Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faculty Publications Article Faculty Publications -Articles Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Joseph, Joshin; Gillariose, Jiju Title A name given to the resource Revisiting the PushPull Tourist Motivation Model: A Theoretical and Empirical Justification for a ReflectiveFormative Structure Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 01-01-2025 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Tourism and Hospitality;Volume;6;Issue;3;Article No.;139; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6030139" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6030139</a> <br /><br /><a href="https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105014334396?origin=resultslist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105014334396?origin=resultslist</a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Joseph J., Marian College Kuttikkanam, Idukki, Kerala, India; Gillariose J., Department of Statistics and Data Science, Christ University, Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India Description An account of the resource This study introduces a novel reflectiveformative hierarchical model specification for the classic pushpull tourist motivation construct, aligning its measurement with the theoretical distinction between intrinsic push drives and external pull attributes. Unlike the traditional reflective-reflective structuring of tourist motivation we defied the higher order factors (novelty, knowledge and facilities as formative. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on a purposive sample of 319 international tourists, we empirically validate the reflectiveformative (reflective first-order, formative second-order) model. The reflectiveformative model showed a superior fit and predictive power: it explained substantially more variance in key outcome constructs (social motives (R2 = 53.60) and self-actualization (R2 = 23.10)) than the traditional reflectivereflective specification (social motives (R2 = 49.30) and self-actualization (R2 = 21.70)), which is consistent with best-practice guidelines for theoretically grounded models. In contrast, the incorrectly specified reflectivereflective model showed stronger effects between unrelated constructs, supporting concerns that choosing the wrong type of measurement model can lead to incorrect conclusions. By reconciling the pushpull theory with measurement design, this works main contributions are a theoretically justified reflectiveformative model for tourist motivation, and evidence of its empirical benefits. These findings highlight a methodological innovation in motivation modeling and underscore that modeling pushpull motives formatively yields more accurate insights for theory and practice. 2025 by the authors. Subject The topic of the resource model misspecifications; push pull motive; tourist motive; tourist satisfaction Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) Relation A related resource ISSN: 26735768; Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Article Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource online