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Transition in Kpen Climate Zones and Its Impacts on Hydroclimatic Extremes Across India
Shifting climatic zones across India are reshaping the country's hydroclimatic balance, with significant consequences for drought behaviour and water security. This study examines how spatial changes in KpenGeiger climate zones between two climatological periods (19611990 and 19912020) are influencing long-term drought characteristics. Using high-resolution gridded rainfall and temperature data from the India Meteorological Department, the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) are used to assess drought intensity and extent across five major climate categories: tropical, arid, temperate, continental and polar. Results reveal a noticeable expansion of the arid zone by 3.86% and a contraction of the temperate zone by 6.94%, indicating a transition toward warmer and drier climates. These spatial shifts have altered regional drought behaviour, with formerly moderate zones experiencing more frequent and intense droughts. The arid and tropical zones, where expansion is observed, show increasing drought severity, largely driven by rising evapotranspiration due to temperature increases of 0.12C0.25C/decade (Tmax) and 0.10C0.20C/decade (Tmin). In contrast, regions where the temperate climate is receding are showing a loss of climatic buffering capacity against drought. SPEI captures more widespread and severe drought events than SPI, underscoring the increasing role of thermal stress in water balance anomalies. This study highlights that changes in the spatial extent of climate zones are a key driver of evolving drought patterns in India. Recognising these shifts is essential for improving temperature-sensitive drought monitoring and formulating zone-specific adaptation strategies in the face of accelerating climate change. 2026 Royal Meteorological Society. -
Transition Metal Nanoparticles, Semiconductor Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications
Semiconductor nanoparticles of CdSe are currently under investigation because their emissions can be tuned easily to cover the broad spectrum (from red to blue) by decreasing the particle size. In this work we have employed different experimental routes for synthesis of Zn doped CdSe nanoparticle and Ni nanoparticle and a brief description about their characterisation techniques are employed. In this present study, the Zn doped CdSe and Ni nanoparticles have been prepared by precipitation method. Upon characterisation, it was found that Zn dopants decreased the band gap thereby acting as a good photocatalyst. The crystallite size obtained from XRD was 26.84 nm and the average particle size calculated using DLS was below 100 nm. The results obtained from XRD are matching with the results obtained from DLS. The photocatalytic activities of the synthesized nanoparticles were analysed using methylene blue under irradiation of visible light. 73.9% degradation is observed for methylene blue catalysed by Zn doped CdSe nanoparticles for 4hr. Synthesis of nickel (Ni) nanoparticles (NPs) have been achieved by the chemical reduction of nickel chloride using hydrazine hydrate without the need for an inert atmosphere from an external source. The photocatalytic activity, structure and morphology of the NPs were studied by employing UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (Rh-B) dyes using Ni NPs was investigated to see the feasibility in degrading these dyes from polluted water at low cost. Ni NPs showed a good photocatalytic activity of 840.1% under visible light for the degradation of MB when compared to Rhodamine B (Rh-B) which showed an efficiency of 47.3 %. -
Transition metal oxides in electrochemical and bio sensing: A state-of-art review
This review article portrays the progress in developing novel electrochemical sensors using morphologically varied transition metal oxides. The role and applications of transition metal oxide nanoparticles of iron, titanium, manganese, zirconium, cobalt, nickel and their composites in the field of electrochemical and bio sensing are conferred in detail. Appropriate chemical functionalization of these nanomaterials guarantees the selective and sensitive determination of target molecules including DNA or creating antigen/antibody complexes. Substantial data is summed up in the tables. This review article highlights the significance of transition metal oxide nanoparticles as promising electrode modifiers for fabrication of sensors. The review ends up with a relevant discussion, existing challenges and future scopes. 2021 The Author(s) -
Transition to an Empty Nest: A Phenomenological Exploration of Homemaker Mothers of Out-of-State College Students
This phenomenological study explores the lived experiences of Indian homemaker mothers transitioning to an empty nest, focusing on middle-aged mothers emotional, psychological, and cultural dimensions. Five homemaker mothers, aged between 46 and 50, with at least one child attending an out-of-state college in Bengaluru, participated in semi-structured interviews. Data was analysed using Colaizzis descriptive phenomenological method, which revealed 95 minor themes organised into 9 major themes and 4 overarching categories. The findings highlight a complex emotional intersectionality where feelings of pride and joy in their childrens achievements coexisted with sadness, loneliness, and loss. Cultural expectations surrounding motherhood in India, which emphasises maternal self-sacrifice, further emphasised the emotional challenges the participants face. Coping strategies such as spirituality, social support, and technology emerged as key elements in navigating the transition, with participants often using prayer and digital communication to maintain emotional bonds with their children. The study also found that the empty nest transition triggered a redefinition of parental roles and personal identity. Participants with higher education levels were better equipped to embrace this phase as an opportunity for self-growth, while others struggled with their diminished caregiving role. Technology played a dual roleoffering emotional comfort through digital connection and fostering dependency and frustration. Overall, the empty nest experience for Indian homemaker mothers is emotionally challenging and a potential period of personal rediscovery, shaped by cultural norms and the evolving role of family dynamics. This research provides a culturally specific perspective on a largely Western-studied phenomenon, offering insights for further investigation into the changing maternal identity in India. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Transitioning from anthropocene to anthropause? A study of the consumer behavioural shifts in the hospitality sector
The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed the human race to transition from anthropocene to anthropause philosophy. Against this backdrop, the term "anthropause" describes the abrupt and intentional cessation of regular human activities caused by the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The human response to this global health crisis has massively affected and altered human behaviour. The pandemic had an enormous impact with a sudden halt in the global human mobility phenomenon, and businesses were pushed to cater to altered consumption patterns. Hospitality is one such sector that has been impacted immensely. The study examines the key factors influencing consumer behaviour in the hospitality industry during the post-pandemic times. The study can be classified as conceptual research and would assess the theoretical underpinnings of the studies focusing on altered consumer behaviour. The chapter would also lead to a critical discussion on the transformation of consumption behaviour in the aftermath of this outbreak. Thematic content analysis of the data collected through the review of critical works in the domain of hospitality management has been triangulated with the authors' reflections to reach a consensual position. This work would also focus on understanding the theoretical standpoint of the researchers about the various stages of evolution in consumer behaviour in the field of hospitality businesses. Lastly, this conceptual study aims to analyse the current trends and future directions in consumer behaviour with particular reference to hospitality businesses. As post-pandemic consumer behaviour is still evolving, the present chapter would help trigger a broader discussion within academia and practitioners of hospitality businesses. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. All rights reserved. -
Transitivity of trees
For a graph G = (V,E), a partition ? = (V1,V2,..,Vk) of the vertex set V is a transitive partition if Vi dominates Vj whenever i < j. The transitivity Tr(G) of a graph G is the maximum order of a transitive partition of V. For any positive integer k, we characterize the smallest tree with transitivity k and obtain an algorithm to determine the transitivity of any tree of finite order. 2022 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Translating artificial intelligence into socio-economic insight: a hybrid deep learning approach to employee financial well-being
This study aims to translate recent advancements in hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) modeling into a functional tool for assessing individual financial well-being. The objective is to develop a system that aids organizations in understanding employees financial stress, with broader implications for enhancing workplace productivity and societal economic resilience. A deep learning pipeline was developed to classify individuals into three financial well-being categories: Financially Secure, Moderately Stable, and Financially At-Risk. The approach utilizes a structured dataset of 20,000 Indian individuals and implements 15 advanced deep learning models, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM), and Wide & Deep networks. Model performance was assessed using standard evaluation metrics, including validation accuracy and ROC-AUC scores. Among the tested models, the hybrid Wide & Deep + CNN configuration yielded the highest performance, achieving a validation accuracy of 99.44% and a perfect ROC-AUC score of 1.0000. These results validate the models capacity for robust classification and real-world applicability to financial profiling. This study demonstrates a practical application of AI in financial decision support systems and contributes to organizational research by offering a scalable solution to assess and mitigate employee financial stress. The Author(s) 2026. -
Translating psychoneuroimmunology into community practice
The morbidity and mortality rates in India due to non-communicable diseases have been at their peak since 2015. There is a well-established connection between stress and these chronic illnesses; the physiological and behavioral avenues of stress trigger or exacerbate chronic diseases. The feedback loop between nervous, endocrine, and immune systems is the focus of psychoneuroimmunology. A comprehensive model involving the connection between the neural, immune, and endocrine systems, and social and psychological factors is important for addressing chronic illnesses in a community practice. The psychoneuroimmunology framework is quite successful at the individual level for various chronic diseases. The current paper strategized the psychoneuroimmunology framework in the community using the comprehensive six-level Community Health Impact Pyramid for Health Care model. For implementing this model in the community, the interventions were designed in preventive, promotive, and curative dimensions using an ecological systems perspective and life course approach. 2025 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Translating Subh-e-Azadi: ChatGPT, Gemini, and the cultural complexity of 1947 partition poetry
Artificial Intelligence has transformed the field of translation, yet concerns remain about its ability to handle culturally complex metaphors and nuances. This chapter addresses this issue and compares the capabilities of two AI models- ChatGPT 4o (free version) and Gemini 1.5 Flash (free version) in translating a culturally laden poem, "Subh- e- Azadi (The Dawn of Freedom)" by Faiz Ahmed Faiz, from Hindi to English. With an emphasis on accuracy and quality, this study compares the translations produced by ChatGPT and Gemini against a human translation of the poem. It explores how AI models handle linguistic subtleties, cultural adaptability, and emotional depth while also experimenting with prompting techniques to assess whether explicit instructions improve translation quality or not. The findings will provide an insight into the future of AI in translating literature with heavy contextual background. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Translation and Validation of the Malayalam Version of the Subjective Happiness Scale
The subjective happiness scale (SHS) is a brief instrument used to measure global subjective happiness that has been translated from its original English to many other languages. To date, there is no reported translation of this scale into Malayalam, a language spoken by over 32 million people especially in the southern state of Kerala, India. In the present study, 656 community-dwelling older adults participating in the Kerala Einstein study (KES) completed the Malayalam version of the SHS. The Malayalam version demonstrated high internal consistency and good convergent validity, as assessed by comparison to measures of depression and anxiety. We also used factor analysis to determine that the Malayalam version of the SHS has a unidimensional structure, akin to the original English as well as other language adaptations. Our study adds to the repertoire of tools to measure happiness in non-English-speaking populations, enabling future research to explore the foundations of well-being across diverse cultures. The Author(s) 2024. -
Translation and Validation of the Malayalam Version of the Subjective Happiness Scale
The subjective happiness scale (SHS) is a brief instrument used to measure global subjective happiness that has been translated from its original English to many other languages. To date, there is no reported translation of this scale into Malayalam, a language spoken by over 32 million people especially in the southern state of Kerala, India. In the present study, 656 community-dwelling older adults participating in the Kerala Einstein study (KES) completed the Malayalam version of the SHS. The Malayalam version demonstrated high internal consistency and good convergent validity, as assessed by comparison to measures of depression and anxiety. We also used factor analysis to determine that the Malayalam version of the SHS has a unidimensional structure, akin to the original English as well as other language adaptations. Our study adds to the repertoire of tools to measure happiness in non-English-speaking populations, enabling future research to explore the foundations of well-being across diverse cultures. The Author(s) 2024. -
Translation and validation of the Tamil version of depression anxiety stress scales-21
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a well-established scale designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress. DASS-21 has been translated into various languages, and findings conclude that it is psychometrically sound, with good reliability and validity. This study adapts and validates the psychometric properties of DASS-21 in the Tamil language. The instrument was administered to 511 Tamil speaking students ranging between 18 and 35 of age with an average age of 21 years. Results reaffirm that DASS-21 three-factor model shows excellent validity and reliability on the entire sample and groups based on age, gender, and residential area. They also find support in different hierarchical variance measurement models (metric, scalar, strict models). This study concludes that Tamil DASS-21 can be used as a universal measure to map symptoms and screen for depression, anxiety, and stress in any circumstances. Our findings provide roadmap for future research on the Tamil version of DASS-21 with specific focus on its clinical use. 2022 -
Translation of supercapacitor technology from laboratory scale to commercialization
This overview chapter discusses the critical process of transforming supercapacitor technology from the laboratory scale to successful commercialization. Supercapacitors possess remarkable energy storage capacity and fast discharge cycles, making them highly promising for diverse applications, including electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. However, transitioning from small-scale prototyping to mass production presents significant challenges, such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, and maintaining consistent performance. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the main obstacles in the commercialization process and propose strategies and solutions to expedite the market introduction of supercapacitors. By identifying and addressing these hurdles, this research aims to facilitate the rapid and efficient transition of supercapacitor technology into commercial applications. To achieve this goal, the present chapter examines several aspects, including increasing production output, optimizing manufacturing processes, and reducing costs while upholding performance standards. Additionally, this chapter explores methods to ensure the scalability and reliability of supercapacitors, enabling seamless integration into existing energy storage systems. By bridging the gap between laboratory innovation and large-scale production, this study seeks to make a significant contribution to the realization of efficient and sustainable energy storage technologies across various industries. The successful commercialization of supercapacitors holds the potential to revolutionize the field of energy storage and provide viable solutions to global challenges, such as climate change and the transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources. In summary, this chapter addresses the challenges involved in transitioning supercapacitor technology from the laboratory scale to commercialization. 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Transmission Jeopardy of Adenomatosis Polyposis Coli and Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the globally prevalent and virulent types of cancer with a distinct alteration in chromosomes. Often, any alterations in the adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor gene, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene are related to surmise colorectal cancer significantly. In this study, we have investigated chromosomal and gene variants to discern a new-fangled gene and its expression in the southern populations of India by primarily spotting the screened APC and MTHFR variants in CRC patients. An equal number of CRC patients and healthy control subjects ((Formula presented.)) were evaluated to observe a chromosomal alteration in the concerted and singular manner for APC and MTHFR genotypes using standard protocols. The increasing prognosis was observed in persons with higher alcoholism and smoking ((Formula presented.)) with frequent alterations in chromosomes 1, 5, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, and 22. The APC Asp 1822Val and MTHFR C677T genotypes provided significant results, while the variant alleles of this polymorphism were linked with an elevated risk of CRC. Chromosomal alterations can be the major cause in inducing carcinogenic outcomes in CRCs and can drive to extreme pathological states. 2021, SAGE Publications Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Transmit Range Adjustment Using Artificial Intelligence for Enhancement of Location Privacy and Data Security in Service Location Protocol of VANET
IoT or the internet of things is the talk of the town topic being researched in the field of information technology for more than decade. It is being in deployment stage in various developing economics, to enable driverless automobiles in the field of VANET. It helps in preventing crashes and provides urgent medical assistance in emergency case. Data security and location privacy are becoming of most importance in present IT scenario. Unauthorized access to location information of vehicles may pose a significant security threat. So, it is necessary to secure the location information of the vehicle. The proposed work aims at enhancement of location privacy data security in service location protocol of VANET'S. The primary techniques to be employed include artificial intelligence-based RF range approximation for transmission range adjustment and receive RF strength based distance estimation for trusted node location perimeters approximation, dynamic adjustment of silence period of OBU (on based unit) in conjunction with radio/RF interrupt. The unauthorized access to location information of vehicles and need of its privacy is the motivation for this work. 2022 Shivkant Kaushik et al. -
Transparency and effective e-Governance: a case of telecentres in the Indian State of Karnataka
Purpose: It is the responsibility of any government to ensure efficient, transparent and reliable services to the common man through telecentres. The purpose of this study is to take into account the influence of people and process on transparency that leads to effective e-governance. Design/methodology/approach: This study involved collecting data through questionnaire method from 400 citizens who visited the telecentres. Data were analysed by conducting chi-square test and independent sample t-test, and it was found that there exists significant influence of location on transparency. Findings: The current study reiterates the fact from literature that transparency in transactions enables effective e-governance. Beneficiaries perceive that people and processes have influence on transparency. Research limitations/implications: The research adds up to the literature in establishing that there exist differentials among the rural and urban population with respect to transparency. Results could be skewed, as there could be an impact of population density across urban and rural areas. Practical implications: This study brings out a framework and an action plan for the government to implement and ensure transparency in processes leading to effective e-governance. Social implications: The action plan ensures transparency in service delivery leading to effective e-governance. Increased transparency empowers citizens with increased trustworthiness towards services delivered through telecentres. Originality/value: This paper fulfils the need for an action plan to assure citizens to use deliveries through telecentres with better transparency. The aspect of transparency is not being studied in the present context of service delivery by the government authorities in India. Moreover, the influence of transparency on e-governance is also under-explored. 2017, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
Transparency and effective e-governance: A case of telecentres in the Indian state of Karnataka /
Transforming Government : People, Process And Policy, Vol.11, Issue 4, pp.506-522, ISSN: 1750-6166. -
Transparency in governance: A comparative study of right-to-information legislation in India, Indonesia and Nigeria
This article discusses how the Right to Information Act in India, Nigeria and Indonesia can have an influence on ensuring transparency and accountability in the government system. The acts pertaining to the right to information in these three countries were implemented after long proceedings and deep struggles. The article looks at the legislation on the right to information in these three countries, the factors that motivated each of them to adopt the legislation, the implementation of the Right to Information Act, the challenges faced during the passage of the Act, the scope of coverage of the provisions of the Acts of all three countries, exceptions to the information disclosed to the public and problems faced during implementation from the government's side and the user's side. The article concludes with a summary of the arguments and key policy recommendations. The Author(s) 2022. -
Transparency in Translation: A Deep Dive into Explainable AI Techniques for Bias Mitigation
In an era dominated by artificial intelligence (AI), concerns about bias and discrimination loom large. The quest for fairness and equity in AI-driven decision-making has led to the exploration of Explainable AI (XAI) as a viable solution. This paper undertakes a thorough examination of the bias ingrained within AI systems and posits XAI as a potent antidote. Beginning with an exploration of the origins and aftermath of bias in AI, the analysis traverses the evolution of XAI techniques, including SHAP, LIME, and counterfactual explanations, clearly stating their advantages and drawbacks. With each XAI method thoroughly inspected, the study unravels their applicability across diverse AI models and domains. Furthermore, a compelling case study is presented, showcasing XAI's practical application in a language translation app, where it guarantees transparency and equity in the translation process. This tangible example serves as a testament to XAI's efficacy in mitigating bias within real-world applications. As the analysis concludes, it underscores the pivotal role XAI plays in fostering accountability and trustworthiness in AI systems. By shedding light on how XAI mitigates bias and offering concrete examples of its utility, the paper advocates for its widespread adoption as an imperative step towards the development of ethically robust AI systems. In a landscape filled with concerns about bias, XAI emerges as a beacon of hope, promising a future where AI decisions are transparent, fair, and equitable for all. 2024 IEEE. -
Transparent and lead-free Dy3+ doped lithium borate glasses for photon and neutron shielding applications
The exploration of trivalent rare-earth ion-doped lithium calcium borate glasses has surged recently due to their potential applications in solid-state lasers, medical imaging, and radiation shielding. This study focuses on transparent and lead-free Dy3+ doped lithium borate glasses for their efficacy as versatile radiation shields. Glasses with the chemical composition 50(Li2O): 20(CaO): 30?x(B2O3): x(Dy2O3) (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 mol% Dy2O3) were investigated. The structural changes in the lithium calcium borate glasses with Dy2O3 were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectra of the synthesized glass samples. Experimental mass attenuation coefficients (?/?) of the glasses have been determined using NaI(Tl) detector spectrometer in the energy range of 0.356-1.332 MeV. Photon interaction parameters were computed using PAGEX software in the energy range of 0.015-15 MeV. Relative dose distribution (RDD) and specific absorbed fraction of energy (SAFE) were also investigated. Additionally, macroscopic fast neutron removal cross-sections ( ? R ) were computed to estimate neutron shielding efficiencies. The sample with 1 mol% Dy2O3(LBD1), displayed superior photon and neutron attenuation properties. Glasses with lower Dy2O3 doping concentrations (?1 mol%) showed comparable half-value layer and effective atomic number to reference materials with higher doping concentrations. Increasing Dy2O3 doping concentration improved photon shielding parameters, with ? R values ranging from 0.1460 to 0.1475 cm?1, higher than those of ordinary concrete, RS-360, and other reference materials. The results highlight the potential of Dy3+ doped lithium borate glasses as effective radiation shields. Further investigations on chemical combinations and Dy2O3 doping concentrations are warranted to fabricate glasses with enhanced properties. 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.