Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites Using Phytogenic Nanoparticles
Eco-friendly; Flavonoids; Heavy metal stress; Low-cost; Phytoremediation
Heavy metals (HMs) accumulate in milieu due to various human activities that persist leading to biomagnification in food chains and cause unpleasant effects on human health and environment. Pollutants such as organic matter and HMs are reme-diated traditionally by chemical precipitation, electrochemical treatment, adsorption, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, coagulation, and photo-catalyzation, remained inef-fective. Use of nanomaterials conjugated with various compounds showed significant reduction in several contaminated sites. However, existing implication of nanotech-nology works with nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis majorly involved the use of chem-ical raw materials and physical methods which are relatively toxic and unstable. Aforesaid difficulties made researchers and entrepreneurs to reconnoitre effective, newer, and novel synthesis approaches for the replacement over older version. During the past decade, to overcome these issues plant-derived NPs are extensively used because of its less cost, efficiency, and eco-friendly in nature. Hence, advanced alternative technology like phytoremediation using nanomaterials with innovative techniques has been a boon for HM remediation. Efficiency of green synthesized NPs is based on redox reactions which makes metals stable facilitated by flavonoids and polyphenols responding to HM-stress. Several metal complexation processes are known to produce phytochelatins or other metal-chelating peptides helping the biore-mediation of HMs. Current chapter throws light on adaptive mechanism employed by NPs coupled with plant or microbial extracts in overcoming the HM stress. Further-more, here we also focus on the possible mechanism and interaction between NPs and HM in minimizing severity of polluted sites with many examples. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Shilpa B.M.; Rashmi R.; Manjula N.G.; Sreekantha A.
Shilpa B.M., CHRIST-Deemed to be University, Bangalore Kengeri Campus, Kanmanike, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Kumbalgodu, Bangalore, 560074, India; Rashmi R., School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Shavige Malleswara Hills, Kumaraswamy layout, Bengaluru, 560111, India; Manjula N.G., School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Shavige Malleswara Hills, Kumaraswamy layout, Bengaluru, 560111, India; Sreekantha A., School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Shavige Malleswara Hills, Kumaraswamy layout, Bengaluru, 560111, India