Global initiatives for economic development started with the Industrial Revolution. However, it caused serious environmental issues. It necessitated to focus on ecofriendly developmental projects. Accordingly, the sustainable development paradigm has evolved to balance both environmental and developmental models. Although the UN affirmed sustainable development from 1987 onwards, its scope was elaborated with MDGs and SDGs. The declaration of SDGs in 2015 provided a framework for a global sustainable future. However, developing countries face financial hurdles in responding positively to the demands of SDGs that prioritize sustainable development and environmental protection. The OECD (2021) notes that developing countries experience 2.5 to 3.7 trillion dollars shortfall to meet the demands of SDGs. To address this complexity, developed countries, international institutions, and multinational and transnational corporations promoted green finance. From this perspective, this chapter critically evaluates the scope and functioning of green finance in light of a sustainable future. Copyright 2026, IGI Global Scientific. -
Prospects of Medical Tourism - A Study on the Management Trends and Practices of the Prominent Participants of Hospital Sector in South India
International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, Vol-3 (12), pp. 73-76. ISSN-0976-2183 -
Protecting Cultural Knowledge in the Digital Era: Legal Dimensions of Intellectual Property in AI- Powered Immersive Learning and the Metaverse
The rapid expansion of AI- driven metaverse environments has challenged traditional intellectual property frameworks, leaving indigenous and cultural heritage vulnerable to unauthorized use and misrepresentation. This study analyzes legal gaps in the protection of cultural knowledge in immersive digital platforms, highlighting risks posed by generative AI and decentralized governance. We evaluate emerging solutions such as blockchain- based ownership verification and NFT licensing-against ethical concerns of profit- sharing and moral rights. Drawing on comparative legal research, we propose an international framework integrating digital rights management and sui generis protections for cultural assets. Our recommendations stress collaboration among governments, international organizations, and technology developers, alongside the inclusion of digital heritage law in academic curricula, to empower indigenous communities to safeguard their cultural rights. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
PROTECTING DATA AND PRIVACY: CLOUD-BASED SOLUTIONS FOR INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
The interaction between transportation networks and intelligent transportation systems has been revolutionized by cloud computing. However, the reliance on cloud-based solutions raises security and privacy concerns. This article examines the challenges of safeguarding data and privacy in intelligent transportation applications and emphasizes the potential of cloud-based solutions to resolve these issues. Organizations can protect sensitive data and user privacy by employing encryption, access controls, threat detection mechanisms, and privacy protection measures. Adopting these cloud-based solutions will encourage the extensive adoption of intelligent transportation applications while infusing users and stakeholders with confidence. 2023 SCPE. -
Protecting Medical Research Data Using Next Gen Steganography Approach
In this paper our main aim is to protect medical research information, when data either images or information shared via internet or stored on hard drive 3rd person cant access without authentication. As needs be, there has been an expanded enthusiasm for ongoing years to upgrade the secrecy of patients data. For this we combined different techniques to provide more security. Our approach is a combination of cryptography, Steganography & digital watermarking we named this technique as Next Gen. We used cryptography for encrypting the patients information even if they find image is stegonized and digital watermarking for authenticity and for Steganography we used most popular least significant bit algorithm (LSB). The experimental outcomes with various inputs show that the proposed technique gives a decent tradeoff between security, implanting limit and visual nature of the stego pictures. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Protecting Privacy and Ethics in AI-driven Conversational Systems using Laplace Mechanism
AI-powered analytics and conversational systems designed for data mining and other manipulative tasks raise concerns about who can access data and how to utilize it. This data progression has brought forth significant ethical considerations concerning privacy and ethics. AI-powered conversational agents, such as chatbots and virtual assistants, collect and process vast amounts of personal data to enhance user experience and provide tailored responses. Many industries have been transformed by artificial intelligence (AI)-based analytics systems, and some have unthinkable analytical data in terms of better decision-making, highly personalized customer experiences, and improved operational efficiency. While conversational AI offers convenience for users, this technology is also associated with privacy and data protection threats. This research seeks to understand the ethical issues with AI-driven analytics, focusing on data privacy and ethics in verbal and written interactions. This work will look at the current state and potential threats in depth and demonstrate the implementation of differential privacy using the Laplace mechanism in the query output so that the document has no special meaning and does not distort the released results significantly. Author(s) 2025. -
Protecting remote work: Cybersecurity challenges and solutions
New cybersecurity threats have sprouted due to the sudden shift to remote work; changed workplace dynamics have potentially moved security perimeters outward as organizations begin to experience new threats in the forms of phishing, ransomware, data breaches, and even insider threats. This chapter focuses on cybersecurity risks with remote work, upcoming security trends, and best practices for organizing and protecting distributed workforce activities. It tackles such core concepts of Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA), AI-enabled threat detection, and Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) as foundational strategies necessary to secure networks from remote workspaces. It also emphasizes employee awareness and compliance with cybersecurity regulations. Strong security controls will help businesses stay on top of cyber risks while developing the future of work toward being digital-first. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
Protection Against SIM Swap Attacks on OTP System
One-time password-based authentication stands out to be the most effective in the cluster of password-less authentication systems. It is possible to use it as an authentication factor for login rather than an account recovery mechanism. Recent studies show that attacks like SIM swap and device theft raise a significant threat for the system. In this paper, a new security system is proposed to prevent attacks like SIM swap on OTP systems, the system contains a risk engine made up of supervised and unsupervised machine learning model blocks trained using genuine user data space, and the final decision of the system is subject to a decision block that works on the principles of voting and logic of an AND gate. The proposed system performed well in detecting fraud users, proving the systems significance in solving the problems faced by an OTP system. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Protection of Artificial Intelligence Autonomously Generated Works under the Copyright Act, 1957-An Analytical Study
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not new anymore; it has become a new normal. In the present 3A era (Advanced, automated and autonomous), the Next Rembrandt paintings, Shimons lyrics and songs and Bot Dylans Irish folk songs are the works generated by the AI without any considerable human contribution. In the US, the Copyright Act, 1976 does not protect the works generated independently by the AI without human intervention and thus dropping such works in the public domain immediately after their creation. However, in the UK, the Copyright, Patents and the Designs Act, 1988 under Section 9 (3) attributes copyright to the person by whom the arrangements necessary for the creation of the work are undertaken in case of AI generated works. India has taken a giant leap by considering AI as the joint author along with the human responsible for the creation of work. However, there is not much comprehensive literature available that focuses on the impact of AI being considered as a joint author. This paper aims to create a concrete foundation by emphasising such impact under the Copyright Act, 1957. Furthermore, the paper considers the stance of the US, UK and Australia in protecting AI generated works to suggest measures to the current copyright regime in India. 2023, National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research. All rights reserved. -
Protection of intellectual property and human rights during health emergencies: an assessment of the patent waiver proposal
Purpose: Several countries, such as South Africa and India, believe that intellectual property rights (IPRs), including patents, impede the efficient increase in vaccine production to inoculate the global population as they scramble to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. Their proposal at the World Trade Organization (WTO) to waive these pharmaceutical patents has been met with resistance from a few developed countries, who believe that the abrogation of IPRs is unnecessary, even during a pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of a potential waiver of medical patents at the WTO versus the status quo of IPR laws in the global economy. Design/methodology/approach: This study examines key arguments from economic and moral standpoints regarding the provisions of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement and other related international agreements and their validity based on the premise of the internalisation of positive externalities posed by vaccines. Findings: The effectiveness of the TRIPS agreement in securing medical access is weak on account of the ability of profit-making multinationals to secure IP rights and on account of the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a multilateral agreement that supports patent evergreening and a period of protection on test data which challenges the access to medicines and the fundamental human right to health. Originality/value: This study examines international IPRs through the lens of human rights and proposes a new system that balances the two. 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
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Protection offered by thermal barrier coatings to Al-Si alloys at high temperatures - A microstructural investigation
Thermal barrier coatings, with ~50 mm thick Nickel-Aluminide bond coat and ~250 mm thick Yttria-Stabilized zirconia ceramic top coats were synthesized by Air Plasma Spray coating process on flat plates machined from Al-11Si alloy diesel engine pistons. Coating process parameters and qualifications that were followed were based on previous studies made on the same substrates. The ceramic coatings were subjected to various thermal treatments such as (a) thermal shock cycling tests and (b) continuous heating in a furnace. Uncoated Al-Si samples were simultaneously subjected to the same thermal treatments and used as reference to study the protection offered by the coatings to the base metal substrates. Thermal shock cycles tests involved subjecting the coated and uncoated Al-Si plates to oxy-acetylene flame to allow the ceramic surface to be maintained at 500 C for 1000 cycles (one cycle comprised of heating for 60 s, withdrawal from flame and forced cooling in ambient air for 60 s) and similar thermal shock cycles in an electric furnace. The specimen were also heated in a furnace at 300 C for 1000 continuous hours. Stresses induced during thermal shock cycles and oxidation of bond coat-ceramic coat interface during the exposure to heat are the main reasons for the coating's failure. Details of an investigation on the microstructural changes and oxidation behaviour of the substrate and the ability of the coatings to protect the metal substrates from oxidation are presented. Microstructural studies were carried out by employing a Scanning Electron Microscope attached with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy facility. The findings were compared on (a) uncoated Al-Si alloy and (b) thermal barrier coated Al-Si alloy with a goal to understand the capability of the coatings to protect the metal from the influences of thermal treatments, at temperatures lower than the melting point of the Al-Si alloy. 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Protoplanetary disks around young stellar and substellar objects in the ? Orionis cluster
Understanding the evolution and dissipation of protoplanetary disks are crucial in star and planet formation studies. We report the protoplanetary disk population in the nearby young ? Orionis cluster (d? 408 pc; age ? 1.8 Myr) and analyse the disk properties, such as dependence on stellar mass and disk evolution. We utilize the comprehensive census of 170 spectroscopic members of the region refined using astrometry from Gaia DR3 for a wide mass range of ? 190.004 M? . Using the near-infrared (2MASS) and mid-infrared (WISE) photometries, we classify the sources based on the spectral index, into class I, class II, flat spectrum and class III young stellar objects. The frequency of sources hosting a disk with stellar mass <2 M? in this region is 41 7 %, which is consistent with the disk fraction estimated in previous studies. We see that there is no significant dependence of disk fraction on stellar mass among T Tauri stars (<2 M?), but we propose rapid disk depletion around higher mass stars (>2 M?). Furthermore, we found the lowest mass of a disk-bearing object to be ? 20 MJup and the pronounced disk-fraction among the brown dwarf population hints at the formation scenario that brown dwarfs form similar to low-mass stars. 2023, Indian Academy of Sciences. -
Provably Adaptive Trust Dynamics in Context-Aware Zero-Trust Systems: A Formal Framework for Continuous Verification
Zero-Trust (ZT) requires continuous, context-aware evaluation of authentication and authorization decisions. This paper introduces Zero-Trust Hybrid Adaptive Authentication (ZeTHAA), a continuous authentication and authorization framework integrating contextual attributes, authentication strength, behavioral evidence, and retry dynamics. ZeTHAA utilizes a probabilistic risk model and dual-policy thresholds to partition outcomes into allow, step-up, and block regions, enabling precise control over security-usability trade-offs. The system introduces a global admissibility predicate to distinguish hard violations from probabilistic soft violations. Attribute importance is dynamically derived from entropy and Beta-posterior distribution, enabling robust cold-start initialization and online recalibration. ZeTHAA presents a unified composite attack surface covering credential compromise, attribute forgery, and post-grant hijacking, modeling retry behavior with exponential risk escalation and temporal decay. A large-scale synthetic dataset capturing realistic authentication flows, adversarial and temporal patterns, was used to evaluate ZeTHAA against heuristic, logistic regression, random forest, XGBoost, and isolation forest baselines. ZeTHAA produced a more expressive risk distribution and significantly higher attack detection and efficiency while minimizing user friction. ZeTHAA outperformed baseline models, with Recall and Area Under the Curve (AUC) exceeding 79% and 15.1%, respectively. F1-Score showed increases of 48%-147%, with efficiency boost of 20-65%, while reducing the cost per attack by up to 39.6%. Benchmarks against frameworks from Dasu et al. and Matiushin et al. showed a 57.5% lead in F1-Score, more than double increase in detection rate, while blocking 70.78% more attacks. Additional analysis shows that ZeTHAA provides a mathematically grounded foundation for Zero-Trust systems, aligns with NIST standards, offering improved security guarantees and adaptive enforcement. 2013 IEEE. -
Provably secure quantum key distribution By applying quantum gate
The need for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is strengthening due to its inalienable principles of quantum mechanics. QKD commences when sender transforms bits into qubits or quantum states by applying photon polarization and sends to the receiver. The qubits are altered when measured in incorrect polarization and cannot be reproduced according to quantum mechanics principles. BB84 protocol is the primary QKD protocol announced in 1984. This paper introduces a new regime of secure QKD using Hadamard quantum gate named as PVK16 QKD protocol. Applying quantum gate to QKD makes tangle to the eavesdroppers to measure the qubits. For a given length of key, it is shown that the error rate is negligible. Also, the authentication procedure using digital certificates prior to QKD is being performed which confers assurance that the communicating entities are legitimate users. It is used as a defensive mechanism on man in the middle attack. The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry. -
PSA-MP: Path Selection Algorithm for MANET depends on Mobility Prediction to Enhance Link Stability
Link failure is a much crucial issue to be addressed for improving the stability of the routing. Selection of a stable path is an important task since nodes are mobile. The instability of a link leads to frequent link failure, which further causes to link re-establishment. In this paper, a Path Selection Algorithm based on Mobility Prediction (PSA-MP) is proposed that uses Mobility, Direction and Link Expiration Time (LET) as metrics to evaluate the link stability. In the existing algorithm, if any link gets fails during the link-establishment phase, it informs the previous node for selecting alternate link. But, in PSA-MP the alternate link is selected before a link fails by predicting Mobility, Direction and LET of nodes. As a result, it reduces link re-establishment delay. Ultimately, PSA-MP reduces E2Edelay, which in turn boosts Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). Eventually, link stability is enhanced in MANETs, which is the focus of this paper. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. -
Pseudo Color Region Features for Plant Disease Detection
This study reports a novel pseudo color region features for a computer vision system for the identification of diseases in Tomato Plants. The HSV based algorithm identifies eccentric and non- eccentric dots, spots, patches and region of different pseudo colors. Proposed method uses region properties and creates an enhanced and effective feature vector for plant disease detection. The features are more intuitive for humans to understand and help in tuning the underlying Artificial Intelligence Model better. The algorithm uses a scalable data structure to store regions counts using a hash function. It has wide application in the Computer Vision domain. 2020 IEEE. -
Pseudocapacitive electrode performance of zinc oxide decorated reduced graphene oxide/poly(1,8-diaminonaphthalene) composite
Development of Reduced graphene oxide/Zinc oxide/poly(1,8-diaminonaphthalene) (rGO/ZnO/PDAN) composite and its supercapacitor performance has been evaluated. Functional, crystal and morphological structures along with the thermal stability of the polymer-impregnated composite were studied using analyses such as FTIR, powder XRD, Raman, SEM and TGA techniques. The SEM images showcased the random decoration of irregularly shaped ZnO in between the wrinkled rGO sheets and the PDAN. The defective structure of the hybrid composite contributes capacitive features through electron transfer kinetics. The specific capacitance value for the rGO/ZnO/PDAN composite modified NF electrode in 3 M KOH was found to be 239 F/g at the current density of 0.5 A/g. The capacitance retained is 92 % after 5000 cycles at 5 A/g current density. A solid-state symmetrical supercapacitor device based on a novel rGO/ZnO/PDAN composite was successfully developed, which exhibits the specific capacity (40 at 0.6 A/g), energy density (12.66 Wh/kg) and power density (993 W/kg). The synergistic combination of surface-active nitrogen heteroatoms, extended conjugation and ZnO particles decorated over rGO sheets of rGO/ZnO/PDAN ternary hybrid composite displayed significant structural stability and electrochemical pseudocapacitive performances. 2023 Elsevier Ltd -
Psidium guajava-mediated green synthesis of Fe-doped ZnO and Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles: a comprehensive study on characterization and biological applications
The efficacy of nanoparticles (NPs) in healthcare applications hinges on their biocidal activity and biocompatibility. This research is dedicated to green-synthesized NPs with potent biocidal properties, aiming for high inhibition rates in bacterial infections and offering a multifunctional application, including potential use in anticancer therapy, in comparison to traditional antibiotics. The present study focuses on synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), including iron-doped ZnO (GZF) and cobalt-doped ZnO (GZC), using the green co-precipitation method involving Psidium guajava (P. guajava) leaf extract. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized NPs were analyzed using various characterization techniques. The antibacterial and anticancer activity depends on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particle size, surface area, oxygen vacancy, Zn2+ release, and diffusion ability. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized NPs was tested against various Gram-positive (Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition showed higher activity of GZC (1820mm) compared to GZF (1619mm) and GZO (1115mm) NPs. Moreover, anticancer studies against blood cancer cell line (MOLT-4) showed half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 11.3?g/mL for GZC compared to GZF and GZO NPs with 12.1?g/mL and 12.5?g/mL, respectively. Cytotoxicity assessments carried out on the fibroblast L929 cell line indicated that GZO, GZF, and GZC NPs demonstrated cell viabilities of 85.43%, 86.66%, and 88.14%, respectively. Thus, green-synthesized GZC NPs hold promise as multifunctional agents in the biomedical sector. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.