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                <text>In today's digital age, technological advancements permeate every sector, especially higher education. However, higher education must go beyond merely integrating AI into the curriculum. Additionally, it needs to prioritize educating students about societal issues. Integrating service learning into higher education curriculums, however, is a significant challenge facing schools today. There is a need for comprehensive research on its effectiveness and guidance on institutionalizing it effectively. This hampers its potential to foster civic engagement and social responsibility among students. With clear strategies and best practices, institutions can implement service learning programs that benefit all stakeholders. Enhancing Curricula with Service Learning Models provides a comprehensive blend of theoretical frameworks, practical experimentation, and real-world examples to guide educators, administrators, and policymakers in fostering profound student engagement. It emphasizes the role of emerging educational paradigms, like service-learning, in instilling a sense of civic duty and purpose in students. By enriching the educational dialogue with an emphasis on the pivotal role of student engagement in creating transformative and purposeful learning experiences, this book empowers educators and institutions to create impactful and sustainable programs. To ensure that educators and stakeholders are equipped with the knowledge and tools necessary to cultivate environments that encourage active student participation, Enhancing Curricula with Service Learning Models provides practical guidance on building effective tri-party relationships between community partners, academia, and students. By offering a meta-analysis of service learning practices, this book is a valuable resource for institutions looking to enhance their academic quality and community engagement.  2024 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.</text>
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                <text>Enhancing Curricula with Service Learning Models, pp. 1-328.</text>
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                <text>Valarmathi S., Christ University, India; Kareem J., Christ University, India; Tantia V., Christ University, India; Babu K.S., Christ University, India; Lucas P.J., Christ University, India</text>
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                <text>The retail business grows steadily year after year andemploys an abounding amounts of people globally, especially with the soaring popularity of online shopping. The competitive character of this fast-paced sector has been increasingly evident in recent years. Customers desire to blend the advantages of old purchasing habits with the ease of use of new technology. Retailers must thus guarantee that product quality is maintained when it comes to satisfying customer demands and requirements. This research paper demonstrates the potential value of advanced data analytics techniques in improving customer experience and sales performance in a retail store. Apriori, FP-Growth, and Eclat algorithms are applied in the real time transactional data to discover sociations and patterns in transactional data. Support, confidence and lift ratio parameters are used and apriori algorithm puts out several candidate item sets of increasing lengths and prunes those that fail to offer the assistance that is required threshold. We identified lift values are more when considering frozen meat, milk, and yogurt. if the customer decides to buy any of these items together, there is a chance that the customer will buy 3rd item from that group. Research arrived High confidence score is for Items like Semi Finished Bread and Milk so these products should be sold together, Followed by Packaged food and rolls. As retailers continue to face increasing competition and pressure to improve their operations, The aforementioned techniques may provide you a useful tool to comprehend consumer buying habits and tastes and for utilising that knowledge to come up with data-driven decisions that optimise product placement, enhance customer satisfaction, and attract sales.  2023 IEEE.</text>
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                <text>Helen Josephine V.L., School of Business and Management, Christ University, Business Analytics, Bangalore, India; Rajan D., Cmr Institute of Technology, Department of Mca, Bangalore, India</text>
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                <text>Adoption factors; Augmented reality; Customer satisfaction; Deep learning integration; Employee productivity; Inventory management; Long-term effectiveness; Personalized product recommendations; Retail industry; User experience</text>
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                <text>This article explores the potential transformative impact of integrating augmented reality (AR) technology with personalized product recommendations in the retail industry. By leveraging ARs ability to overlay digital information onto the physical world, retailers can offer tailored suggestions based on individual preferences, past purchases, and real-time contextual cues, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction and driving sales. Through a comprehensive literature review and empirical analysis, the study investigates user experience, adoption factors, and the long-term effectiveness of AR-deep learning integration in retail settings. Findings reveal significant improvements in customer satisfaction, sales performance, inventory management, and employee productivity with the implementation of AR-Deep Learning technology. Additionally, the article presents an innovative framework that seamlessly integrates AR and deep learning models, demonstrating high accuracy in object recognition, real-time interaction, and enhanced user experience across various industries. While highlighting the studys limitations and areas for further research, this article underscores the importance of customer-centric strategies and technological innovation in optimizing the retail experience and driving business growth.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.</text>
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                <text>Shaji A.K., Department of Professional Accounting and Finance, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Sankar S., Department of Professional Accounting and Finance, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Uma V.R., Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Kanna R.R., Department of Computer Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India; Priya T.M., Department of Computer Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India; Onyema E.M., Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Coal City University, Enugu, Nigeria; Goel S., Department of Computer Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India; Varghese J., Department of Computer Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</text>
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                <text>Cyberthreat Intelligence (CTI) feeds serve as crucial resources for organizations seeking to fortify their defenses against emerging cyberthreats. However, these feeds often suffer from deficiencies such as incomplete data, false positives, and a lack of contextual information. This chapter proposes an innovative approach to address these challenges by leveraging Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to enhance CTI feeds. We introduce ThreatGAN, a novel GAN architecture specifically designed for cyberthreat modeling. Trained on accurate CTI data, ThreatGAN learns to generate synthetic yet realistic threat indicators, including malicious uniform resource locators (URLs), Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and attack patterns. We demonstrate the efficacy of ThreatGAN in filling gaps in existing feeds, reducing false positives, and providing essential contextual information. The quantitative and qualitative evaluation shows that ThreatGAN significantly improves CTI quality. This technique can strengthen organizations cyber defenses by enabling them to work with higher quality, more complete Threat Intelligence.  2026 selection and editorial matter, E. Chandra Blessie, Pethuru Raj, and B. Sundaravadivazhagan; individual  chapters, the contributors.</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1354 LNNS;pp.389-406</text>
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                <text>Sudha V., Department of Statistics, Mar Athanasius College (Autonomous), Kothamangalam, India; Jeevanand E.S., Department of Statistics and Data Science, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>The concept of entropy has been introduced in statistical methods to measure the amount of information contained in a random observation, and it plays a crucial role in various fields, especially in data security. This paper focuses on the semi-parametric shrinkage estimation of Shannon entropy and past entropy measures of the geometric distribution under complete, right, and time-censored sampling procedures. Shannon entropy, a key measure of uncertainty, along with past entropy (or min-entropy), which assesses the least predictable outcomes, plays a crucial role in ensuring strong data security, particularly in cryptographic systems and secure communications. While most existing literature addresses estimating these entropy measures for continuous distributions, this paper evaluates shrinkage estimators to enhance the efficiency of the ordinary semi-parametric least squares estimator for geometric distributions. This study explores the constant shrinkage factor and modified Thomson-type estimators, evaluating their effectiveness against traditional methods such as maximum likelihood estimators. Empirical investigations conducted with simulated samples indicate that shrinkage estimators consistently outperform maximum likelihood estimators, showcasing better relative efficiency. These results emphasize the potential of shrinkage estimators to enhance entropy-based measures in data security applications, which can lead to more robust cryptographic key generation, password strength analysis, and intrusion detection.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Lamani M.R., CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Kanmanike, Kumbalgudu, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560074, India; Julian Benadit P., CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Kanmanike, Kumbalgudu, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560074, India; Guruprasad C., Department of Psychiatry, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560002, India</text>
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                <text>In the quest to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of neural disorders, particularly autism, this paper presents a novel approach for brain region classification using advanced machine learning techniques. The study utilizes the ABIDE and AAL116 atlas datasets, focusing on segmenting and classifying brain regions from resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) images. We propose a three-stage process. In the first stage, data collection and preprocessing are conducted, where rs-fMRI images are preprocessed into SPM12-NIfTI format. The second stage involves the segmentation of brain regions using a Regularized VNet, resulting in the extraction of AAL116 brain region images, which are then split into training, testing, and validation sets. In the third stage, we introduce a custom-designed BRCNet (Brain Region Classification Network), which discriminates between Autism and Normal classes. Our segmentation methods are rigorously evaluated using metrics such as Dice Score, Recall, and Precision, with the proposed method achieving a Dice Score of 0.985, Recall of 0.962, and Precision of 0.991, surpassing other tested methods like UNet, Active Contour, and Binary Unit. For classification, various methods, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Trees (DT), and Neural Networks like ResNet, are compared. Our findings demonstrate that ResNet achieves an exemplary performance with an Accuracy of 97.5%, Sensitivity of 96.2%, Specificity of 97.1%, Precision of 97%, and an F-Measure of 97.93%.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1355 LNNS;pp.367-376</text>
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                <text>Arun Dev R., Department of Computer Science, CHRIST University, Bangalore, India; George J., Department of Computer Science, CHRIST University, Bangalore, India; Alapatt B.P., Department of Computer Science, CHRIST University, Bangalore, India; Baby R., Department of Computer Science, CHRIST University, Bangalore, India</text>
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                <text>The abstract should summarize the contents of the paper in short terms, i.e. 150250 words Early and accurate diagnosis of the Familial Alzheimers Disease (FAD) is critical for effective treatment of this genetically inherited form of Alzheimers disease. A prediction of FAD from gene expression data is investigated and the performance of various machine learning models on the discovered patterns is evaluated. We compare the output of Linear, Ridge Regression and a LightGBM model with hyper-tuned parameters on data from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The LightGBM model is then hyperparameter tuned to better capture the non-linear complexity of the data. To find the predictive performance, a model is evaluated using MSE, R squared and accuracy. The results show that both the LightGBM model and the traditional models have lower MSE, higher R squared and better accuracy. By examining FAD data on high-dimensional gene expression data these results show that when dealing with high-dimensional gene expression data, sophisticated machine learning models perform better than other approaches, such as LightGBM show higher diagnostic accuracy in FAD. It is shown in this research the power of machine learning is immense and is a powerful tool for the predictive modeling of Alzheimers Disease, as well as possible early detection and personalized treatment. Future work might also aim to further improve model performance with other more complex genetic datasets.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Upreti K., Christ University, Department of Computer Science, Ghaziabad, India; Radhakrishnan G.V., Kalinga School of Management, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India; Shankar U., Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, Qaiwan International University, Kurdistan, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Tiwari A., Christ University, Department of Business and Management, Ghaziabad, India; Gupta K., Accenture, Banglore, India; Rajendran V., School of Business and Management, Christ University, Ghaziabad, India</text>
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                <text>Worldwide, Lung cancer is the primary cause of death from cancer, and chances of surviving are considerably raised by early detection. While traditional diagnostic approaches heavily rely on imaging and specialized infrastructure, they often fail to serve low-resource or early screening environments. In this work, based on deep learning, lightweight framework for detecting lung cancer from structured survey data is presented. The research tackles the prevalent the problem of class disparity using the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE), enhancing the sensitivity of predictive models. A comparative evaluation was conducted across six models Logistic Regression, SVM, KNN, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, and XGBoost. Among these, Random Forest and XGBoost achieved 95% accuracy, 0.98 recall, and ROC-AUC scores of 0.9943 and 0.9835 respectively. The proposed hybrid ensemble model (Random Forest + XGBoost) outperformed all with 96% accuracy, 0.95 precision, 0.98 recall, and a ROC-AUC score of 0.9961. These findings demonstrate that the hybrid strategy is effective in providing high diagnostic precision using clinical survey data that is not imaging.  2025 IEEE.</text>
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                <text>biometrics; blockchain; cryptography; digital passport; identity verification; travel security</text>
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                <text>Passports play a vital role in enabling international movement and security, as well as confirming one's identity. However, the existing passport system has many problems and limitations, such as identity fraud, passport falsification, human smuggling, terrorism, and border control. Despite the fast growth and adoption of digital technologies in various fields, the passport system has not been able to adapt to the changing demands and expectations of the global community. Therefore, there is a pressing need to investigate and develop a digital passport and verification system that can address the shortcomings of the conventional passport system and provide a more safe, convenient, and effective way of managing and verifying the identity and travel history of individuals across the world. This paper presents the solution and requirement for the development of a digital passport system that can be applied globally and universally. The paper proposes a conceptual framework and a technical architecture for the digital passport system, based on the principles of blockchain, biometrics, and cryptography. The paper also discusses the possible benefits, challenges, and implications of the digital passport system for various stakeholders, such as travelers, governments, airlines, and immigration authorities. The paper aims to contribute to the research and innovation of digital identity and citizenship, as well as to the progress of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) related to peace, justice, and strong institutions.   2024 IEEE.</text>
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                <text>Thakur Y., Christ (Deemed to Be University), School of Sciences, Delhi NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, India; Alapatt B.P., Christ (Deemed to Be University), School of Sciences, Delhi NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, India; George J.P., Christ (Deemed to Be University), School of Sciences, Delhi NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, India; Baby R., Christ (Deemed to Be University), School of Sciences, Delhi NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, India</text>
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                <text>CATIA; Copper tubes; DOE; Modeling; Sand casting</text>
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                <text>Sand casting method is used to produce many useful products for many applications. The aim of the study is to manufacture a product with excellent dimensional geometry is achieved in sand casting process at low cost. We would expect manuscripts to show how design and/or manufacturing problems have been solved using computer modeling, simulation and analysis. In this work, the important mechanical properties of hardness and surface roughness are investigated on Aluminum 6063 cast material with and without incorporating the copper tubes as a vent hole in sand casting process. Since copper has high thermal conductivity when compared to other metals, the heat transfer rate will be varying from existing system. The copper tubes have made different diameters of holes on outer surfaces with selective distance of intervals. The specific number of copper tubes with various diameters are designed by CATIA modeling software and analyzed with Taguchi Design of Experiment. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is used proficiently in the optimal value of hardness and surface roughness. The results are revealed that the maximum hardness value of 104 BHN is attained for 10mm distance of holes made on copper tube with an angle of 90o degree. The minimum surface roughness of 2.11 micron is achieved for 20mm distance of holes made on copper tube with 45o of angle as a vent hole in sand casting process.   2024 E3S Web of Conferences</text>
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                <text>Janakiraman V.; Arulpandy P.; Al-Fatlawy R.R.; Ranganayaki S.; Singh R.</text>
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                <text>E3S Web of Conferences, Vol-491</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 25550403</text>
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                <text>Janakiraman V., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prince Shri Venkateshwara Padmavathy Engineering College, Chennai, India; Arulpandy P., Department of Mathematics, Christ (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560073, India; Al-Fatlawy R.R., The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Ranganayaki S., Mathematics, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, India; Singh R., Department of Electronics &amp;amp; Communication Engineering, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India</text>
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                <text>The healthcare business generates a tremendous quantity of data, and the goal is to collect it and use it effectively for analysis, prediction, and treatment. The best approach to disease management is disease prevention through early intervention. There are a number of methods that can advise you on how to treat a specific sickness, but much fewer that can tell you with any degree of certainty if you will actually get sick in the first place. Preprocessing, feature selection, feature extraction, and model training are all parts of the proposed method. The suggested layout includes a preprocessing stage that takes care of things like moving average, missing values, and normalization. Feature selection describes the process of selecting the most relevant features from a dataset. After gathering features, the models are trained using PSO-ELM. The proposed strategy is superior to the widely used PSO and ELM.   2023 IEEE.</text>
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                <text>3rd International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications, ICIMIA 2023 - Proceedings, pp. 1092-1097.</text>
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                <text>Prabakaran M., Madanapalle Institute of Technology &amp;amp; Science, Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science), Andhra Pradesh, India; Bhole M.K., Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, Department of Instrumentation Engineering, Navi Mumbai, India; Kalpana V., RMK College of Engineering and Technology, Puduvoyal, Department of Science and Humanities, Tamilnadu, Thiruvallur, India; Dixit S., Vellore Institute of Technology, School of Computer Science Engineering, Tamilnadu, Vellore, India; Divya K., Prince Shri Venkateshwara Padmavathy Engineering College, Department of ECE, Chennai, India; Chauhan D.A., CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), School of Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Lamani, Manjunath Ramanna; Mukku, Lalasa; Asha, V.; Padmaja, K.</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1278;pp.1-11</text>
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                <text>Lamani M.R., Department of CSE, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Kanmanike, Kumbalgudu, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560074, India; Mukku L., Department of CSE, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Kanmanike, Kumbalgudu, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560074, India; Asha V., Department of CSE, RNS Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India; Padmaja K., Department of ISE, GSSSIETW, Mysore, India</text>
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                <text>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and functional impairment. Early detection is crucial for effective management and intervention. This study explores the effectiveness of an integrated deep learning approach combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to enhance the early detection of Alzheimer's disease using multimodal data. A novel deep learning model was developed and validated, integrating neuroimaging data (MRI and PET scans) with clinical data using a decision-level fusion strategy. The study utilized a dataset comprising 1000 anonymized patient records from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Models were assessed based on accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). The integrated model demonstrated superior performance with an accuracy of 95%, precision of 94%, recall of 93%, and an F1-score of 93.5%. The model's AUC was 0.97, indicating excellent diagnostic capability. The proposed deep learning approach significantly improves the early detection of Alzheimers disease by effectively analyzing complex, multimodal data. This model holds considerable potential for clinical applications, providing a robust tool for healthcare professionals to diagnose AD in its early stages.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Alzheimers disease; Clinical data integration; Convolutional neural networks; Deep learning; Early detection; Multimodal data; Neuroimaging; Recurrent neural networks</text>
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                <text>Enhancing Early Detection of Cardiovascular Disease through Feature Optimization Methods</text>
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                <text>cardiovascular diseases are the most common reason for mortality around the world. Early detection of the ailment can help to reduce the mortality rate considerably. The ever-growing technologies like machine learning algorithms and deep learning models can be used for this purpose. The AI models thus developed can be used for health sector for assisting doctors in assessing the stage of the disease and detection and tracking of the clots in the cardio blood vessels. The proposed work uses two benchmark datasets for analysing the performance of various machine learning algorithms including KNN, Nae Bayes, Decision Tree and Random Forest. The performance was compares based on the AUC %. The method feature reduction were used here to reduce the computational complexity of the model. The results show that Random Forest Algorithm gave the best result when compared to other algorithms in case of UCI dataset and MLP classifier gave best results for Kaggle dataset.  2024 IEEE.</text>
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                <text>Didwania S., Christ University, Department of Computer Science, Bengaluru, India; Amrutha K., Christ University, Department of Computer Science, Bengaluru, India; Resmi K.R., Christ University, Department of Computer Science, Bengaluru, India; Vineetha K.R., Christ University, Department of Computer Science, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Thomas T., Crop Physiology Unit, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Nedungadu (PO), UT of Puducherry, Karaikal, 609 603, India, Department of Life Sciences, Christ University, Bangalore, India; Manojkumar K., Crop Physiology Unit, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Nedungadu (PO), UT of Puducherry, Karaikal, 609 603, India; Saravanane P., Department of Agronomy, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Nedungadu (PO), UT of Puducherry, Karaikal, 609 603, India; Nadaradjan S., Crop Physiology Unit, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Nedungadu (PO), UT of Puducherry, Karaikal, 609 603, India</text>
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                <text>Rice (Oryza sativa), astaple food for the major global population, faces substantial productivity challenges due to salinity stress, an increasingly prevalent issue exacerbated by climate change. Salinity impacts rice at critical growth stages especially at seedling stage, root development, shoot elongation and ultimately seedling establishment. This study evaluated the effect of brassinosteroid (BR) priming as astrategy to improve seedling stage salinity tolerance in rice seedlings across 15genotypes subjected to moderate (140?mM NaCl), and severe (200?mM NaCl) salinity stress in comparison with control. BR-primed seeds demonstrated enhanced germination rates, seedling vigor index, shoot length and root length under salinity conditions compared to non-treated seeds. BR priming led to a35% improvement in SVI under control conditions and up to 30% under severe salinity, suggesting that BRs may facilitate osmotic regulation and ion homeostasis, key for maintaining growth under stress. Furthermore, BR priming significantly increased root development, essential for water uptake and nutrient acquisition in saline environments. Our results showed the prospect of BR priming as an effective approach to enhance rice resilience to salinity stress, providing afoundation for further field-based research on BR-mediated stress tolerance mechanisms. This study underscores the relevance of BR priming in improving rice productivity in saline-prone areas, contributing to food security in the face of increasing soil salinization.  The author(s), exclusively licensed to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, a part of Springer Nature 2025.</text>
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                <text>Enhancing Education Policy Estimation: A Novel Ridge Fuzzy Regression Approach for Handling Multicollinearity with Fuzzy Input Data</text>
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                <text>Das T., Department of Statistics and Data Science, Christ (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India; Joshi H., Department of Statistics and Data Science, Christ (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Multicollinearity often complicates regression analysis, both in classical and fuzzy input setup. This research introduces a new approach that combines ridge regression with fuzzy regression to tackle correlated covariates impact, with a specific focus on improving education policy systems. Our method utilizes the ?-level estimation algorithm and a dataset where Grade Point Average (GPA) serves as a fuzzy input, while input variables remain crisp. We assess our estimators performance using RMSE and MAPE. This applied research showcases the potential of our method in enhancing education policies through more accurate data-driven decision-making.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.</text>
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                <text>This study explores the transformative potential of AI-powered adaptive learning platforms (ALPs) in education, specifically focusing on personalized learning paths and their impact on student engagement and outcomes. Through a comprehensive analysis of four prominent ALPs - Carnegie Learning, DreamBox Learning, Smart Sparrow, and Knewton - this study investigates their approaches to content tailoring and feedback delivery. The comparative analysis highlights each platform's strengths and limitations, providing educators with valuable insights for informed selection and implementation. This study also considers the broader landscape of ALPs, acknowledging concerns such as bias, data privacy, and the role of educators in the tech-driven educational environment. The findings contribute to our understanding of how ALPs can empower educators, personalize learning, and address achievement gaps, offering a nuanced perspective on the complex tapestry of AI in education.   2024 IEEE.</text>
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                <text>Dutta S., Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, India; Ranjan S., Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, India; Mishra S., Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, India; Sharma V., Christ (Deemed to Be University), Department of Computational Sciences, Delhi NCR, India; Hewage P., University of Bolton, School of Creative Technologies, United Kingdom; Iwendi C., University of Bolton, School of Creative Technologies, United Kingdom</text>
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