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Synthesis and Characterization of Cyclopentadithiophene and Thienothiophene-Based Polymers for Organic Thin-Film Transistors and Solar Cells
Novel donor-donor type alternating copolymers (8CDT-TT and 16CDT-TT) derived from cyclopentadithiophene (CDT) and thienothiophene (TT) moieties that differ from solubilizing side chains were successfully synthesized and characterized. After the synthesis of CDT-TT-based conjugated polymers with dioctyl and dihexadecyl side chains, their optical, thermal, structural and semiconducting properties were investigated. Organic thin-film transistors fabricated from 8CDT-TT and 16CDT-TT exhibit carrier mobilities as high as 3.920-4 and 1.050-3 cm2V-1s-1, respectively. Bulk heterojunction solar cells fabricated using a polymer:PCBM blend ratio of 1:3 exhibit power conversion efficiencies of 2.12 and 1.84% for 8CDT-TT and 16CDT-TT, respectively. 2018, The Polymer Society of Korea and Springer Nature B.V. -
Synthesis and characterization of Cr2AlC MAX phase for photocatalytic applications
MAX phase, a layered ternary carbide/nitride, displays both ceramic and metallic properties, which has significantly attracted the materials research. In this work, Cr2AlC MAX phase powder with high purity was fabricated via a facile and cost-effective pressure-less sintering methodology and utilized for photocatalytic degradation of different organic pollutants for the first time. Various characterization techniques were used for confirming the morphological and other physico-chemical properties of the catalyst. Cr2AlC MAX phase with a low band gap of 1.28 eV has shown 99% efficiency in the degradation of malachite green, an organic pollutant under visible light irradiation. The scavenger studies conclude that, O2?and h+ as the active species during the photocatalytic reaction. Furthermore, the kinetic study revealed that the reaction obeys pseudo-first-order kinetics and can be reused for four cycles without losing the activity. This novel approach can give new insight into the potential application of MAX phase materials in the field of wastewater treatment under visible light irradiation. 2021 Elsevier Ltd -
Synthesis and characterization of Chitosan-CuO-MgO polymer nanocomposites
In the present work, we have synthesized Chitosan-CuO-MgO nanocomposites by incorporating CuO and MgO nanoparticles in chitosan matrix. Copper oxide and magnesium oxide nanoparticles synthesized by precipitation method were characterized by X-ray diffraction and the diffraction patterns confirmed the monoclinic and cubic crystalline structures of CuO and MgO nanoparticles respectively. Chitosan-CuO-MgO composite films were prepared using solution- cast method with different concentrations of CuO and MgO nanoparticles (15 - 50 wt % with respect to chitosan) and characterized by XRD, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the crystallinity of the chitosan composite increases with increase in nanoparticle concentration. FTIR spectra confirm the chemical interaction between chitosan and metal oxide nanoparticles (CuO and MgO). UV absorbance of chitosan nanocomposites were up to 17% better than pure chitosan, thus confirming its UV shielding properties. The mechanical and electrical properties of the prepared composites are in progress. 2018 Author(s). -
Synthesis and characterization of chitosan nanofibers for wound healing and drug delivery application
Chitosan has emerged as a biodegradable, absorbable, non-toxic, biocompatible biopolymer for wound healing and drug delivery applications. Chitosan can be converted to nanofibers which have higher potential for wound healing and drug delivery applications as compared to chitosan nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Due to these properties chitosan nanofiber has emerged as a promising candidate for biomedical research. In the recent decades it has been observed that several studies reported about the production and medical applications of chitosan nanofibers. Although, preparation and application of chitosan nanofibers is easy. But there are several challenges and bottlenecks associated with its practical application and large-scale production. The presented review is a comprehensive discussion on the major challenges and bottlenecks associated with chitosan nanofibers synthesis and their practical applications in biomedical research. It discusses critically about the issues related to the chitosan nanofibers solubility, stability, mechanical strength, absorption and drug release properties, and its scale up hinderances. Moreover, the review presents an insight into the future recommendations on considering the parameters associated for development of an efficient, sustainable, and promising biopolymer. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Synthesis and characterization of CeO2/Bi2O3/gC3N4 ternary Z-scheme nanocomposite
An effective and facile phytogenic method was used to prepare CeO2/Bi2O3 and CeO2/Bi2O3/gC3N4 composites using Eichhornia crassipes phytoextract. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using techniques such as XRD, FTIR, UV-DRS, PL, SEM-EDAX, XPS, zeta potential, and TGA. These catalysts showed diverse photocatalytic and optical properties due to the alteration in the bandgap. The synthesized composites exhibited good photocatalytic activity by degrading Malachite green (MG) dye. The increase in the photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the p-n heterojunction of the catalysts with efficient charge separation and strong oxidative ability. The modified photocatalysts showed excellent catalytic activity and reusability under visible light. The superior efficiency and its applications in environmental remediation make these catalysts a potential candidate for photocatalysis. 2020 The American Ceramic Society -
Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanospheres from hydrocarbon soot
Foreseeing the upcoming era of the carbon nanomaterials and their revolutionary applications, we have identified and explored the structural parameters of five effective precursors of the same-carbon black, soot obtained by the thermal decomposition of kerosene, diesel, paraffin wax and lubricant oil. Micro-Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy, Electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and elemental analysis are employed for the structural and morphological characterization of the nanomaterials formed. The average lateral size (La), stacking height (Lc) and interlayer spacing (d002) of the crystallite structures calculated from the X-ray intensities are found to be ranging from 4.3-5.9 nm, 0.63-2.40 nm and 3.10- 3.68 respectively. La values determined by Raman and XRD analysis are in very good agreement thereby reinforcing the nanocrystalline structure of the samples. The very low I20/I26 ratio obtained reveals a relatively low amount of disorder in the nanostructures. Nanomaterials formed have the morphology of non-uniform nanospheres with diameter varying between 26-100 nm. EDS and elemental analysis confirms the absence of metal impurities. FTIR spectra of the samples shows the presence of stretching vibrations of -OH bonds, aliphatic -CH, -CH2 and -CH3 absorptions, C=C and -CH absorptions of aromatic structures. 2012 by ESG. -
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanospheres from Hydrocarbon Soot
International Journal of Electrochemical Science Vol. 7, Issue 10, pp. 9537-9549, ISSN No. 1452-3981 -
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanomaterial Derived from Anthracite
Among various storage devices, carbon based supercapacitors grabs the recent trends in the electronic devices. The present research work describes the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials derived from anthracite by using staudenmaier method. Anthracite was used as a precursor because of its high carbon content. The structural and chemical complex formation carried out by using XRD and FTIR confirms the formation of CNT's. The calculated value obtained from the XRD peaks confirms the formation of multilayer carbon nano-materials. The electrode was prepared by coating synthesized CNT on copper rod. The electrochemical performance of prepared working electrode was carried out by using cyclic voltammetric performance. Electrode characterization was performed for different scan rates 10, 20, 30 and 50 mV/sec in a potential window from-0.08 to 0.2V. The CV curves represents symmetric nature which imply that electrode material have stable capacitive process. 2019 Elsevier Ltd. -
Synthesis and characterization of biowaste-derived porous carbon supported palladium: a systematic study as a heterogeneous catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes
In this study, we present a green synthesis approach for the fabrication of porous carbon supported palladium catalysts derived from Caesalpinia pods. The synthesis involves self-activation of Caesalpinia pods in a nitrogen atmosphere at various temperatures (600C, 800C, and 1000C) to produce porous carbon nanoparticles. Among the synthesized carbon materials, the sample CP-CNS/10 synthesized at 1000C exhibited the highest surface area of 793 m2/g with an average pore size diameter of 1.8nm. The resulting porous carbon material served as an efficient support for palladium nanoparticles, with a low metal loading of about 0.2mol% Pd for the reaction. This catalyst demonstrated excellent performance in the reduction of nitroarenes to their corresponding aromatic amines. The successful incorporation of approximately 4.5% Pd during the deposition process highlights the potential of the porous carbon supported palladium catalyst synthesized at 1000C for a sustainable and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) Akadiai Kiad Budapest, Hungary 2024. -
Synthesis and characterization of biowaste-based porous carbon nanoparticle-polymer dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystal composites
Herein, porous carbon nanoparticles (PCNPs) were synthesized using magnolia champaca seed pods and studied their doping effect on the polymer-dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystal (PDFLC) properties. The effect of PCNPs concentration (?0.75 wt.%) on the morphology of PDFLC, polarization, and permittivity are investigated in thin sample cells. Field emission scanning electron microscope image results indicate the spherical shape of PCNPs of particle size ?27 nm diameter. Temperature-dependent electro-optic and dielectric properties are also investigated in the wide SmC* phase and near transition temperature of SmC*-SmA*. Polarising optical microscope textures confirm the non-homogeneity of FLC molecules in the polymer matrix as a function of PCNPs concentration. The spontaneous polarization and anchoring energy coefficients increase with increasing the doping amount of PCNPs. The phase transition temperature is found unaffected by PCNP doping in all prepared samples. In PDFLC and PCNPs doped PDFLC composites, usual behaviour of permittivity as a function of temperature is observed. Fluorescence spectra show an enhanced two-fold increase in emission intensity peak at 412 nm wavelength for 0.5 wt.% PCNPs doped PDFLC while concentration-dependent quenching and slight redshift have been observed for the 0.75 wt.% PCNPs doped PDFLC. The enhanced electro-optic and dielectric properties observed in the composites suggest potential applications in displays, sensors, and optical devices. The findings open doors for further exploration and utilization of these functional materials in advanced electronic and photonic technologies. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Synthesis and characterization of alkali-activated binders with slag and waste printed circuit board
The global production of printed circuit board (PCB) is expected to rise substantially in the next decade due to the advancement in technology. The production of PCB results in generation of hazardous waste of various kinds, and one such waste is the very fine particles of the board material that is generated due to drilling and other preparatory operations. The disposal of such waste in the environment can result in serious consequences which needs attention. Therefore, recycling of waste printed circuit board (WPCB) can mitigate its harmful effects on the environment and also reduce the remediation costs. In this study, the WPCB is used as a substitute to ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in development of alkali-activated binder. Alkali-activated binder was synthesized with GGBFS, WPCB, sodium hydroxide sol. (NaOH), and sodium silicate sol. (Na2SiO3). GGBFS was replaced with WPCB at replacement rates of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. Additionally, the effect of varying concentration of NaOH and Na2SiO3 on the physical and mechanical performance of the binder was studied. The developed binders were evaluated for workability, strength, water absorption, and efflorescence properties. Further, to ascertain its safety on the environment, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test was also performed. The results indicate that WPCB characteristics are compatible with GGBFS in terms of its particle size distribution. Moreover, the replacement of GGBFS with up to 20% WPCB provides desirable properties for the alkali-activated binder. However, higher replacements are not recommended, since it had detrimental effect on the mechanical performance of the binder. The study revealed that desirable performance can be achieved for binders with 8 M NaOH and with Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio of 2, and up to 20% GGBFS replaced with WPCB. The results of TCLP test disclose that the contaminant in the leachate from alkali-activated binders with WPCB are within regulatory limits, and do not pose any threat to the environment. Finally, the outcome of this study provides an innovative approach towards formulation of eco-friendly binder for various construction applications such as foundations, buildings, bridges, pavements, etc. 2024 The Author(s) -
Synthesis and characterization of acid hydrazone complexes
The new azomethine compounds derived from Acetophenone benzhydrazone and Acetophenone nicotinicacidhydrazone have been prepared Further it is synthesized with Cu(II) and Co(II) salts to form stable complexes. The ligand and metal complexes have been characterized by Elemental analysis, IR, NMR, UV/Vis Spectrometry, Vibrating sample magnetometric measurements and Gouy Balance method. The nature of bonding and the stereochemistry of the complexes have been deduced from infrared spectra, electronic spectra, magnetic susceptibility, and an octahedral geometry has been suggested for cobalt (II) and square pyramidal structure for copper (II) complex. The complexes are non-hygroscopic, and photo stable crystalline powders with different melting point. The solubility of the metal-complexes in various solvents confirmed the diversity of the complexes as the ligands. The coordination process takes place through the carbonyl oxygen and the azomethine nitrogen atom, the anionic ion is in the outer sphere of the copper complex. The complexes were proposed to have the formulae [ML1.phen(H2O)]NO3H2O. where M=Cu(II),Co(II) ,and HL1 = acetophenone benzhydrazone and [MHL2phen.( NO3)2 ]H2O HL2 = Nicotinic acid acid hydrazone KEY WORDS: Complexes, Hydrazones, Acetophenone, Synthesis, Characterization. -
Synthesis and characterization of 4-nitro benzaldehyde with ZnO-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications
Globally, cancer is the leading cause of death and morbidity, and skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis. Skin problems can be treated with nanoparticles (NPs), particularly with zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, which have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. An antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared in the presence of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (4NB) was also tested in the present study. In addition, the influence of synthesized NPs on cell apoptosis, cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and cell adhesion was also examined. The synthesized 4-nitro benzaldehyde with ZnO (4NBZnO) NPs were confirmed via characterization techniques. 4NBZnO NPs showed superior antibacterial properties against the pathogens tested in antibacterial investigations. As a result of dose-based treatment with 4NBZnO NPs, cell viability, and MMP activity of melanoma cells (SK-MEL-3) cells were suppressed. A dose-dependent accumulation of ROS was observed in cells exposed to 4NBZnO NPs. As a result of exposure to 4NBZnO NPs in a dose-dependent manner, viable cells declined and apoptotic cells increased. This indicates that apoptotic cell death was higher. The cell adhesion test revealed that 4NBZnO NPs reduced cell adhesion and may promote apoptosis of cancer cells because of enhanced ROS levels. 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
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Synthesis and Characterixation of Fluorinated Superconducting Y3Ba5Cu8Oy Compound
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol-3 (1), pp. 927-930. ISSN-2248-9622 -
Synthesis and Characterisation of SrAl2O4: Eu3+ Orange-Red Emitting Nanoparticles
The current study involves the synthesis and characterisation of europium doped strontium aluminate nanophosphors using the solid-state reaction method with varying concentrations of europium. The existence of the SrAl2O4 phase in all samples was verified using X-ray diffraction and FTIR analysis. The lattice parameters as well as phase fractions were determined using Rietveld refinement. Surface morphology was studied using field emission scanning electron microscope. Using the Tauc plot method acquired from the diffuse reflectance spectra, the band gaps of the samples were determined and it was found that the doped samples possess lower band gaps compared to the host. Our findings demonstrate that these nanophosphors exhibiting bright orange-red emission under UV excitation with quantum efficiency 70.68%, can be applied for display and fluorescence imaging. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023. -
Synthesis and catalytic applications of metal boride ceramics
Metal borides belong to the class of high-temperature ceramics and have conventionally been used for high-temperature applications. However, in the past few decades, new variants of metal borides have emerged, with high catalytic capabilities. Owing to their tuneable structural, compositional, and morphological properties, metal borides have huge potential for industrially relevant catalytic applications. This chapter compiles the existing knowledge on the ever-expanding family of metal borides. Various synthesis strategies that are commonly adopted for the fabrication of metal borides, both in crystalline and amorphous/nanocrystalline forms, are discussed in detail. The chapter also aims to explain the origin of catalysis in metal borides. Some of the most prominent catalytic applications of metal borides are vividly discussed in this chapter. At the end of this chapter, a brief outlook is provided for future research initiatives with metal borides. 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Synergy Unleashed: Smart Governance, Sustainable Tourism, and the Bioeconomy
This study investigates the transformational potential of smart Governance in the tourism sector to enhance the operational effectiveness, transparency, and efficacy of governmental actions. This research synthesises the body of knowledge regarding the use of technology and data-driven methods in Governance using a literature review methodology. A conceptual framework is suggested to highlight the complex effects of smart Governance on many stakeholders in the travel industry. The study uses a multidimensional paradigm that includes agile leadership, stakeholder alliances, network management, and adaptive Governance. It explains how these complementary components construct a revolutionary ecology that encourages creativity, adaptability, and inclusive growth. Organisations can acquire insights into visitor behaviours, preferences, and traffic patterns by utilising data analytics and digital platforms, which can improve resource allocation, infrastructure construction, and policy formation. Applications that use real-time data enable dynamic crowd control, traffic optimisation, and safety improvements. The report also highlights how local communities may be involved in smart Governance to promote inclusive decision-making. This framework helps promote deeper study into the actual application and outcomes of smart Governance, which has the potential to change the travel sector. This multidisciplinary approach fosters resilience, innovation, and responsible, inclusive development. This study promotes real-world applications that fully utilise this synergy to further the interconnected objectives of sustainable tourism, bioeconomic growth, and efficient Governance. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Synergizing Senses: Advancing Multimodal Emotion Recognition in Human-Computer Interaction with MFF-CNN
Optimizing the authenticity and efficacy of interactions between humans and computers is largely dependent on emotion detection. The MFF-CNN framework is used in this work to present a unique method for multidimensional emotion identification. The MFF-CNN model is a combination of approaches that combines convolutional neural networks and multimodal fusion. It is intended to efficiently collect and integrate data from several modalities, including spoken words and human facial expressions. The first step in the suggested system's implementation is gathering a multimodal dataset with emotional labels added to it. The MFF-CNN receives input features in the form of retrieved facial landmarks and voice signal spectroscopy reconstructions. Convolutional layers are used by the model to understand hierarchies spatial and temporal structures, which improves its capacity to recognize complex emotional signals. Our experimental assessment shows that the MFF-CNN outperforms conventional unimodal emotion recognition algorithms. Improved preciseness, reliability, and adaptability across a range of emotional states are the outcomes of fusing the linguistic and face senses. Additionally, visualization methods improve the interpretability of the model and offer insights into the learnt representations. By providing a practical and understandable method for multimodal emotion identification, this study advances the field of human-computer interaction. The MFF-CNN architecture opens the door to more organic and psychologically understanding human-computer interactions by showcasing its possibilities for practical applications. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Synergizing Neutrosophy and Randomized Blocks Design: Development and Analytical Insights
The design of the experiment is a strategy for effectively examining the relationship between input design parameters and process output and developing a greater understanding. A randomized block design is an experimental design that has two primary factors and is widely used in agriculture, environment, biological, animal, and food sciences, where experimental material is heterogeneous and precise. In a randomised block design, one or more observations may lose their true significance due to an accident, poor handling, pest infestations in agricultural trials, or other factors. It is prudent to treat this value as missing and estimate it. In todays practical situations, uncertainty and inaccuracies are inevitable in most research areas. It is important to handle such data, which can lead to inaccurate and unreliable results. Neutrosophy is the branch of philosophy that provides an efficient method to study impreciseness among the data. Some of the common sources of Neutrosophy in randomised block design are incorrect blocking factor selection, measurement error, subjective factors, and natural variability. It is paramount to handle the Neutrosophy in a randomised block design; otherwise, it may lead to various problems, like a high risk of false positives. In this paper, the Neutrosophic Randomised Block Design (NRBD) is introduced to tackle data impreciseness. The study also, outlines a methodology for estimating missing observations in NRBD and presents its analysis. Additionally, the study compares the efficiency of NRBD to that of the Neutrosophic Completely Randomised Design (NCRD). 2024, American Scientific Publishing Group (ASPG). All rights reserved.