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Templating motifs of molecular axles in hydrogen bonding [2]rotaxanes: Synthesis and applications
In [2]rotaxanes, hydrogen bonding interactions are found to be one of the prominent factors driving the templation of the macrocycle to the molecular axle. Several hydrogen bonding templating moieties like amides, hydrazones, nitrones, and squaraines have been incorporated into the molecular axle and the macrocycle for generating hydrogen bonding [2]rotaxanes. This review focuses on the design and synthetic strategy adopted in rendering various molecular axles, which can be used to generate [2]rotaxanes for numerous applications. Moreover, a detailed description is provided with suitable mechanistic insights about the utilization of hydrogen bonding [2]rotaxanes in applications like molecular motors, organic synthesis, and catalysis. 2022 Elsevier Ltd -
Systematic Review of Interparental Conflict and Intimate Relationship Satisfaction of Adult Offspring
Purpose: The objective of this paper is to synthesize a systematic review and showcase the findings of how interparental conflict affects the adult offsprings relationship satisfaction. Approach: The paper follows a systematic review approach adhering to PRISMA Guidelines. Findings: Three major themes were identified by the researcher that explained the consequences of interparental conflict on adult offspring. The themes are-Offspring Factors, Offspring factors feature the significant components and factors of offspring that highlight the differences in impact of interparental conflict on ones own romantic relationship; Consequences of Interparental Conflict on Offspring, which highlights the various corollaries on offspring of divorce; and Parent Factors help understand the different parental elements that affect relationship satisfaction of adult offspring. Limitations: 4 full text articles could not be accessed by the author, and hence were not accounted for in the study. Practical Implications: The study helps practitioners comprehend the extensive effects of interparental conflict for usage in therapeutic setups. It also highlights research gaps in existing literature such as lack of studies focusing on men, LGBTQ+ population, children from polygamous families and multicultural cohorts. Value/Originality: Despite the numerous studies published on the topic interparental conflict and its effects on adult offspring, no review has been done to the authors knowledge, thereby limiting the accessibility of precise information. The research aims to bridge this gap, and make comprehensive findings easily accessible. 2022 RESTORATIVE JUSTICE FOR ALL. -
Synthetic Biology Tools for Genome and Transcriptome Engineering of Solventogenic Clostridium
Strains of Clostridium genus are used for production of various value-added products including fuels and chemicals. Development of any commercially viable production process requires a combination of both strain and fermentation process development strategies. The strain development in Clostridium sp. could be achieved by random mutagenesis, and targeted gene alteration methods. However, strain improvement in Clostridium sp. by targeted gene alteration method was challenging due to the lack of efficient tools for genome and transcriptome engineering in this organism. Recently, various synthetic biology tools have been developed to facilitate the strain engineering of solventogenic Clostridium. In this review, we consolidated the recent advancements in toolbox development for genome and transcriptome engineering in solventogenic Clostridium. Here we reviewed the genome-engineering tools employing mobile group II intron, pyrE alleles exchange, and CRISPR/Cas9 with their application for strain development of Clostridium sp. Next, transcriptome engineering tools such as untranslated region (UTR) engineering and synthetic sRNA techniques were also discussed in context of Clostridium strain engineering. Application of any of these discussed techniques will facilitate the metabolic engineering of clostridia for development of improved strains with respect to requisite functional attributes. This might lead to the development of an economically viable butanol production process with improved titer, yield and productivity. Copyright 2020 Kwon, Paari, Malaviya and Jang. -
Synthetic biology for sustainable food ingredients production: recent trends
Problems with food security result from increased population, global warming, and decrease in cultivable land. With the advancements in synthetic biology, microbial synthesis of food is considered to be an efficient alternate approach that could permit quick food biosynthesis in an eco-friendly method. Furthermore, synthetic biology can be assumed to the synthesis of healthy or specially designed food components like proteins, lipids, amino acids and vitamins and widen the consumption of feedstocks, thus offering possible resolutions to high-quality food synthesis. This review describes the impact of synthetic biology for the microbial synthesis of various food ingredients production. 2022, Jiangnan University. -
Synthetic approaches toward butenolide-containing natural products
The butenolide scaffold is ubiquitous in many natural products and pharmaceutical active ingredients. These candidates appeal to organic chemists for the synthesis of products with various biological activities. This review delineates the efforts made in the total synthesis of natural products based on the butenolide core unit such as umbelactones, akolactones, ansepcinolide, lissoclinolide, fugomycin, and muricadienin. Many of the reported syntheses involve chiral pool, enzyme resolution, and chiral auxiliary, or enantioselective approaches as a key step. Overall, this review highlights the synthetic methods involved in the preparation of butenolide-containing molecules and aims to increase the profile of such scaffolds to the synthetic community. 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. -
Synthetic Approaches to Diospongins: A Two Decade Journey
Tetrahydropyran units having multiple stereogenic centers serve as excellent building blocks for various active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In particular, the presence of the unique molecular architecture of the trisubstituted tetrahydropyran (THP) unit in diospongins enhances their biological activity due to multiple stereogenic centers and has attracted attention from the synthetic community over the last two decades. In this review, we discuss synthetic approaches to chiral and racemic forms of diospongins during the period 2006 2020 in chronological order. 2022 by the authors. -
Synthetic Approaches of Prelactone and Its Analogues: A Review
In this review we have discussed the synthetic approaches of prelactones and their epimers from 1997 to date. The presence of unique molecular architecture and its high biological importance enhanced the research activity over the last two decades. Most of the syntheses involve either a chiral auxiliary, chiral pool or catalytic enantioselective approaches as a key step. Overall this review highlights the contribution from different research groups in the total synthesis of various prelactones. 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH -
Synthesis, properties, and state-of-the-art advances in surface tuning of borophene for emerging applications
Being composed of boron atoms that can be maneuvered to orchestrate low planar hexagonal structures, this two-dimensional material carefully exhibits versatility and has conventional covalent bonds between each atom. Borophene has recently proliferated the scientific research community by storm, trailblazing industries from fine chemicals, electrical equipment manufacturing, and biomedical innovation up to sustainable energy. Here, we provide streamlined information and particulars about the recent advances in the evolution of borophene since its inception and the essence of its electrocatalytic applications. We first introduce the sophisticatedly cultivated progress in borophene's structural, mechanical, optical, and electrical properties and further discuss its variegated polymorphism. Subsequently, we also delve into several capable synthesis techniques and recently concocted surface tuning and doping methods. Finally, we analyze the advancing state-of-the-art applications of this two-dimensional nanomaterial under investigation, ranging from bioimaging, energy storage, electrode reduction, and electrochemical sensing. Further, we have broadly discussed the future insights and challenges that borophene brings. 2024 -
Synthesis, mechanisms, challenges, and future prospects of Ti3C2 MXene and its heterojunctions for photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency: a comprehensive review
In recent years, significant attention has been given to developing novel two-dimensional (2D) materials, including MXenes. Titanium carbide (Ti3C2) is one such MXene with a bandgap ranging from 0.92 eV to 1.75 eV. MXenes possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them useful in various applications, including electrocatalysis, supercapacitors, semiconductors, batteries, sensing, biomedicine, water splitting, and photocatalysis. Research on environmental photocatalysis has focused on enhancing properties such as high conductivity, structural stability, and morphology. However, a single catalytic material may not be sufficient to achieve high catalytic efficiency. Hence, there is a need to modify MXenes. This review provides an overview of the various synthesis methods of MXene and their remarkable properties. It also discusses recent advances in MXene composites and catalytic mechanisms for dye degradation. To improve the catalytic performance of MXene, a heterojunction and Schottky junction are proposed. 2023 Elsevier Ltd -
Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles Using Traditionally Used Indian Medicinal Plants
Considering the exclusive environmental conditions and geological characteristics, Indian flora is extensive and rich in medicinal plants. From primeval times, plant parts and their metabolites have been widely explored for various practices including medicinal as well as culinary. The phytochemicals present in these plants are potential reducing agents for the bio-fabrication of these nanoparticles. The non-toxic nature and combination of the plant phytochemicals with precursor ions act as key aspects for synthesized nanoparticles. The present review highlights the potential applications of Inorganic nanoparticles synthesized from 148 traditionally used medicinal plants present in the Indian geographical region. In addition, parameters that influence the green synthesis of Inorganic nanoparticles such as the extraction methods, solvents used for extraction, the concentration of precursor and plant phytochemicals, pH, temperature, reaction time, and characterization techniques of the nanoparticles are discussed. Thus, the review provides information on the research that has been done in the area of green synthesis using Indian medicinal plants. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Suspension culture of somatic embryos for the production of high-value secondary metabolites
Secondary metabolites from plants are ubiquitous and have applications in medicines, food additives, scents, colorants, and natural pesticides. Biotechnological production of secondary metabolites that have economic benefits is an attractive alternative to conventional methods. Cell, adventitious, and hairy root suspension cultures are typically used to produce secondary metabolites. According to recent studies, somatic embryos in suspension culture are useful tools for the generation of secondary metabolites. Somatic embryogenesis is a mode of regeneration in several plant species. This review provides an update on the use of somatic embryogenesis in the production of valuable secondary metabolites. The factors influencing the generation of secondary metabolites using somatic embryos in suspension cultures, elicitation methods, and prospective applications are also discussed in this review. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. 2023, Prof. H.S. Srivastava Foundation for Science and Society. -
Surface tuning of nanostructured graphitic carbon nitrides for enhanced electrocatalytic applications: a review
The precursors for developing sustainable and environment-friendly energy conversion and storage devices requires the utilization of advanced, highly efficient, and economical nano-structured electrocatalysts instead of conventional and expensive noble metals. Therefore, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a material has gained wide attention due to its relative ease of synthesis, high nitrogen content, conductivity, and tuneable band gap energy. In recent years, their tunable electronic properties along with physicochemical stability have given rise to numerous research delving into their diverse range of applications. With the advancement in the tuning of their electrochemical performance, the electrical conductivity of g-C3N4 can be enhanced by structurally modifying the g-C3N4 framework accordingly. This review focuses on various structural modifications of g-C3N4 by functionalization, elemental doping, and hybridizing techniques for ameliorating the number of active sites resulting in enhanced electrocatalytic performance. Herein, the prospective researchers are given a concise perspective regarding the surface tuning of g-C3N4 for improving their electrocatalytic applications. 2023 Elsevier Ltd -
Surface modulation and structural engineering of graphitic carbon nitride for electrochemical sensing applications
The rediscovery of the old-age material graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a 2D conducting polymer, has given rise to a tide of articles exploring its diverse applications. Recently, owing to its excellent physicochemical stability and tunable electronic structure, the material has proven to be an eminent candidate for improving the sensing quality of electrodes. Excellent properties of g-C3N4 such as exposed surface area, metal-free characteristics, and low-cost synthesis have attracted facile and economical designing of sensors for a variety of analyte molecules. Herein, the readers are introduced to the historical development of g-C3N4 and escorted to the present findings of its electrochemical sensing applications. Along with its sensing utilities, the review shares some exciting insights into the synthesis, structural, and surface chemistry modulations of g-C3N4. A great many approaches for overcoming the inherent limitations have also been critically discussed, starting with the precursor in use. This review article aims to provide a concise perspective and direction to future researchers for enabling them to fabricate smart and eco-friendly sensors using g-C3N4. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Islamic Azad University. -
Study of the personal factors influencing voluntary turnover amongst women
In a country where the economic and social independence of a woman is dependent on the way households are structured and organised, the rise in their education and decline in their workforce participation rate is an indication of their paradoxical situation. In this study we evaluate the direct effect of the factors in the personal domain of women on her career break decision. The data from 402 Indian women was analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, which was then followed by Structural Equation Modelling to check the conceptual model developed through literature review. In present study support personal predictors to turnover intention outcome model, confirming the influence of role conflict, role expectation, role perception, stress, financial soundness, role overload and guilt. Role perception and expectation of women were most significant factors influencing turnover intention of women, implying that the most important change needed is for a change in their own mindset and those around them to arrest their exit from the workforce. 2021 Ecological Society of India. All rights reserved. -
Studies on anti-microbial potential of withania somnifera (l.) dunal and future perspectives: An overview
Withania somnifera is a herb of immense ethnopharmacological importance in Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani systems of medicine. Due to its immense therapeutic potential and being an important source of novel withanolides, it has been a subject of immense intrigue among researchers. Apart from its anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-stress, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, sedative and hemopoetic properties, there is mounting evidence for its antimicrobial and antiviral properties too. Various withanolides and steroidal lactones isolated so far are known to have high therapeutic value, but works pertaining to their antimicrobial potential have largely been at the synergistic level. No single withanolide has been characterized as a sole antimicrobial and thus, work in this regard is still in the stage of infancy, except for withanone which has recently shown in silico activity against SARS-COV-2. This review summarizes the elaborate antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and anti-viral work that has been done so far and casts focus on the limitations, in terms of mechanistic aspects of each. 2021 Society for Biology and Biotechnology. All rights reserved. -
Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of MoS2-Based Materials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dye
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDCs) having versatile properties and plays a great role in the photodegradation of organic dyes. MoS2 also finds applications in diverse fields such as catalysis, electronics, and nanomedicine transportation. MoS2 can be prepared by using chemical and physical methods such as hydrothermal, solvothermal, and chemical vapour deposition methods. The preparation method employed can produce subtle but significant changes in the morphology. To increase the efficiency of MoS2, it can be combined with different materials to produce composites that improve the photodegradation efficiency of MoS2. The various methods of preparation, the morphology of MoS2, and photodegradation activity of the MoS2-based nanocomposites are briefly discussed in this review. 2022 by the authors. -
Stilbenes, a Versatile Class of Natural Metabolites for InflammationAn Overview
Stilbenes are polyphenolic allelochemicals synthesized by plants, especially grapes, peanuts, rhubarb, berries, etc., to defend themselves under stressful conditions. They are now exploited in medicine for their antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is the immune systems response to invading bacteria, toxic chemicals or even nutrient-deprived conditions. It is characterized by the release of cytokines which can wreak havoc on healthy tissues, worsening the disease condition. Stilbenes modulate NF-?B, MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways, and reduce the transcription of inflammatory factors which result in maintenance of homeostatic conditions. Resveratrol, the most studied stilbene, lowers the Michaelis constant of SIRT1, and occupies the substrate binding pocket. Gigantol interferes with the complement system. Besides these, oxyresveratrol, pterostilbene, polydatin, viniferins, etc., are front runners as drug candidates due to their diverse effects from different functional groups that affect bioavailability and molecular interactions. However, they each have different thresholds for toxicity to various cells of the human body, and thus a careful review of their properties must be conducted. In animal models of autoinflammatory diseases, the mode of application of stilbenes is important to their absorption and curative effects, as seen with topical and microemulsion gel methods. This review covers the diversity seen among stilbenes in the plant kingdom and their mechanism of action on the different inflammatory pathways. In detail, macrophages contribution to inflamed conditions in the liver, the cardiac, connective and neural tissues, in the nephrons, intestine, lungs and in myriad other body cells is explored, along with detailed explanation on how stilbenes alleviate the symptoms specific to body site. A section on the bioavailability of stilbenes is included for understanding the limitations of the natural compounds as directly used drugs due to their rapid metabolism. Current delivery mechanisms include sulphonamides, or using specially designed synthetic drugs. It is hoped that further research may be fueled by this comprehensive work that makes a compelling argument for the exploitation of these compounds in medicine. 2023 by the authors. -
State of the art MOF-composites and MXene-composites: Synthesis, fabrication and diverse applications
The composites of MXene and Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained considerable attention recently due to their synergic properties. MOFs are advantageous as it offers high surface area, good stability, and tunable chemical structure, MXenes, on the other hand, provide superior ion-transport characteristics, high conductivity, large surface-to-volume ratio, and facile modification strategies. Composite fabrication enables tuning the desired properties of the individual materials and propounds good stability and enhanced performance. This review assembles and describes the composites of MXene and MOF in various fields of application like energy storage devices, sensors, medicinal, separation membranes, medicinal, and photocatalysis in a comprehensible way. Here we first outline the characteristics of MOFs and MXenes along with a comparative study of different synthesis routes for the fabrication of the composites. The review also encompasses a detailed discussion on different industries and applications that the MXene and MOF composites are subjected to. Finally, the review provides future perspective for designing and development of newer composites as well as scope for further industrial approach. 2024 Elsevier Ltd -
Startups' empowerment of employees: An analysis using VOSviewer
The purpose of this study is to evaluate and consolidate existing research on the factors that affect the performance of employees in startup companies. Specifically, it focuses on factors such as empowerment, motivation, dedication, leadership styles, and self-determination. This study aims to understand how these factors influence employee performance in the context of startup organizations. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the HR value chain model. The HR value chain model demonstrates how HR practices can benefit organizations by showing the various HR processes that support a company's goals. Additionally, the study incorporates psychological factors related to employee performance, such as autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The methodology section mentions that the research primarily covers management-related articles from 2010 to 2022. The research involved reviewing primary studies by searching computerized databases and selected journal articles from specific websites. VOSviewer 1.6.18 was used to analyze eligible articles, and bibliometric networks were generated to connect keywords to relevant articles. The study's findings indicate that empowerment, motivation, commitment, and other traits are linked to the success of new startup businesses. Effective leadership tactics play a crucial role in creating a healthier, happier work environment with dedicated employees. It appears that the study identified 20 papers, including 17 research articles, that establish connections between empowerment and startup performance. The use of VOSviewer's overlay bibliometric networks helped visualize these connections. 2024, Malque Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Standards of human rights to palliative care: gaps and trends
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate key milestones in development of standards of human rights to health care in particular context of addressing palliative care, relevant efforts of advocacy in past decade and future area of growth. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, analysis of human rights and its standards in context of palliative care has been provided through the lens of freedom from ill treatment and torture, right to health care and older persons and childrens rights. Findings: Findings of this study highlighted significant developments in this area which include following: first treaty of human rights which explained right to palliative care; first resolution on palliative care by World Health Assembly; special rapporteurs report focussed on denial of pain; and addressing issue of controlled medicine availability in special session of UN General Assembly. Originality/value: Human rights standards and their development in context of palliative care have been most significant in relation to freedom from ill treatment and torture, right to health care and older persons rights. Further work is required in context of childrens rights and treaty bodies of human rights need to consistently address state obligations towards palliative care. 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.