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Analyzing enablers of artificial intelligence for decarbonization: implications for circular supply chains
This study comprehensively explores the pivotal position that Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables on the advancement of decarbonization efforts, mainly in the context of Circular Supply Chains (CSCs). Employing a two-stage methodology, this study delves into identifying and analyzing the enablers essential for leveraging AI in the pursuit of decarbonization objectives. In the first stage, a literature review and an exploratory factor analysis are performed to discern the key enablers of AI for decarbonization initiatives. This process resulted in the identification of 15 significant enablers and categorization of enablers into environmental, organizational, institutional, and technological categories. Building upon the findings from the first stage, this study progresses to its second stage, wherein the Grey-Ordinal Priority Approach (G-OPA) is applied to analyze the identified enablers. The results indicate that adopting recyclable materials to enhance the efficiency of supply chains, emphasizing local production for recovery practices through advanced technology, and managing product life-cycle through intelligent and additive manufacturing technologies are the top three enablers. The application of the G-OPA enriches the robustness and comprehensiveness of the analysis, enabling an understanding of the complex interplay among the enablers. By clarifying the key enablers,business planners and designers can migrate from traditional linear supply chains to more sustainable CSCs through the careful implementation of enablers for decarbonization. The Author(s) 2025. -
The Role of Humility in School Counselling Relationships: A cross-cultural Comparison
In this multi-continent, cross-cultural study, we investigated the role of humility in counselling relationships between school counsellors and students across Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Central Europe. A culturally diverse research group interviewed 45 school counsellors and analysed the data thematically. The findings suggest that humility is a relational and context-dependent trait, highlighting how cultural understandings and enactments of humility shape counsellor-student relationships. The study has implications for developing culturally relevant counselling practices in schools, where cultural characteristics, organisational factors, and counsellors professional practices interact. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Investigation of surface and interface effects of piezoelectric quasicrystal different models with propagation of shear horizontal and anti-plane shear horizontal wave; [??????????????????????????????????]
Based on the theoretical representation of piezoelectric quasicrystal, a generalized dynamic model is built to represent the transmission of wave aspects in surface acoustic pulse nano-devices. Surface elasticity, surface piezoelectricity, and surface permittivity help to include the surface effect, which equals additional thin sheets. It is shown that, under certain assumptions, this generalized dynamic model may be simplified to a few classical examples that are appropriate for both macro and nano-scale applications. In the current work, surface piezoelectricity is used to develop a theoretical model for shear horizontal (SH) waves where it contains the surface piezoelectricity theory and a linear spring model to quantitatively and qualitatively explore SH waves in an orthotropic piezoelectric quasicrystal layer overlying an elastic framework (Model I), a piezoelectric quasi-crystal nano substrate, and an orthotropic piezoelectric quasicrystal half-space (Model II). The theoretical model stimulates the numerical results, which establish the critical thickness. As the piezoelectric layers thickness gets closer to nanometres, surface energy must be included when analyzing dispersion properties. Furthermore, the effects of surface elasticity and density on wave velocity are investigated individually. The authors establish a parameter, precisely the ratio of the physical modulus along the width direction to along the direction of wave travel. The surface effects impact on the general characteristics of piezoelectric structures is seen as a spring force acting on bulk boundaries. Analytical presentation of frequency equations for both symmetric and anti-symmetric waves pertains to the case of an electrical short circuit in Model II. The project aims to analyze SH waves in orthogonal anisotropic, transversely isotropic piezoelectric layered nanostructures, providing a practical mathematical tool for surface effects analysis and adaptability to other wave types, including Rayleigh waves and acoustic surface waves. The Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Deep learning-driven correction of motion-induced artifacts in microfluidic on-chip fluorescence microscopy for robust cell classification
Fluorescence microscopy combined with microfluidic platforms allows for the analysis of single cells and the whole biomedical process to be done at high speed, however, it is often a very delicate method that can be heavily affected by motion-induced distortions during the high-speed flow. These artifacts, such as motion blur, misalignment, and shape deformation significantly lower automatical accuracy of the cell classification. The suggested research suggests that on-chip fluorescence microscopy employs an AI-based framework of distortion correction using Vision Transformers (ViT) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) to remove motion artifacts in real-time. The combination of the GAN-ViT architecture does not only manage to reconstruct image quality but also to preserve fine cellular features when flowing system rates increase to 200 4L/min, which provide PSNR = 38.6 dB and SSIM = 0.98. When the system was used in both synthetic and experimental microfluidic data, it was able to reach a classification accuracy of 99.9, thereby indicating consistency in the system despite varying flow rates. The speed of the framework is 950 frames per second (fps), almost equal to the 1000-fps smartphone camera acquisition rate, thereby, demonstrating its suitability to the real-time, high-throughput imaging. As opposed to the past CNN or transformer techniques, a hybrid GAN-ViT architecture offered by the authors of this study directly implements in the imaging pipeline, thus enabling the simultaneous motion correction and diagnostic classification to occur immediately. The study results highlight the fact that AI-based distortion correction not only increases the accuracy of the diagnosis, but also personnel and laboratory response in microfluidic fluorescence microscopy. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026. -
Enhancing Early Seedling Stage Salinity Tolerance in Rice Through Brassinosteroid Priming
Rice (Oryza sativa), astaple food for the major global population, faces substantial productivity challenges due to salinity stress, an increasingly prevalent issue exacerbated by climate change. Salinity impacts rice at critical growth stages especially at seedling stage, root development, shoot elongation and ultimately seedling establishment. This study evaluated the effect of brassinosteroid (BR) priming as astrategy to improve seedling stage salinity tolerance in rice seedlings across 15genotypes subjected to moderate (140?mM NaCl), and severe (200?mM NaCl) salinity stress in comparison with control. BR-primed seeds demonstrated enhanced germination rates, seedling vigor index, shoot length and root length under salinity conditions compared to non-treated seeds. BR priming led to a35% improvement in SVI under control conditions and up to 30% under severe salinity, suggesting that BRs may facilitate osmotic regulation and ion homeostasis, key for maintaining growth under stress. Furthermore, BR priming significantly increased root development, essential for water uptake and nutrient acquisition in saline environments. Our results showed the prospect of BR priming as an effective approach to enhance rice resilience to salinity stress, providing afoundation for further field-based research on BR-mediated stress tolerance mechanisms. This study underscores the relevance of BR priming in improving rice productivity in saline-prone areas, contributing to food security in the face of increasing soil salinization. The author(s), exclusively licensed to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, a part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Can mobile wallet usage contribute towards environmental sustainability? Evidence from a moderated mediation approach
This research empirically examines the antecedent factors influencing the relationship between mobile wallet use and environmental sustainability. The study adopted the UTAUT2 model with constructs of effort expectancy, performance expectancy, price value, mobile wallet usage, perceived security, and environmental sustainability. The research model was tested using a questionnaire-based response from 535 Indian Northeast tribal customers through a cross-sectional approach and examined the moderated mediation effect among the latent constructs. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to analyse the hypotheses and explain the variance, effect size, predictive relevance, and IPMA matrix. The results of this paper indicate that antecedent factors statistically and positively impact mobile wallet usage, contributing towards environmental sustainability. The outcome of this study encourages customers to adopt digital financial technology to promote environmental protection and reduce all forms of pollution. The findings help policymakers and mobile wallet service providers prioritise marketing attributes to enhance mobile wallet adoption. Moreover, managers should design tactics to augment confidence among older clients. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. -
Effective on-site waste minimisation approaches in Indian construction projects
Indias rapidly expanding construction sector generates substantial material waste, creating environmental and economic challenges that are often intensified by weak on-site waste management (WM) practices. This study investigates effective approaches for minimising material waste in building construction projects using a mixed-methods research design. The research integrates a systematic literature review, expert interviews, and a large-scale questionnaire survey to identify and prioritise waste minimisation strategies. From an initial set of 38 practices, 15 key strategies were shortlisted through descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Their practical effectiveness was then evaluated through longitudinal monitoring of material waste across seven construction stages at four active residential sites. The results indicate a consistent reduction in material wastage following the implementation of targeted interventions. By triangulating expert insights, industry perceptions, and empirical site-based evidence, this study moves beyond perception-based assessments and provides empirical validation of waste minimisation strategies under real construction conditions in a developing-country context. The findings demonstrate that sustained waste reduction depends on an integrated approach combining human behaviour, managerial control, and proactive planning from early project stages. The study offers practical guidance for improving material efficiency, reducing costs, and advancing sustainable construction practices in India. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2026. -
An intelligent secure and efficient workflow scheduling (SEWS) model for heterogeneous cloud computing environment
This study recognizes the critical role of the cloud computing platform in scientific workflow applications yet identifies vulnerabilities in existing cloud workflow systems, such as information leaks, unauthorized access, and compromised data integrity during task scheduling. Mainly, attackers exploit the lack of security for intermediate-level task information. To address these security threats, this work introduces the secure and efficient workflow scheduling (SEWS) model for heterogeneous cloud computing environments. The SEWS model identifies malicious attacks on all workflow tasks and focuses explicitly on safeguarding intermediary data. The SEWS model employs intelligent techniques to enhance security and introduces a comprehensive metric to measure the security of workflow tasks, considering factors like integrity, confidentiality, and availability. Beyond security improvements, the SEWS model aims to elevate the overall quality of service (QoS) in workflow scheduling applications. This includes reducing simulation time, enhancing overall power efficiency, and minimizing average energy consumption. Results: Results from the SEWS model demonstrate substantial improvements over the energy-minimized scheduling (EMS) model, with a reduction of 79.41% in average simulation time, 87.92% in average power sum, 41.35% in average power average, and 89.62% in average energy consumption. These findings underscore the SEWS models effectiveness in providing enhanced security and improved QoS in cloud workflow scheduling. The overarching goal of this work is to contribute to developing a more secure and efficient cloud workflow scheduling system, aligning with the increasing demands for robust security measures and optimized performance in heterogeneous cloud environments. Findings: Compared to the energy-minimized scheduling (EMS) model, the findings of this study demonstrate that the secure and efficient workflow scheduling (SEWS) model yields superior outcomes across key performance metrics. Specifically, the SEWS model excels in average simulation time, power sum, power average, and energy consumption. These results underscore the effectiveness of the SEWS model in enhancing the efficiency and resource utilization of cloud workflow scheduling. Importantly, the study identifies a notable gap in the existing work related to workflow task scheduling. Many prior studies still need to address the critical aspects of security and QoS in this context. While some jobs have attempted to enhance security, a significant limitation is the failure to extend these security measures to intermediary data. This gap in the literature highlights the unique contribution of the SEWS model, which addresses security concerns comprehensively and prioritizes QoS in the workflow task scheduling process. The observed superiority of the SEWS model in comparison with the EMS model serves as a testament to the models efficacy in concurrently addressing security and QoS challenges. By focusing on intermediary data, the SEWS model presents a holistic solution that aligns with the increasing demand for comprehensive security measures in cloud workflow environments. The findings emphasize the significance of integrating security and QoS considerations to establish a more robust and efficient workflow scheduling framework in heterogeneous cloud computing environments. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Silvergraphene composite: a coating on polyethersulfone membrane for superior water purification with antibacterial, catalytic and antifouling properties
Membrane fouling, originating from a diverse range of sources such as organic matter, inorganic particulates, biological agents, and industrial contaminants, continues to pose a significant challenge in water purification processes. This fouling results from complex nonspecific interactions between the membrane surface and foulants, leading to a substantial decline in filtration performance, including reduced permeability, selectivity, and operational lifespan. To address these limitations, there is an urgent need to engineer advanced membranes with integrated antibacterial, catalytic, and antifouling functionalities to enable efficient and sustainable water treatment. In this context, we developed an innovative approach to mitigate membrane fouling of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane by coating with silver-decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO). This coating imparts exceptional antibacterial efficacy, catalytic dye degradation properties, antifouling performance and remarkable filtration capacity to the PES membrane. The antibacterial assessments conducted against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aures) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria revealed that increasing concentrations of silver in rGO composites resulted in a pronounced inhibitory effect on bacterial growth, with the most significant activity observed for membranes with higher silver loadings (rGO A500). Moreover, catalytic studies performed on the rGO A500 membrane emphasize the degradation of Congo Red, Methyl-Orange, and as well as the conversion of Nitrophenol to Aminophenol, occurring within 46min, 25min, and 23min, respectively. Furthermore, the rGO A500 membrane exhibits notable antifouling properties, evidenced by a flux recovery ratio of 98% and a minimal irreversible fouling ratio of 1.7% during Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) protein filtration. Additionally, the composite membrane demonstrates an impressive water flux of 50 L m?2h?1 along with dye rejection efficiency of 92% for Congo Red, 86% for Rhodamine-B, and 81% for Methylene Blue. Overall, the findings underscore the multifunctional performance of the rGO A500 composite membrane, showcasing its antibacterial, catalytic and antifouling capabilities, and positioning it as a robust and practical solution for next-generation wastewater treatment technologies. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Electrochemical behaviour of optically transparent, nanoporous LiFePO4cathodes grown via RF magnetron sputtering
The rapid growth of smart technology has accelerated the need for compact and durable microbatteries. Fabrication of thin-film microbatteries is effective to address the requirements of the evolving technology. In the present work, pristine, optically transparent, nanoporous LiFePO4 (LFP)is synthesized via RF magnetron sputtering. The effect of nanoporosity on the electrochemical properties and charge storage mechanisms of LFP is explored. The galvanostatic studies revealed an initial discharge capacity of 32 Ah cm2?m1 and stabilised to 17.5 Ah cm2?m1 after 100 cycles. The capacity fading can be attributed to the increased formation of SEI caused by the enhanced interaction between the cathode and electrolyte due to the nanoporosity. The films demonstrate good rate capability and reversibility. Optical studies reveal a bandgap of 3.74eV, highlighting the potential for usage in optically transparent microbatteries. This work provides key insights into the intrinsic electrochemical behaviour of pristine nanoporous LFP thin films, creating a pathway for its implementation in microbatteries. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026. -
GraCoD: a disruptive graph-aware drift detection algorithm with a GCN-based time-varying module for concept drift detection in short text streams
Detection of concept drift in time-varying short text streams has numerous challenges since the data are volatile. According to research, 30% to 40% of the traditional drift detection methods are not able to detect change of the concept in the text stream and, therefore, produce high false positives and slow response time. To address the above issues, the proposed Graph based Concept Drift Detection (GraCoD) method suggests a novel concept drift detection (CoD) framework. GraCoD uses ConvBERT with Hopfield layers and temporal convolution to capture linguistic context and temporal dependencies. The model constructs a graph representation of text data using a text GCN with Time Varying Spatio Temporal-Graph Attention Module (TVST-GAT) and uses the Graph Aware Drift Detection Algorithm (GADD) to classify the change in the graph metrics such as node centrality and edge density. The approach is more helpful and effective than the traditional approaches of detecting the occurrence of drift. To react to the detected drifts proactively, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is merged with Deep Q-Learning to automatically adapt parameters and behaviors based on the outcomes of detected drifts. The severity and classification modules detect the severity and classify the detected drifts for further investigation. The proposed model demonstrates exceptional performance in CoD across five diverse datasets: Twitter datasets 1 and 2, Enron, News 20, and Amazon Reviews. It achieves high accuracy (98.7%-99.5%) and F1-scores (96%-98%), with low false positive (0.020.04) and false negative (0.010.03) rates. The model effectively identifies 2329 drifts, with drift indicators ranging from 81.3% to 86.6%, showcasing its robustness in handling dynamic data streams across various domains. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Mathematical modelling and mechanics of acoustic waves in piezoelectric layers between n-type semiconductor plates: an irreducible Cardano method coupled with a functional iteration scheme
This study presents a comprehensive analyticalnumerical investigation of acoustic wave dispersion, attenuation, and energy dissipation in piezoelectricsemiconductor heterostructures composed of SiPZTSi and GePZTGe layers. The governing electromechanicaldiffusive equations for the coupled media are formulated with full continuity conditions, leading to a cubic characteristic equation solved using a hybrid irreducible Cardano method and functional iteration scheme. A detailed convergence analysis demonstrates stable, monotonic residual decay for both symmetric and asymmetric modes, confirming the robustness of the adopted solver. Numerical results reveal strong sensitivity of phase velocity, attenuation, and specific loss to wave number, semiconductor mobility, convergence and carrier concentration. GePZTGe consistently exhibits higher phase velocity, reduced attenuation, and lower dissipative losses than SiPZTSi, primarily due to the higher carrier mobility and weaker acoustoelectric drag in Ge. Additional parametric plots highlight the influence of semiconductor quality and PZT layer thickness on acoustic energy confinement. The findings provide actionable design guidelines for optimizing SAW-based filters, delay lines, sensors, and signal-processing devices, where low loss, high velocity, and efficient energy trapping are critical. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2026. -
Shearhorizontal wave transmission in prestressed rotating piezoelectricpiezomagnetic cylinders with imperfect interfaces: analytical modeling and parametric insights
This study develops an analytical framework to investigate shearhorizontal (SH) wave transmission in layered multiferroic cylinders composed of concentric piezoelectric (PE) and piezomagnetic (PM) materials under prestress and rotation. Both bi-layer and tri-layer configurations are examined, with the latter including a fiber-reinforced core, while the interfaces are modeled as mechanically, electrically, or magnetically imperfect using spring-type conditions. Closed-form dispersion relations are derived for electrically open/magnetically short and electrically short/magnetically open boundary cases. Numerical simulations are conducted to assess the influence of interfacial compliance, thickness ratio, rotation speed, and initial stress on phase and group velocities, as well as electromechanical coupling efficiency. The findings reveal that mechanical imperfection exerts a stronger influence on SH wave dispersion than electrical or magnetic defects, while PE/PM stiffening leads to monotonic phase velocity enhancement. Rotation and prestress are shown to significantly modify dispersion behavior, with PE layers more sensitive than PM layers. The novelty of this work lies in its unified treatment of multiferroic cylinders with simultaneous rotation, prestress, and multifield interface imperfections, bridging theoretical predictions with practical design considerations. Although the analysis assumes linear material behavior and neglects nonlinear dissipation or thermal coupling, it provides physically consistent predictions validated against limiting cases from prior literature. The results offer valuable guidelines for the design of piezoelectricpiezomagnetic devices such as SAW gyroscopes, rotation sensors, and magnetically controlled transducers, where interfacial integrity and prestress management are critical for performance optimization. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Dynamic stress analysis of semi-elliptical notches in PZT media under SH wave interaction using Mathieu functions
This work develops a rigorous analytical framework to examine the scattering behavior and dynamic stress response of semi-elliptical notches in piezoelectric half-planes subjected to anti-plane shear (SH) waves. The framework unifies the treatment of cracks, circular holes, and notches within a consistent wavedefect interaction model, while explicitly incorporating piezoelectric coupling and nanoscale surface/interface effects. The analysis employs the complex function method in combination with the Helmholtz equation and wavefield superposition theory, resulting in an infinite system of equations that rigorously enforces continuity and boundary conditions. A systematic truncation scheme is then applied to ensure stable and convergent solutions. The results reveal that surface/interface effects play a crucial role in suppressing the dynamic stress concentration factor (DSCF), particularly under vertical SH-wave excitation, while sharper resonance peaks emerge at low modulus ratios and higher piezoelectric constants, such as PZT-5H and BaTiO?. In the absence of piezoelectric coupling, the formulation seamlessly reduces to classical elasticity, ensuring strong theoretical consistency. Validation is achieved through recovery of benchmark solutions (semicircular notch and edge crack), graphical comparisons with prior results, and the rapid convergence of the truncated system, confirming the models accuracy and robustness. The findings hold significant implications for structural health monitoring, non-destructive evaluation, and the design of advanced piezoelectric composites, where accurate prediction of stress amplification and defect evolution is essential. Although the present study focuses on semi-elliptical notches in half-plane geometries under SH-wave loading, the approach can be readily extended to more general defect shapes and mixed-mode disturbances. The novelty of this work lies in capturing piezoelectric surface/interface effects within an exact analytical framework, thereby enhancing predictive capability for defect-induced stress concentrations and providing a reliable basis for the design and durability assessment of high-performance piezoelectric materials. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Shear wave interaction with cylindrical magneto-electro-elastic structures
The present study develops an extended analytical framework for investigating Love-type wave propagation in multilayered magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) composites while accounting for nanoscale electrical, magnetic, and mechanical interfacial imperfections. The primary purpose is to establish a generalized dispersion relation that unifies classical Love-wave theory with coupled-field effects and imperfect interface conditions. The methodology employs the complex function approach in conjunction with the Helmholtz equation and wavefield superposition theory. Interfacial imperfection factors are introduced via a spring-type boundary model, leading to an infinite system of equations. A systematic truncation procedure ensures convergence of the analytical solution, and numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the influence of imperfections, thickness ratio, and coupling coefficients on dispersion, attenuation, and coupling efficiency. Findings reveal that imperfections significantly suppress phase velocity, with electrical defects producing stronger effects than magnetic ones, while mechanical bonding imperfections accelerate attenuation. Combined imperfections exhibit a synergistic nonlinear influence, producing dispersion shifts more severe than the sum of individual effects. Comparisons between EMO and EMS boundary conditions highlight that stress-driven EMS interfaces are more sensitive to imperfections than displacement-driven EMO boundaries. Additionally, increasing the guiding layer thickness enhances wave confinement, raising phase velocity and partially mitigating defect influence. Validation is achieved by demonstrating that the model naturally reduces to the classical Love-wave solution in the absence of coupling and imperfections, showing excellent agreement with previously published results. The novelty of the work lies in providing the first comprehensive formulation that integrates piezoelectric, piezomagnetic, and imperfection effects within a unified Love-wave framework. Limitations include restriction to anti-plane shear (SH) motion and idealized isotropic elastic half-space substrates, which may be extended in future studies to anisotropic or viscoelastic media. Practical applications include non-destructive evaluation of layered composites, defect detection, fatigue life prediction, energy harvesting, and the design of piezoelectric/piezomagnetic sensors. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Analysis of Rayleigh-type wave energy transmission in piezoelectric substrate following GreenNaghdi type III, MooreGibsonThompson and three-phase-lag theories
This study investigates the propagation of Rayleigh-type surface waves in a homogeneous, transversely isotropic piezoelectric half-space under various boundary conditionsspecifically, stress-free, electrically open- or short-circuited, and thermally insulated or isothermal surfaces. We analyze the problem within the framework of the GreenNaghdi type III (GN-III) and three-phase-lag thermoelastic models named as model I. Also, studies carry the comparative study with Rayleigh surface wave propagation in piezoelectric media influenced by thermal effects and the presence of voids where this has analytical solutions for Rayleigh wave propagation in a nonlocal piezo-thermoelastic medium with voids, employing the MooreGibsonThompson thermoelasticity theory that incorporates memory-dependent effects named as model II. Plane harmonic wave solutions are employed to determine mechanical displacements, electric potential and temperature variations. Using these results, expressions for stress, electric displacement and temperature gradient are derived. Four secular equations corresponding to different boundary conditions are formulated for the considered half-space. The trajectories of surface particles are shown to follow elliptical paths in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of wave propagation, with the eccentricity of these ellipses explicitly calculated. When there is no phase difference between the vertical and horizontal displacement components, the particle motion degenerates into a straight-line path. A previously established analysis is recovered as a special case of the present model. The effects of various wave characteristicsincluding phase velocity, attenuation coefficient and specific lossare illustrated graphically for both the GN-III and three-phase-lag models, using cadmium selenide (a 6-mm class, hexagonally symmetric material) as the representative medium. The findings of this study highlight several distinct scenarios that enhance the understanding of Rayleigh wave propagation in complex material systems, especially those containing voids. This research offers important insights into the interplay between piezoelectric components and surface wave behavior, paving the way for advancements in sensor design, improved energy harvesting techniques and innovative seismic monitoring applications. This mathematical framework can serve as a foundation for the design and development of temperature sensors and other piezoelectric surface acoustic wave devices. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Surface wave propagation in one-dimensional layered substrate composed of hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystals with an imperfect interface
To design and optimize piezoelectric quasicrystal (PQC) surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, a detailed study of surface wave propagationspecifically Rayleigh and Love wavesin PQC-layered structures with weak interfaces is conducted. A hybrid LegendreLaguerre polynomial approach is developed to analytically solve the wave dynamic equations in these structures, overcoming the limitations of traditional Laguerre polynomial methods. The interplay between piezoelectric effects and weak interface characteristics is thoroughly analyzed. Notably, new phenomena are uncovered: weak interfaces in the phonon and phason fields reduce structural stiffness, whereas weak interfaces in the electric field increase it. These effects are especially prominent at frequencies exhibiting significant dispersion. Additionally, the weak interface is found to diminish the piezoelectric coupling of phonon modes in Love waves. The findings provide a strong theoretical basis for the design and optimization of PQC-based SAW devices. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Dynamic stress concentrations in piezoelectric materials with semi-elliptical surface notches under shear horizontal waves
Dynamic loading causes high stress concentrations at surface notches, which are further aggravated by piezoelectric effects. This research presents a novel semi-analytical technique for studying dynamic stress concentrations in semi-elliptical surface notches in piezoelectric materials subjected to shear horizontal (SH) wave incidence. The mirror technique is employed to apply traction-free and electrically insulating boundary conditions, converting the half-space problem into its analogous full-space form. Mathieu functions and elliptical coordinate system are adopted to model the geometry of the semi-elliptical notch accurately. By separating the governing equations, the potential function is obtained, and boundary conditions are applied to construct an infinite set of linear algebraic equations. To ensure reliability of the solution, a truncation scheme based on Mathieu function convergence behavior is proposed before solving the system. Numerical simulations are performed with a thorough parametric study to reveal the effects of important parameters like the incidence angle of waves, wave frequency, notch depth, and piezoelectric material characteristics on the behavior of scattered wave fields and dynamic stress concentrations. The presented model enjoys wide geometric applicability, provides necessary theoretical guidelines for the design of piezoelectric elements and serves as a baseline for the validation of computational approximations. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Study of vibrations in smart materials semiconductor under differential imperfect contact mechanism and nanoscale effect with electromechanical coupling effect
The work focuses on the transference of Love-type waves which are surface seismic waves that cause horizontal displacement perpendicular to the direction of propagation, in a multiferroic solid cylindrical structure, where the interface is assumed to be imperfect and made of a magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) structure. The analytical solution for the layer is obtained using the spatially variable quasi-classical technique which approximates complicated differential equations while maintaining their key physical properties. The coefficients of waves phase velocities and attenuation are greatly affected by different parameters as shown in the numerical example. In addition, a graphical comparison of electrical, magnetic, mechanical, magneto-mechanical, electromechanical, and magneto-electrical imperfections in electrically and magnetically open and short cases is presented. The phase velocity is higher in the electrically and magnetically open case as compared to the short case as shown in the results. Some major outcomes are summarized here: the bonding parameter is highly proportional to the phase velocity and inversely proportional to the attenuation coefficient, and imperfection parameters have a serious influence on the curve of phase velocity and attenuation coefficient. This theoretical study leads to the understanding of piezoelectric and piezomagnetic coupling and its potential application and design to sensors, actuators, energy harvesters, and nano-electronics. The novelty lies in the adoption of the quasi-classical method to approach solving differential equations using a polar coordinate system for the first time. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
An evaluation of SH and anti-plane SH wave signals for nanosensor applications using two distinct models of piezoelectric materials lead zirconate titanate (PZT-2) and PZT-5H
Investigating how wave propagation affects the functionality of surface acoustics wave (SAW) macro- and nanosensors is the main objective of the current investigation. Consequently, the surface piezoelectricity theory is used to investigate shear horizontal waves (SH) in an orthotropic PQC layer that is layered on top of an elastic framework (Model I), a piezoelectric substrate, and an orthotropic PQC substrate (Model II). Approach: A variable-separable approach is used in the study. Based on the differential equations and matrix formulation, theoretical forms are created and utilized to display the wavenumber of surface waves in any direction of the piezoelectric medium. Two configurations are examined: an orthotropic piezoelectric material layer over an elastic framework and a piezoelectric material half-space with a nanosubstrate. Analytical expressions for frequency equations are derived for both symmetric and anti-symmetric waves. Study investigates the effects of surface elastic constants, surface density, anisotropic piezoelectric constant, and symmetric and anti-ssymmetric modes on phase velocity. The study is confined to only linear wave propagation. Additionally, the analysis is based on idealized material properties and surface properties of the material. Surface effect study is the novelty which is conducted in the piezoelectric model and their applications in sensors. The findings of this research may be useful in designing surface acoustic wave sensors (SAW) devices. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2025.