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Synthesis and characterization of biowaste-derived porous carbon supported palladium: a systematic study as a heterogeneous catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes
In this study, we present a green synthesis approach for the fabrication of porous carbon supported palladium catalysts derived from Caesalpinia pods. The synthesis involves self-activation of Caesalpinia pods in a nitrogen atmosphere at various temperatures (600C, 800C, and 1000C) to produce porous carbon nanoparticles. Among the synthesized carbon materials, the sample CP-CNS/10 synthesized at 1000C exhibited the highest surface area of 793 m2/g with an average pore size diameter of 1.8nm. The resulting porous carbon material served as an efficient support for palladium nanoparticles, with a low metal loading of about 0.2mol% Pd for the reaction. This catalyst demonstrated excellent performance in the reduction of nitroarenes to their corresponding aromatic amines. The successful incorporation of approximately 4.5% Pd during the deposition process highlights the potential of the porous carbon supported palladium catalyst synthesized at 1000C for a sustainable and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) Akadiai Kiad Budapest, Hungary 2024. -
Synthesis and characterization of biowaste-based porous carbon nanoparticle-polymer dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystal composites
Herein, porous carbon nanoparticles (PCNPs) were synthesized using magnolia champaca seed pods and studied their doping effect on the polymer-dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystal (PDFLC) properties. The effect of PCNPs concentration (?0.75 wt.%) on the morphology of PDFLC, polarization, and permittivity are investigated in thin sample cells. Field emission scanning electron microscope image results indicate the spherical shape of PCNPs of particle size ?27 nm diameter. Temperature-dependent electro-optic and dielectric properties are also investigated in the wide SmC* phase and near transition temperature of SmC*-SmA*. Polarising optical microscope textures confirm the non-homogeneity of FLC molecules in the polymer matrix as a function of PCNPs concentration. The spontaneous polarization and anchoring energy coefficients increase with increasing the doping amount of PCNPs. The phase transition temperature is found unaffected by PCNP doping in all prepared samples. In PDFLC and PCNPs doped PDFLC composites, usual behaviour of permittivity as a function of temperature is observed. Fluorescence spectra show an enhanced two-fold increase in emission intensity peak at 412 nm wavelength for 0.5 wt.% PCNPs doped PDFLC while concentration-dependent quenching and slight redshift have been observed for the 0.75 wt.% PCNPs doped PDFLC. The enhanced electro-optic and dielectric properties observed in the composites suggest potential applications in displays, sensors, and optical devices. The findings open doors for further exploration and utilization of these functional materials in advanced electronic and photonic technologies. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Synthesis and characterization of alkali-activated binders with slag and waste printed circuit board
The global production of printed circuit board (PCB) is expected to rise substantially in the next decade due to the advancement in technology. The production of PCB results in generation of hazardous waste of various kinds, and one such waste is the very fine particles of the board material that is generated due to drilling and other preparatory operations. The disposal of such waste in the environment can result in serious consequences which needs attention. Therefore, recycling of waste printed circuit board (WPCB) can mitigate its harmful effects on the environment and also reduce the remediation costs. In this study, the WPCB is used as a substitute to ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in development of alkali-activated binder. Alkali-activated binder was synthesized with GGBFS, WPCB, sodium hydroxide sol. (NaOH), and sodium silicate sol. (Na2SiO3). GGBFS was replaced with WPCB at replacement rates of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. Additionally, the effect of varying concentration of NaOH and Na2SiO3 on the physical and mechanical performance of the binder was studied. The developed binders were evaluated for workability, strength, water absorption, and efflorescence properties. Further, to ascertain its safety on the environment, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test was also performed. The results indicate that WPCB characteristics are compatible with GGBFS in terms of its particle size distribution. Moreover, the replacement of GGBFS with up to 20% WPCB provides desirable properties for the alkali-activated binder. However, higher replacements are not recommended, since it had detrimental effect on the mechanical performance of the binder. The study revealed that desirable performance can be achieved for binders with 8 M NaOH and with Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio of 2, and up to 20% GGBFS replaced with WPCB. The results of TCLP test disclose that the contaminant in the leachate from alkali-activated binders with WPCB are within regulatory limits, and do not pose any threat to the environment. Finally, the outcome of this study provides an innovative approach towards formulation of eco-friendly binder for various construction applications such as foundations, buildings, bridges, pavements, etc. 2024 The Author(s) -
Synthesis and characterization of acid hydrazone complexes
The new azomethine compounds derived from Acetophenone benzhydrazone and Acetophenone nicotinicacidhydrazone have been prepared Further it is synthesized with Cu(II) and Co(II) salts to form stable complexes. The ligand and metal complexes have been characterized by Elemental analysis, IR, NMR, UV/Vis Spectrometry, Vibrating sample magnetometric measurements and Gouy Balance method. The nature of bonding and the stereochemistry of the complexes have been deduced from infrared spectra, electronic spectra, magnetic susceptibility, and an octahedral geometry has been suggested for cobalt (II) and square pyramidal structure for copper (II) complex. The complexes are non-hygroscopic, and photo stable crystalline powders with different melting point. The solubility of the metal-complexes in various solvents confirmed the diversity of the complexes as the ligands. The coordination process takes place through the carbonyl oxygen and the azomethine nitrogen atom, the anionic ion is in the outer sphere of the copper complex. The complexes were proposed to have the formulae [ML1.phen(H2O)]NO3H2O. where M=Cu(II),Co(II) ,and HL1 = acetophenone benzhydrazone and [MHL2phen.( NO3)2 ]H2O HL2 = Nicotinic acid acid hydrazone KEY WORDS: Complexes, Hydrazones, Acetophenone, Synthesis, Characterization. -
Synthesis and characterization of 4-nitro benzaldehyde with ZnO-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications
Globally, cancer is the leading cause of death and morbidity, and skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis. Skin problems can be treated with nanoparticles (NPs), particularly with zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, which have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. An antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared in the presence of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (4NB) was also tested in the present study. In addition, the influence of synthesized NPs on cell apoptosis, cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and cell adhesion was also examined. The synthesized 4-nitro benzaldehyde with ZnO (4NBZnO) NPs were confirmed via characterization techniques. 4NBZnO NPs showed superior antibacterial properties against the pathogens tested in antibacterial investigations. As a result of dose-based treatment with 4NBZnO NPs, cell viability, and MMP activity of melanoma cells (SK-MEL-3) cells were suppressed. A dose-dependent accumulation of ROS was observed in cells exposed to 4NBZnO NPs. As a result of exposure to 4NBZnO NPs in a dose-dependent manner, viable cells declined and apoptotic cells increased. This indicates that apoptotic cell death was higher. The cell adhesion test revealed that 4NBZnO NPs reduced cell adhesion and may promote apoptosis of cancer cells because of enhanced ROS levels. 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
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Synthesis and Characterixation of Fluorinated Superconducting Y3Ba5Cu8Oy Compound
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol-3 (1), pp. 927-930. ISSN-2248-9622 -
Synthesis and Characterisation of SrAl2O4: Eu3+ Orange-Red Emitting Nanoparticles
The current study involves the synthesis and characterisation of europium doped strontium aluminate nanophosphors using the solid-state reaction method with varying concentrations of europium. The existence of the SrAl2O4 phase in all samples was verified using X-ray diffraction and FTIR analysis. The lattice parameters as well as phase fractions were determined using Rietveld refinement. Surface morphology was studied using field emission scanning electron microscope. Using the Tauc plot method acquired from the diffuse reflectance spectra, the band gaps of the samples were determined and it was found that the doped samples possess lower band gaps compared to the host. Our findings demonstrate that these nanophosphors exhibiting bright orange-red emission under UV excitation with quantum efficiency 70.68%, can be applied for display and fluorescence imaging. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023. -
Synthesis and catalytic applications of metal boride ceramics
Metal borides belong to the class of high-temperature ceramics and have conventionally been used for high-temperature applications. However, in the past few decades, new variants of metal borides have emerged, with high catalytic capabilities. Owing to their tuneable structural, compositional, and morphological properties, metal borides have huge potential for industrially relevant catalytic applications. This chapter compiles the existing knowledge on the ever-expanding family of metal borides. Various synthesis strategies that are commonly adopted for the fabrication of metal borides, both in crystalline and amorphous/nanocrystalline forms, are discussed in detail. The chapter also aims to explain the origin of catalysis in metal borides. Some of the most prominent catalytic applications of metal borides are vividly discussed in this chapter. At the end of this chapter, a brief outlook is provided for future research initiatives with metal borides. 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Synergy Unleashed: Smart Governance, Sustainable Tourism, and the Bioeconomy
This study investigates the transformational potential of smart Governance in the tourism sector to enhance the operational effectiveness, transparency, and efficacy of governmental actions. This research synthesises the body of knowledge regarding the use of technology and data-driven methods in Governance using a literature review methodology. A conceptual framework is suggested to highlight the complex effects of smart Governance on many stakeholders in the travel industry. The study uses a multidimensional paradigm that includes agile leadership, stakeholder alliances, network management, and adaptive Governance. It explains how these complementary components construct a revolutionary ecology that encourages creativity, adaptability, and inclusive growth. Organisations can acquire insights into visitor behaviours, preferences, and traffic patterns by utilising data analytics and digital platforms, which can improve resource allocation, infrastructure construction, and policy formation. Applications that use real-time data enable dynamic crowd control, traffic optimisation, and safety improvements. The report also highlights how local communities may be involved in smart Governance to promote inclusive decision-making. This framework helps promote deeper study into the actual application and outcomes of smart Governance, which has the potential to change the travel sector. This multidisciplinary approach fosters resilience, innovation, and responsible, inclusive development. This study promotes real-world applications that fully utilise this synergy to further the interconnected objectives of sustainable tourism, bioeconomic growth, and efficient Governance. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Synergizing Senses: Advancing Multimodal Emotion Recognition in Human-Computer Interaction with MFF-CNN
Optimizing the authenticity and efficacy of interactions between humans and computers is largely dependent on emotion detection. The MFF-CNN framework is used in this work to present a unique method for multidimensional emotion identification. The MFF-CNN model is a combination of approaches that combines convolutional neural networks and multimodal fusion. It is intended to efficiently collect and integrate data from several modalities, including spoken words and human facial expressions. The first step in the suggested system's implementation is gathering a multimodal dataset with emotional labels added to it. The MFF-CNN receives input features in the form of retrieved facial landmarks and voice signal spectroscopy reconstructions. Convolutional layers are used by the model to understand hierarchies spatial and temporal structures, which improves its capacity to recognize complex emotional signals. Our experimental assessment shows that the MFF-CNN outperforms conventional unimodal emotion recognition algorithms. Improved preciseness, reliability, and adaptability across a range of emotional states are the outcomes of fusing the linguistic and face senses. Additionally, visualization methods improve the interpretability of the model and offer insights into the learnt representations. By providing a practical and understandable method for multimodal emotion identification, this study advances the field of human-computer interaction. The MFF-CNN architecture opens the door to more organic and psychologically understanding human-computer interactions by showcasing its possibilities for practical applications. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Synergizing Neutrosophy and Randomized Blocks Design: Development and Analytical Insights
The design of the experiment is a strategy for effectively examining the relationship between input design parameters and process output and developing a greater understanding. A randomized block design is an experimental design that has two primary factors and is widely used in agriculture, environment, biological, animal, and food sciences, where experimental material is heterogeneous and precise. In a randomised block design, one or more observations may lose their true significance due to an accident, poor handling, pest infestations in agricultural trials, or other factors. It is prudent to treat this value as missing and estimate it. In todays practical situations, uncertainty and inaccuracies are inevitable in most research areas. It is important to handle such data, which can lead to inaccurate and unreliable results. Neutrosophy is the branch of philosophy that provides an efficient method to study impreciseness among the data. Some of the common sources of Neutrosophy in randomised block design are incorrect blocking factor selection, measurement error, subjective factors, and natural variability. It is paramount to handle the Neutrosophy in a randomised block design; otherwise, it may lead to various problems, like a high risk of false positives. In this paper, the Neutrosophic Randomised Block Design (NRBD) is introduced to tackle data impreciseness. The study also, outlines a methodology for estimating missing observations in NRBD and presents its analysis. Additionally, the study compares the efficiency of NRBD to that of the Neutrosophic Completely Randomised Design (NCRD). 2024, American Scientific Publishing Group (ASPG). All rights reserved. -
Synergizing Insights for Precise Rice Leaf Disease Diagnosis Via Multi-Modal Fusion
Rice holds a significant position in India, especially in the southern part of the country, where people tend to eat some rice at least once a day. Farmers are facing a huge loss due to diseases in leaf, which is the main problem of agriculture. By using techniques like machine learning, main problems detection can be done. This review, discusses common plant diseases that affect the leaf. Some include Leaf Spots, Rusts, Fusarium Wilt, Early Blight, Powdery Mildew and Downey Mildew. Our research found that machine learning techniques on rice plants make finding diseases on leaves easier. Finally, we concluded that the most accurate method is the Enhanced VGG16, with an accuracy of 99.60% because it is really good at spotting diseases on rice leaves because it's great at recognizing the small details and patterns in leaf pictures. This helps it to tell the diseases apart more accurately and make fewer mistakes in identifying them. 2024 IEEE. -
Synergizing Humanity and Technology: A Human-Machine Collaboration for Business Sustainability in Industry 5.0
In the context of Industry 5.0, this paper emphasizes the crucial role of human-machine collaboration for sustainable business practices. It explores the need for a people-centric approach, recognizing the significance of the human workforce alongside advanced technologies. The study investigates three influential theoriesActor-Network Theory (ANT), Activity Theory, and Socio-Technical Systems Theory (STS)proposing a novel Socio-Technical Interaction Network (STIN) model that synthesizes their strengths. The STIN model views systems as intricate networks of diverse actors, both human and non-human, acknowledging their agency and interactions within socio-technical environments. By incorporating elements from each theory, it prioritizes contextual analysis, considering socio-cultural and environmental influences on human-technology interactions. The STIN model aims to provide a holistic lens for interdisciplinary research and guide the design of technology-infused systems aligned with human needs and societal contexts. In conclusion, human-machine collaboration is deemed not just a technological necessity but a strategic imperative for organizations striving for long-term sustainability in Industry 5.0, fostering adaptability, innovation, and sustainable practices. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Synergistic g-c3n4/v2o5/pani composite for electrochemical energy storage
This work illustrates the synthesis of a ternary hybrid composite (g-C3N4/V2O5/PANI) from graphitic carbon nitride, vanadium pentoxide, and Polyaniline via hydrothermal method followed by in-situ polymerization. Morphological analysis confirms the integration of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and polyaniline (PANI) within the interlayer spaces of graphitic materials. The resultant hybrid composite structure facilitates rapid diffusion and ion movement at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Additionally, incorporating V2O5 within a polymer matrix alongside graphitic material generates diverse electrical profiles, enhancing electrochemical performance. The electrochemical characteristics of g-C3N4/V2O5/PANI composites were examined by Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The GCD analysis shows that the g-C3N4/V2O5/PANI composite exhibits a specific capacitance of 880 Fg?1 at a current density of 1 Ag?1, retaining 78 % of its initial capacitance after executing 2000 cycles at 3 Ag?1. Furthermore, a symmetric supercapacitor was constructed using g-C3N4/V2O5/PANI composite material as the electrode, showing a capacitance of 246 Fg?1 when measured at an input current density of 1 Ag?1. This study demonstrates g-C3N4/V2O5/PANI is a potential electrode material for supercapacitor application. 2024 -
Synergistic fabrication, characterization, and prospective optoelectronic applications of DES grafted activated charcoal dispersed PVA films
This study investigates the synthesis, analysis, and utility of films comprising deep eutectic solvent (DES) grafted activated charcoal (AC) within a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix for optoelectronic device applications. The fabrication process involves the dispersion of DES functionalization AC into the PVA solution, followed by casting onto substrates with controlled drying. Comprehensive characterization encompassing X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UVvis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and impedance spectroscopy which discerns the films microstructure, morphology, conductance, band-gap, and optical traits. The DES grafted AC infusion with variable concentration has significantly influenced optical absorbance and reduced the band gap indicating efficient charge mobility. Furthermore, the impedance analysis has revealed the electrical conduction of the film to be 1.8 10?6 ??1 m?1. In summary, the dispersion of DES modified AC in the PVA matrix have converted the insulating PVA to a semiconducting polymeric film with reduced band-gap and increased absorption, which present a propitious avenue for wide array of optoelectronic devices, such as thin film transistors, photovoltaics, LEDs, photodetectors, and many such applications. 2024 The Authors. Polymers for Advanced Technologies published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
Synergistic effects of graphene oxide grafted chitosan & decorated MnO2 nanorods composite materials application in efficient removal of toxic industrial dyes
In this study, we designed a heterogeneous graphene oxide (GO) grafted on chitosan decorated with MnO2 nanorods (?-MnO2NRs/GO-Chit) composite materials and its ability to remove the cationic and anionic toxic dyes from wastewaters were analysed. The synthesised materials presented an effective stabilization of active MnO2 nanorods (NRs) on the GO-Chit surface. The synthesised materials were detailed characterised by several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as, FT-IR, P-XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman, TGA, XPS, BET, CO2-TPD and UVVisible analysis. In addition, ?-MnO2NRs/GO-Chit material is successfully applied in removal of industrial ionic dyes such as amido black 10B (AB) and methylene blue (MB), respectively. The dye adsorption experiments confirmed that the GO-Chit/?-MnO2 NRs material exhibited remarkably high adsorption capacity in efficient removal of cationic dye methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye amido black 10B (AB). The maximum MB dye removal (97%) process completed in 24 min at C0 = 30 mgL?1, but in the case of AB the maximum dye removal (80%) process was reached in 700 min. Over GO-Chit/?-MnO2 NRs hybrid material, a maximum theoretical monolayer adsorption (qmax values is 328.9 mg g?1) of MB was calculated from the Langmuir isotherm equation. In case MB, a faster adsorption and 2.18 times maximum adsorption capacity was achieved than that of AB10 dye. The enhanced adsorption over ?-MnO2NRs/GO-Chit is due to the increased surface functionalities (i.e., oxygen-containing groups), high basicity and strong electrostatic forces between MnO2 nanorods and GO-Chit. Furthermore, ?-MnO2NRs/GO-Chit hybrid material displayed good stability after 10 successive adsorption tests. 2022 Elsevier Ltd -
Synergistic effects of CuO/TiO2-chitosan-farnesol nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities on melanoma cells SK-MEL-3
The current investigation focuses on synthesizing copper oxide (CuO)-titanium oxide (TiO2)-chitosan-farnesol nanocomposites with potential antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties against Melanoma cells (melanoma cells [SK-MEL-3]). The nanocomposites were synthesized using the standard acetic acid method and subsequently characterized using an X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results from the antibacterial tests against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Stapylococcus aureus demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy. Additionally, the antifungal studies using Candida albicans through the agar diffusion method displayed a considerable antifungal effect. For evaluating the anticancer activity, various assays such as MTT assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assay, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) analysis were conducted on SK-MEL-3 cells. The nanocomposites exhibited the ability to induce ROS generation, decrease MMP levels, and trigger apoptosis in SK-MEL-3 cells. Collectively, the findings demonstrated a distinct pattern for the synthesized bimetallic nanocomposites. Furthermore, these nanocomposites also displayed significant (p < 0.05) antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer effects when tested on the SK-MEL-3 cell line. 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Synergistic effect of metals and cross linkers on surface modification of iron aluminum oxyhydroxide-PVA polymer films for enhanced catalytic activity in transesterification reaction
Iron-incorporated aluminum oxyhydroxide polyvinyl alcohol films (Fe-Al-PVA) were synthesized using the solgel method. The influence of cross-linking agents on the aluminum oxyhydroxide films was investigated by incorporating glutaraldehyde into the synthesized films. Various characterization techniques were employed to understand the physico-chemical properties that affect the catalytic and adsorptive behavior of the self-supported films. The liquid phase transesterification of terpenes was used to test the catalytic activity of the films for the synthesis of industrially important terpene esters. The products were analyzed using GC, GCMS, and NMR techniques, and optimization studies were carried out under different experimental conditions. The reaction scope was expanded to a wider range of organic compounds, and a possible reaction mechanism was proposed. This study demonstrates the design and modification of efficient bimetallic polymer film catalyst for organic transformations. 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. -
Synergistic Effect of Chemical and Physical Treatments on Azolla pinnata for Cadmium Ions Removal from Synthetic Wastewater Systems
Azolla pinnata, an aquatic fern has been utilized as an effective biofiltering and ad-sorbent agent to complement many convention-al treatment methods for the removal of environmental pollutants. This study is designed to develop an effective regime to treat metal pollutants of industrial and urban waste discharge using a novel strategy involving Azolla pinnata. In the present study, cell surface modification by physical treatments that include heating (muffle furnace), and mechanical waves (ultrasonication) and chemical treatments as sulphuric acid and ethanol were employed to enhance the adsorption of metal pollutants. Factors such as biosorbent dose, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, temperature, and solution pH were optimised in batch mode. The point of zero charge of the adsorbent was determined to be at 5.85 pH. The results of surface morphology, elemental analysis, crystallinity, recorded through SEM, FTIR and XRD confirmed the ad-sorptive properties in both modified and unmod-ified biomass. The intensity peaks linked to O-H, C-H, C-N, N-H and C=O stretching bands was intense in the treated A. pinnata groups indicat-ing the induction of the active groups. Out of the two chemical pre-treatments, the batch ad-sorption experiment with ethanol found to che-late Cd+2 metal ions to a higher extent (94.36%) in contrast to the results obtained from H2SO4 treated biomass. Whereas, the physical treat-ments exhibited the strong adsorption (83.28 and 96.920.55%) for ultrasonicated and muf-fle furnace pre-treated biomass respectively for the dosage of 0.25g. The adsorption efficiency of physically modified sorbent revealed the cent percent removal of Cd+2 ions from the aqueous phase with the dosage of 1.0g in 15min of con-tact time which is due to the incorporation of new binding sites. Moreover, these results proved that the highest rate of cadmium adsorption onto A. pinnata is in result of the modifications caused onto surface structure, porosity and the addition of functional groups on the surface of the treated biomass. 2024, Curr. Trends Biotechnol. Pharm. All rights reserved.