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CHARACTER STRENGTHS INTERVENTIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
This review provides a comprehensive overview of interventions on character strengths in college and university students. Both qualitative and quantitative studies were reviewed. The review showed that focusing on character strengths leads to improved well-being, stronger interpersonal relationships, and reduced levels of stress, depression, anxiety, and academic pressure among students. The review also suggests that such interventions can be integrated into elective courses, first-year programs, and short-term training sessions tailored to address the specific needs of students. The interventions can offer a cost-effective alternative to traditional mental health strategies and could be implemented within college counseling centers. The limitations and practical implications of character strengths intervention modules designed specifically for college students are pointed out. By highlighting positive attributes and nurturing personal growth, character strengths interventions emerge as a valuable tool in bolstering the overall well-being of college students. The Author(s). All articles are licensed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0 ). -
Character Recognition of MODI Script Using Distance Classifier Algorithms
Machine simulation of human reading is an active research area since the introduction of digital computers. Optical character recognition aims at the recognition of printed or handwritten text from document images and converting the same into a machine-readable form. The focus of this work is handwritten character recognition of MODI Script. A proper recognition system for handwritten documents enables it to be conveniently viewed, edited, and shared via electronic means. The development of a character recognition system for some of the ancient script is still a challenging task due to the complex nature of the script. MODI script is one such script which is the shorthand form of the Devanagari script in which Marathi was written. Though at present MODI script is not an official script, there exists a huge collection of MODI documents in various libraries. In addition, it is observed that scholars and historians are taking serious effort to revive the script. The purposed study based on the implementation of two algorithms for the classification of handwritten MODI script. The algorithms use distance classifier method. The first experiment is done using Euclidean distance classifiers and the second one is with Manhattan distance classifier and the accuracy achieved is 99.28% & 94% respectively. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020. -
Character recognition for Malayalam palm leaf manuscripts: An overview of techniques and challenges
Kerala is a small, ocean-facing state in South India and has been home to several ancient civilizations in the past. The yesteryears have rewarded the state with great cultural heritage, monuments, historic artifacts and the like. Palm leaf manuscript is one such antiquity. Before paper became common, palm leaf was the medium for writing in Kerala. Such manuscripts capture the glory of our past and deals with different domains such as arts, astrology, medicine, science, religion and spirituality. Palm leaf manuscripts have value both as a cultural asset and as a knowledge repository. Palm leaf manuscripts are organic and degrades with age. The environmental conditions can also accelerate its degradation. A viable solution in preserving the knowledge contained in these manuscripts is Handwritten Character Recognition (HCR). Digitized manuscripts have infinite life. Character recognition in Indian languages, including Malayalam, is considered a complex process mainly due to the size of character set, the similarity of characters and the presence of compound characters. This paper surveys existing works in the field of HCR relevant to Malayalam palm leaf manuscripts. 2023 Author(s). -
Chaotic Binary Ant Lion Optimizer Approach for Feature Selection on Medical Datasets with COVID-19 Case Study
Binary version of the ant lion optimizer (ALO) are suggested and utilized in wrapper-mode to pick the best feature subset for classification. ALO is a recently developed bio-inspired optimization approach that mimics ant lion hunting behavior. Furthermore, ALO balances exploration and exploitation utilizing a unique operator to explore the space of solutions adaptively for the best solution. The difficulties of a plethora of noisy, irrelevant, and misleading features, as well as the capacity to deal with incorrect and inconsistent data in real-world subjects, provide rationale for feature selection to become one of the most important requirements. A difficult machine learning problem is to choose a subset of important characteristics from a vast number of features that characterize a dataset. Choosing the most informative markers and conducting a high-accuracy classification across the data may be a difficult process, especially if the data is complex. The feature selection task is usually expressed as a bio-objective optimization challenge, with the goal of enhancing the performance of the prediction model (data training fitting quality) while decreasing the number of features used. Various evaluation criteria are employed to determine the success of the suggested approach. The findings show that the suggested chaotic binary algorithm can explore the feature space for optimum feature set efficiently. 2022 IEEE. -
Chaos in a triple diffusive system involving a viscoelastic fluid layer
This study investigates the linear and weakly nonlinear stability analysis in a Rayleigh-Bard configuration with a viscoelastic fluid layer influenced by two additional solutal components. The governing equations for both stationary and oscillatory convective regimes, and the critical point at which convection sets in is derived. The comparative analysis is performed for three different viscoelastic fluid models: Oldroyd-B, Maxwell, Rivlin-Ericksen fluid, along with the Newtonian fluid model. In weakly nonlinear stability analysis, a generalized eight-mode Lorenz model is developed that satisfies the general properties of a classical Lorenz model. From this reduced model, the critical points and Hopf-Rayleigh number, representing the initiation of chaos through Hopf bifurcation are determined. The Lyapunov exponents are used to characterize the chaotic, periodic and quasi-periodic motions of the system. The results show that the viscoelastic and triple diffusion parameters affect the initiation of convection and transition to chaos. It is also observed that the Maxwell fluid exhibits the earliest initiation of chaos and the Newtonian fluid the latest, with Oldroyd-B and Rivlin-Ericksen exhibiting intermediate behaviour. The presence of additional solutal concentrations delays the onset of chaotic motion. 2026 The Physical Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan). -
Chaos and control in a fractional-order financial model: a non-local dynamical approach
The idea of financial resources is all encompassing and crucial to every facet of human existence; it also has indirect relationships to people, communities, cities, and nations. Researchers are interested in this topic since it has significant value for a societys progress. This investigation devotes to the analysis of non-local effects of the fractional finance system. In order to make sure the system is well-posed, the boundedness has been examined. Furthermore, the stability analysis investigation confirms the unstable state of the system. Additionally, we show how to use Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation parameter analysis to determine the appropriate range where the system is more chaotic. Using Picards operator, we investigated the existence and uniqueness of the solutions and showed that the system under consideration had two unstable equilibrium points. By using the active control approach, we provide the necessary circumstances for fractional finance systems to synchronize as well as control functions to manage chaos in the considered system, so that we can record the observations. To illustrate the numerical simulations for different parameter values of the finance system, the fractional Eulers method is used, and the chaotic behaviors are captured in figures. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Channel Selection Using Stochastic Diffusion Search Algorithm for Classification in Brain-Computer Interface
Utilization of the Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) is done via Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals that provide several environmental interactions among individuals having restricted movements owing to neurodegenerative diseases or strokes. However, the BCI system was based on Motor Imagery (MI). It was not used for any form of real-life application owing to a decrease in the performance of various Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) algorithms, especially while the actual number of channels was high. A multi-channel structure of such EEG signals can increase cost and bring down speed. Due to this, a reduction in the system cost by the detection of active electrodes during the process can increase accessibility. This way, optimization techniques in choosing electrodes can be used to determine other effective channels by employing a method of random selection. For this work, a Stochastic Diffusion Search (SDS) algorithm based on herd optimization techniques was used with four different classifiers, which were the AdaBoost, the Classification and Regression Tree (CART), the Naive Bayes (NB) as well as the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN). The channels that were chosen frequently were determined to improve the system performance with regard to accuracy and speed. The results proved that the approach proposed was successful in bringing down the channel number and run time without affecting the accuracy of classification. 2024 Seventh Sense Research Group. -
Changing Ways of Watching Content But Has Anything Changed?
[No abstract available] -
Changing trends in the Promotional Strategies of Indian Television Soap Operas
The television has been a primary source of entertainment for masses across the globe. In India itself, people within households are often glued to their television sets in order to be informed or entertained. Drama is a source of life for most people and hence the end up tuning into a variety of daily soap makes that area available to them. Television soap operas have grown tremendously over the past decades and different methods have been adopted and developed to promote these soap operas. The research aims to see how promotions of television soap operas in India have changed between 2008 and 2012 with an analysis of the different kind of strategies adopted by television networks to promote and advertise their different shows. -
Changing trend in the programming pattern happening in Malayalam television channels due to FDI /
Malayalam television industry is unique in its own way and stand out for its unique elements from the other television industries in India. The researcher has tried to analyze the changing trend in the programing happening in Malayalam television channels due to the foreign direct investment happening in the industry. -
Changing Structure of Consumer Buying Behaviour and Expectation in the Digital Era
The growing digital landscape has made a fundamental impact on consumer behaviour. The digital era has totally transformed the buyers and shifted them from the traditional approach to the digital technologies. Todays digitally literate consumers have grown out of the TV advertisement experience to a wide range of digital marketing communications on their smartphone, tabs and laptops and on various social media. Marketers are geared up to identify, reach and engage these latest species of consumers who are agile and active in this new digital ecosystem having multiple devices and multiple channels. This new digital savvy customers give the marketers biggest challenges and rewards over their traditional counterparts. Today customers have some indispensable hopes and demands while they are shopping. The customers expect their needs of products and services should be met at their own time and at their own place, and at reasonable price. Digital era has empowered todays customers by providing them with easy and quick access to voluminous information, compare and contrast between brands and their offerings, facility to purchase the brand offerings from diverse devices and gadgets and also giving them the opportunity to dispense their post-purchase knowledge and experiences. Customer shopping habits have evolved with technology, and companies continue to adapt to maintain relevance. This study examines the consumer behaviour during the digital era. This paper also attempts to understand consumer sentiments and new buying behaviours in this digital era. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023. -
Changing representation of women in recent bollywood cinema /
For almost a century, popular Hindi films rarely dealt with women issues and if it all it attempted to do so, the role of a women was restricted to be either that of nurturer or the epitome of sacrifice and forgiveness. Films like Mother India or Bandini glorified woman’s ability to give up her choices and even life for the sake of her family and dear ones. But post LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) this scenario has gradually changed. Today, we come across films where a woman not only expresses her choice but she is also unapologetic about herself. Cinema very interesting deals with gender representation in a consensually problematic manner where the provider of the image as well as the receiver of the medium believes that the space is designed to give women her place only in a particular way. -
Changing look AGN Mrk 590: Broad-line region and black hole mass from photometric reverberation mapping
We present the results of photometric reverberation mapping observations on the changing look active galactic nucleus Mrk 590 at z = 0.026. The observations were carried out from 2018 July to December using broad-bandB-,R-, and narrow-band H ? and S ii filters. The B band traces the continuum emission from the accretion disc, the R band encompasses both the continuum emission from the accretion disc and the redshifted H ? line from the broad-line region (BLR), the S ii band contains the redshifted H ? emission and the H ? band traces the continuum emission underneath the S ii band. All the light curves showed strong variation with a fractional root-mean-square variation of 0.132 0.001 in the B band and 0.321 0.001 in H ? line. From cross-correlation function analysis, we obtained a delayed response of H ? line emission to the opticalB-band continuum emission of $21.44^{+1.49}_{-2.11}$ d in the rest frame of the source, corresponding to a linear size of the BLR of 0.018 pc. This is consistent with previous estimates using H ?. By combining the BLR size with the H ? line full width at half-maximum of 6478 240 km s-1 measured from a single-epoch spectrum obtained with the Subaru telescope, we derived a black hole mass of $1.96^{+0.15}_{-0.21}\times 10^8 {\rm M}_{\odot }$. 2021 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society. -
Changing equations: Empowerment, entrepreneurship and the welfare of women
The world is a melange of varied cultures and norms. Some are similar, while others are strikingly different from the rest. However, every society has something in common: suppression of their women although the degree and extent may vary. It is not that women are incapable of playing those roles in society which have been dominated by men, but consistent and strategic oppression of the female sex has led many women to consider themselves as weak, powerless and a step below their male counterparts. The waves of feminism and movements to emancipate women have, to a notable extent, changed this perception. However, the world still associates women with the domestic sphere which includes rearing, nurturing and caring for children. While, this is important, this must seldom be the only role played by women. This paper while highlighting the importance of the role of women in the economic and public sphere, shall also explore the various means and steps that have been taken and further measures that can be taken to empower women and encourage entrepreneurship in developing economies such as India. The capability approach and welfare economics by Amartya Sen shall also be explored to understand how best such approaches could benefit the rural women and their empowerment. Developing economies simply cannot ignore even a fraction of their demography. This paper would thus like to bring to the fore that empowerment of women is as important to an economy as it is for their individual well-being, and ultimately their liberation. 2018 Journal of International Women's Studies. -
Changing customer mindset in adopting digital financial services during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from India
Digital Financial Services (DFS) have been growing steadily all over the world. The COVID-19 crisis has reinforced the need for DFS. This study aims to examine the growth of DFS in the global and Indian markets and to analyze the factors that change the mindsets and attitudes of adults towards the adoption of DFS during the pandemic. The growth of DFS is analyzed using secondary data. The changing customer mindset is studied and analyzed through primary data collected by a survey approach. The unit of analysis includes adults who use or prefer to use DFS. A total of 384 respondents, determined by Krejcie and Morgan formula, were personally interviewed. 384 is taken as sample size as this sample size avoids type II errors in the data analysis. The collected data were processed in SPSS21 software. The study results found that technological benefits (67.9%) have the most significant positive effect on changing people's mindsets and attitudes towards DFS followed by the pandemic forces (50.7%). Peer influences (33.2%) and perceived trust (38.3%) have also affected the change in mindsets and attitudes of adults regarding DFS. But the change in mindset is significantly and positively influenced by perceived risk (50.1%) rather than affecting negatively. So, the factors are confirmed again. The factors that drive changes in mindsets and attitudes of adults towards the adoption of DFS are Pandemic Forces & Convenience, Perceived Safety and Security, User Benefits and Experiences, Peer Influences, and Perceived Trust during the pandemic. Ravikumar T, Rajesh R, Krishna T A, Haresh R, Arjun B S, 2022. -
Changing climate and its impacts on the dynamics of future malaria transmission over certain endemic regions in India
As climate change plays a major role in evaluating the malaria disease over India, it is highly relevant to assess the spatio-temporal variability of malaria transmission dynamics over different climatic zones in India using modelling studies. In this study, VECTRI (vector-borne disease community model of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste) model is simulated to predict the future malaria transmission dynamics over four major climatological zones of India, forced with the different climatic parameters such as temperature and rainfall and non-climatic parameter such as population density. The climate data is obtained from multi model mean of different CMIP6 global climate models under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. Results indicate that there is an overall decrease in EIR (Entomological Inoculation Rate) values of 10 to 30% are seen over most of the Indian regions with an increase in temperature about 4 to 5C and rainfall about 10 to 40%, by end of the century (2080s) when compared with the baseline period (19852014). However, few exceptions are seen over few parts of western and peninsular region where increase in EIR values are seen. This decrease (increase) in EIR values which describes the intensity of malaria transmission is predominantly controlled by temperature and rainfall during summer (winter) monsoon seasons. Such results from the VECTRI model may be useful for policymakers towards various malaria disease control programs in India and this may provide a basis for climate change impact assessments on malaria risk at a regional scale. The Author(s) 2025. -
Changing and unchanging domination parameters /
Graph Theory is a delightful playground for the exploration of proof techniques in discrete mathematics, and its results have applications in many areas of computing, social, and natural sciences. How can we lay cable at minimum cost to make every telephone reachable from every other? What is the fastest route from the national capital to each state capital? How can n jobs be filled by n people with maximum total utility? What is the maximum flow per unit time from source to sink in a network of pipes? How many layers does a computer chip need so that wires in the same layer don’t cross? How can the season of a sports league be scheduled into the minimum number of weeks? -
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Changes in wage trends and earnings differences in Kerala /
The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol.61, Issue 4, pp.624-638, ISSN No: 0971-7927. -
Changes in Wage Trends and Earnings Differences in Kerala
In this article, the weekly earnings gap between men and women in Kerala is examined by a number of inequality indices such as the percentile ratio and the Gini coefficient. The entropy measures of inequality are used to decompose wage inequality into within-group and between-group inequalities. The earnings inequality between men and women has been increasing, even though their wage grows faster than mens wage. The indices of inequality suggest the growing wage disparity in the regular and casual labour market. The result reveals that the levels of education and earnings are positively correlated, but women with the same level of education earn much less than men in regular salaried work. The rising wage inequality of men and women during 20042009 were associated with the growth rate of wages in the same period. That is, the wage rates of both regular and casual workers have increased more than four per cent during the period that experienced the highest inequality. 2019, Indian Society of Labour Economics.