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Evolution of Policing: Historical Contexts and Human Rights Implications
This chapter examines the evolution of policing, tracing its historical roots and the complex interplay between law enforcement practices and human rights. It highlights the transformation of policing from its early functions, which were often aligned with maintaining social control and serving the interests of those in power, to contemporary efforts aimed at reform and accountability. The discussion includes significant milestones, such as the establishment of police systems in India, which were influenced by the British Police Act of 1861, and the ongoing challenges faced by modern policing, including issues of police brutality, systemic racism, and extrajudicial killings. The discussion extends to the global implications of policing practices, addressing issues such as police brutality, systemic racism, and extrajudicial killings that transcend national boundaries. This chapter emphasises the need for comprehensive reforms that not only address policy changes but also foster a cultural shift within police organisations to prioritise human rights and community engagement. By analysing the historical legacies and current practices of policing, this chapter aims to provide a nuanced understanding of how law enforcement can evolve to better protect the rights and dignity of all individuals in society. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Occupational Stress: A Review of Police Narrative
Cambridge research suggests that 90% of police officers have responded to being exposed to trauma and one out of five to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In India, trauma among the emblem of manpower is still a word of fancy or rather cowardly in the twenty-first century. So, to apply the seminal concept in Indian police, the phrase Occupational Stress is somehow better suited even though police experience the gruesomeness of death, suffering, and cruelty closer than many professions. The medics and police see the teething reality of biopolitics that can surely leave a permanent scar in the individual memory. Soft-skill training is a modern solution, and the awareness is spreading worldwide. Occupational stress is a collective state where several contributing factors cause a sense of anxiety and trauma in the subject. In police, it is caused by public rage toward the institution, their hues and cries, the departmental pressure following the chain of command, and an undeniable political influence. The mighty law-keepers might seem to possess the sceptre of power, but the fate of their mission, postings, and promotion politics is modulated quite abruptly. This study is an extension of broader research that follows a review of literature, including memoirs written by top cops of the Indian police force, and it surveys a corpus of newspaper articles demonstrating trauma-informed policing. The study explores the concept of Occupational Stress, its prevalence, contributing factors, and consequences through a qualitative method and a critical discourse analysis of the selective police narrative. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Effective Police Investigation Under BNSS 2023: Existing Legal Framework and Challenges
Effective police investigation plays a crucial role in ensuring justice, maintaining law and order, and successfully prosecuting criminals. It involves gathering evidence, examining witnesses, and thoroughly scrutinizing the crime scenes. The investigating officials are tasked with various vital duties integral to the investigation procedures. Due to workload, police personnel may use unfair means and methods for ending investigations, securing convictions, and avoiding criticisms. The crime investigation technique requires specialized skills and training, sufficient time, appropriate forensic abilities, and facilities. This chapter examines the efficacy of police investigations and the subsequent attainment of convictions, focusing on a comparative insight into the current legal framework and the challenges under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023. This doctrinal and non-doctrinal study applied qualitative and quantitative content analysis to evaluate the secondary data. Criminal cases experience inadequate investigation and adequate evidence. A fair investigation is essential for ensuring justice for the accused, victim, and society. If the police do not follow procedures, omitting and tampering with evidence will be detrimental by preventing the court from reviewing it. The effectiveness of police investigation significantly affects judicial verdicts. Defects in the system lead to frequent acquittals in criminal cases. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Building Trust and Fostering Collaborations Through Community Policing: Insights from India and the Global Perspective
A novel approach to law enforcement, community policing places a strong emphasis on policecommunity cooperation to maintain safety, settle disputes, and foster trust. Community policing has been especially effective in India in tackling complicated social issues including gender-based violence, communal conflicts, and the grievances of marginalised people. Programmes such as the Mohalla Committees in Maharashtra and the Janamaithri Suraksha Project in Kerala are prime examples of grassroots efforts that place an emphasis on cooperation and communication between the public and law enforcement agencies. Globally, community policing models from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan demonstrate how flexible it is in various sociocultural contexts. The Koban system in Japan and the Neighbourhood Policing model in the United Kingdom are renowned for promoting trust through proactive problem-solving, increased transparency, and the integration of law enforcement with local communities. With police officers acting as community allies in addition to executing the law, these approaches place an emphasis on reciprocal accountability. Nonetheless, issues such as a lack of resources, opposition to reform in police agencies, and possible politicisation still exist. Global success stories provide valuable insights into the significance of consistent training, incorporating under-represented perspectives, and utilising technology to improve community involvement. The potential of community policing to change antagonistic policecommunity dynamics into cooperative ones is examined in this research. The study highlights the importance of trust-building as a pillar of efficient law enforcement and inclusive governance by looking at Indian initiatives and learning from global experiences, opening the door to safer and more cohesive societies. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Rights of Indigenous Peoples Vis-a-Vis Environmental Justice in the Himalayan Region
In the global mountain ecosystems, the Himalayan region has a unique place. These geo-dynamically vibrant mountains are home to a diverse range of flora, fauna, human populations, and cultures. Although the region is rich in natural resources, most of its population remains marginalised. The Himalayan environment and people have been closely intertwined since antiquity. However, the conditions in this delicate resource region are currently getting worse due to human activities. The attempts to modify the Himalayan environment for developmental purposes have been causing environmental imbalance significantly impacting the security of the Himalayan ecosystem and its inhabitants. Environmental justice demands addressing environmental issues in the Himalayan region from the viewpoint of impacted and indigenous peoples communities. Acknowledging the aforementioned, this chapter endeavours to explore, examine and comprehend the notion of environmental justice concerning the rights and interests of the indigenous population inhabiting the Himalayan region. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Dokmoka Violence: Cultural Cues and Contradictions in News Narratives
This chapter examines misrepresentation and distortion in the news discourse on the 2018 Dokmoka mob lynching reported in the Indian state of Assam. Using narrative analysis, this study conducts an in-depth qualitative investigation of the print media coverage of the event. With a comprehensive methodology and theoretical grounding, this study sheds light on the complex dynamics surrounding the misrepresentation of facts and their implications. It enhances our understanding of news medias challenges in accurately covering events, highlighting the need for critical analysis and responsible reporting in the contemporary media landscape. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Kashmir and Conflict: Objectivity and Balance in News Sourcing
Journalistic balance and objectivity have been critical concepts of scholarly debate. While balance traditionally meant giving equal space to opposing views, newer models of impartiality aim to represent a broader range of perspectives. Using a quantitative content analysis, this chapter analyses news published in the two leading English dailies, Rising Kashmir from Kashmir and Daily Excelsior from Jammu of the Indian Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir from 1 to 31 October 2022. As many as 62 newspaper editions comprising 987 pages of broadsheets are examined and conflict-related news articles are sampled for analysis. A manual analysis is used to analyse the conflict news articles and identify the sources quoted in them. Study findings indicate the dominance of elite political sources in the news reports. Drawing from seminal studies in journalistic sociology, such as Gans Deciding Whats News, this chapter discusses the implications of the high prevalence of elite voices, comprising political, social and economic. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Exploring the Extent of Technology Acceptance and Workplace Behavior of Employees in the Transport Sector of Bahrain
The research objectives of the study are to establish the level of technology acceptance, the factors influencing it and the impact of technology acceptance on work-related behaviours with commendation objectives to analyse the level of technology acceptance, to determine the factors and to make recommendations. According to this studys hypothesis, the level of technology acceptance has a positive impact on job satisfaction and job performance with perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness as the determinants. This research adopts a positivist philosophy and an exploratory research method, which entails a deductive approach based on questionnaires to survey 69 transport sector employees in Bahrain as the source of data. Credibility of data also shows a positive correlation between technology acceptance with job satisfaction, ease of use and organizational performance. The study focuses on the perceived usefulness and ease of use of the technology pointing out the need for the employees to be involved in the integration of the technologies in order to improve performance and to address stress at workplace. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Valuation of the Capital Assets Pricing Model on the Islamic Retails Banks in Bahrain
The Gulf countries are rapidly changing after the coronavirus pandemic. It has many notable impacts on the banking sectors especially in the Islamic retail banks. This study has focused on the valuation of the Islamic retail banks in Bahrain. There are only six Islamic retail banks that follow Shariah rules and regulations. This paper consists of the monthly data from July 2016 to June 2021. The CAPM model has been applied for the valuation of Islamic retail banks and the multiple regression method run for the impact of Islamic retail banks on the Bahrain Bank index during the period. The outcomes of CAPM have identified overvalued BISB, Baraka, Salam, KHCB, and ITHMR except for the KFH, which is undervalued. The significant results have found the relationship between the six retail Islamic banks and the Bahrain banks index in Bahrain. The interpretation of t-statistics shows a substantial difference between the CAPM and actual returns of Islamic retail banks in Bahrain. The banking system will be a modern economic world which helps to create the nation. The nation will develop if society will be aware about financial literacy and analytics. This paper will help the industrialist, practitioner, brokers, promoters, and investors. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
The Impact of Cryptocurrency Trading on Economic Growth in GCC Countries: An Empirical Analysis
This study explores the impact of cryptocurrency trading on economic growth in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from 2016 to 2019, with GDP as the measure of economic growth. The analysis reveals a substantial positive relationship between cryptocurrency trading volume and GDP using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) regression techniques. The analysis underscores the role of increased cryptocurrency market activity in fostering economic growth and advancing the GCC economies integration into global financial frameworks. This highlights the transformative potential of cryptocurrencies as a driver of economic progress within the region. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Role of Circular Economy Principles in Enhancing Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Global warming alerts the ecological system and functions of every element in the business world. Supply chain management is one process where sustainability principles are implemented robustly. This study is an attempt to integrate the circular economy principles in enhancing sustainable supply chain management; it has four objectives to focus on the adoption of circular economy principles, the respective barriers, stakeholders engagement level, and finally, the outcome of sustainable practices such as environmental, economic, and social implications. The study is descriptive research, adopting a purposive sampling technique to include the selected group of respondents with a sample size of 250, those who are already processing in the supply chain management activities across the industries located in Chennai. Structural Equation Modeling was used to build the measurement model to establish the connectivity between the circular economy adoption, stakeholders engagement and sustainable supply chain management outcomes. The hypothesis was established, and the same was proved through confirmatory factor analysis and standardized model fit. Hence, it was concluded that the circular economy principles and their adoption barriers significantly influence stakeholders engagement and the determination of sustainable supply chain management outcomes. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Exploring the Influence of Cause-Related Brand Partnerships on Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Decisions
This study examines how cause-related brand partnerships influence consumer attitudes and purchase decisions. Consumers increasingly value social responsibility, so brands align with charitable causes to enhance their image and foster loyalty. The research investigates whether these partnerships lead to positive consumer perceptions, increased trust, and stronger emotional connections with the brand. By analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data, the study explores the extent to which cause-related marketing (CRM) impacts actual purchasing behavior and long-term brand loyalty. The results suggest that while CRM can improve consumer attitudes, its effectiveness depends heavily on the perceived authenticity of the brands commitment to the cause. Brands that genuinely align with causes that resonate with their target audience are more likely to see a positive impact on both consumer sentiment and purchase behavior. The findings highlight the importance of consistent and sincere engagement for brands aiming to leverage social causes for business growth. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Analyzing the Impact of Green HRM Practices on Employee Performance
Green practices are gaining interest everywhere and the Human Resource domain is no different. Green Human Resource Management (Green HRM) practices have surfaced as a critical strategic component, with the intensification of worldwide focus on environmental sustainability, particularly in sectors such as insurance where the operational ecological impacts are significant. The association between the execution of Green HRM and enhancements in employee performance is what this study aims to explore, specifically within insurance companies in the Delhi NCR region. To ascertain the results, data collection has been carried out through surveys and analyzed using statistical techniques such as reliability statistics and descriptive statistics. A total of 516 samples were collected, of which 467 samples have been analyzed to conclude the results. The findings reveal that Green HRM practices positively impact employee performance. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Optimizing Machine Learning for Product Category Prediction in Digital Wallet Transactions: A Case Study of Feature-Driven Performance
The Digital Wallet transactions is one of the rapid phenomena in the application of technology. There were various studies which explored to application and sophistication of this digital wallet transactions. Based on the secondary data, the researcher developed a model for classifications using machine learning algorithms in Jupyter notebook (Python IDE). In the current study the performance of the machine learning model for classification is conducted on product categories in digital wallet transaction using many features such as product amount transaction fees cashback and encode categorical variables merchant name product name and payment methods. The test results of the classification model show and oral accuracy of the model at 92% with Precision recall and F1 scores averaging up to 0.92. It is noticeable that some of the features such as gas bill electricity bill showed weaker performance suggesting the need for further engineering and model tuning. This provide the deep understanding on how the transactions related features contribute to predicting the accuracy and highlights the potential for improving classification models for financial technology and its applications. The study also provides future directions and implications for the model refinement focusing on improving miss classification in categories. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Barriers to Green Supply Chain Management in the Construction IndustryA Systematic Review
The construction industry is project-based and requires the cooperation of several stakeholders, mainly architects, contractors, and suppliers, to ensure that materials, finance and information move through the construction supply chain with minimal hurdles. The fragmented nature of the industry creates obstacles to integrating green practices into the supply chain to reduce the industrys negative environmental effects. This study aims to review the literature on barriers to adopting green supply chain management practices in the construction industry, pinpoint research gaps and suggest directions for further research in the domain. The articles for the literature review were retrieved from the Scopus database from 2014 to 2024. The search was refined using PRISMA guidelines. 18 relevant empirical studies were reviewed for this purpose. The findings reveal that the major impediments were high costs of implementing green practices across different phases, namely, the design procurement, construction, operation and demolition phases, inadequate knowledge and awareness of green procurement, design and construction, insufficient technical expertise, lack of government incentives for adopting green practices, lack of availability of green building materials and technologies, lack of top management commitment and inadequate policies and regulations on green construction. Extant literature indicates that past studies have examined the most significant barriers in developed and developing countries, mostly using quantitative surveys. It is suggested that future researchers conduct an in-depth analysis of the barriers in different contexts by gathering qualitative data from the construction industry stakeholders. This would support the creation of policies and strategies by practitioners and policymakers to address the issues of incorporating environmental concerns into the building supply chain. It will, therefore, encourage the sector to strive for environmental sustainability. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Recent Trends in Composting of Food Waste
Accumulation of food waste materials, contaminated water, and air is an inevitable end result of the rapid expansion of cities across the world. Resource overconsumption remains never-ending, deteriorating the environment and society. Conventional food waste management practices, such as landfills, dumping, and incineration, are proven to be problematic in terms of inhabitants health risks and environmental contamination. Food waste management with a zero-waste approach is given the utmost priority in the present-day scenario and has become a significant part of our routine life. The avoidance and reduction of food waste are very important parts of waste management, as they have a huge impact on our lives and the environment. The conceivable solution is to valorize the food waste into a usable secondary raw material for its utilization in other industries. Composting is a systematic biological process, recognized as a cost-effective method for food waste management. It generates nutrient-rich manure for plant growth and development. This has offered opportunities for organic wastes, especially food waste, as nutrient sources for agriculture. Though traditional agricultural practices with inorganic fertilizers have helped in gaining high yields of crops, their aftereffects on soil have been dismissive. This has opened up a congenial platform for the use of organic manures like compost and vermicompost, due to their positive effects of enhancing soil quality over inorganic fertilizers. Microbial processes are gaining massive significance due to their realistic and eco-friendly nature, resulting in the recovery of biomolecules from food wastes and fermentation end products, ensuring zero waste. Composting strategies that can act on prominent food wastes such as vegetable market waste, fruit waste, slaughterhouse waste, chicken and fish waste, canteen/hotel waste, and house/residential waste will play a promising role in the recovery of sustainable resources. Finding new ways of reducing food waste disposal problems is a topic that must be of the greatest importance for every government, business, and individual. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Food Waste and Fermentation
Food waste (FW) generation and disposal is an unavoidable part of the day-to-day life of every human being. Irrespective of the geographical area, the problems associated with food waste and its valorisation pose a great threat to all countries. Taking into consideration the nutritive value of the discarded food, there are several strategies developed for its effective valorisation rather than careless discharge that may lead to several environmental hazards. The concept of food-based biorefineries for the development of value-added products has gained much momentum in recent decades. Food waste based on its composition can be utilised for producing a variety of products through fermentation approach. The major products of fermentation of food waste include industrially important enzymes, biopolymers, biofuels, single-cell proteins (SCPs) and organic acids. Each of these products has very high commercial value and a diverse scope for applications. As the modern world goes through the principles of sustainable development and a closed-loop system ensuring zero wastage, the fermentation of food waste for product development can prove worthwhile in solving the issues associated with food waste generation and disposal. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Barriers to Sustainable Practices in the Construction IndustryA Bibliometric Analysis and Thematic Classification
Several studies explored the challenges involved in adopting sustainable practices in the construction industry from the perspective of different stakeholders, mainly developers, architects, consultants, and contractors. These challenges include financial constraints, lack of awareness, human resource issues, government policies, and market dynamics. However, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and thematic classification of these barriers covering different aspects of sustainable construction is scarce owing to the fragmented nature of the literature. The objectives of the study are(1). To examine the literature on barriers to incorporating sustainable practices in building construction, operation and demolition (2). To provide a thematic classification of the barriers (3). To identify research gaps and suggest avenues for further research. The articles were retrieved from the Scopus database and refined using PRISMA guidelines. 221 studies were included in the bibliometric analysis. Biblioshiny was used to identify the publication trends, most relevant countries, authors, publications, and highly cited articles. Furthermore, 30 empirical studies were analysed using NVivo 12 software to classify the barriers into the following themes: finance-related, attitude and behaviour-related, knowledge and awareness-related, government-related and market-related. The sub-themes cover various issues related to the development of sustainable buildings: prefabrication, Building Information Modelling, Cloud Computing, procurement of sustainable materials, energy management, managing sustainable projects and construction and demolition waste management. These comprehensive insights could help practitioners and policy-makers develop strategies to drive the construction industry towards achieving its sustainability goals. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
The Impact of Economically Weaker Section Reservation in India: A Study on the Syro Malabar Community in Kerala, India
India is renowned for its multifaceted unity amid diversity, which proves the harmonious fusion of different communities. This harmony is rooted in the Indian Constitution by ensuring social justice to all citizens regardless of their individual differences and unique characteristics. It is crafted with empathy and foresight to benefit the most disadvantaged sections of society. It includes provisions for reservation programs under Articles 15 and 16 to combat discrimination and promote inclusiveness in the present Indian societal scenario. The 103rd amendment to the Indian constitution expanded the concept of backwardness to include more marginalized and disadvantaged sections of society. It reflects the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDG 10) in India to reduce inequalities. The amendment introduced a 10% reservation in government employment and education for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) ensuring equitable development of all the sections of society. The study examines the impacts of the economically weaker sections (EWS) reservation in India by analyzing data collected from the Syro Malabar Community in Kerala, India. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
The Impact of Economically Weaker Section Reservation in India: A Study on the Syro Malabar Community in Kerala, India
India is renowned for its multifaceted unity amid diversity, which proves the harmonious fusion of different communities. This harmony is rooted in the Indian Constitution by ensuring social justice to all citizens regardless of their individual differences and unique characteristics. It is crafted with empathy and foresight to benefit the most disadvantaged sections of society. It includes provisions for reservation programs under Articles 15 and 16 to combat discrimination and promote inclusiveness in the present Indian societal scenario. The 103rd amendment to the Indian constitution expanded the concept of backwardness to include more marginalized and disadvantaged sections of society. It reflects the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDG 10) in India to reduce inequalities. The amendment introduced a 10% reservation in government employment and education for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) ensuring equitable development of all the sections of society. The study examines the impacts of the economically weaker sections (EWS) reservation in India by analyzing data collected from the Syro Malabar Community in Kerala, India. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.