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                <text>A Study on Dominating Functions in Signed Graphs   </text>
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                <text>In this thesis, a study on Roman dominating functions in the realm of signed graphs is carried out. Unlike graphs, not all signed graphs admit a Roman dominating function, which leads to the primary problem of exploring signed graphs admitting a Roman dominating function. Further, variants of dominating function such as Roman {2}-dominating function, Minus dominating function and Signed dominating function in signed graphs are also studied. A dominating set of a signed graph S is dened as a set D and#8838; V such that each vertex v and#8712; V \ D has at least one neighbour u and#8712; D with and#963;(uv) = 1. The domination number and#947;(S) is the minimum cardinality among all the dominating sets newlineof S. A characterisation for minimal dominating sets of a signed graph along with newlinecharacterisations of signed graphs with domination number k, where 1 and#8804; k and#8804; 4 and newlinen and#8722; 2 and#8804; k and#8804; n are obtained. A Roman dominating function(RDF) on a signed graph S = (G, and#963;) is a function f : V (S) and#8594; {0, 1, 2} having the properties that (i) for every vertex u and#8712; V (G), f(N[u]) = f(u) + Pvand#8712;N (u) and#963;(uv)f(v) and#8805; 1 and (ii) for each vertex u and#8712; V (G) with f(u) = 0, there exists a vertex v and#8712; N +(u) having f(v) = 2. The signed graphs newlineadmitting an RDF are explored and certain classes of signed graphs such as paths, newlinecycles, stars admitting an RDF are characterised. Further, structural properties of signed graphs with 3-regular underlying graphs that admit an RDF are presented newlineand a characterisation of net-regular signed graphs with 3-regular underlying graphs, newlineadmitting an RDF is obtained. The signed graphs with Roman domination number equal to 2, 3, 4 and n are characterised. Further, criticality concepts have been examined by studying and#947;R-edge critical signed graphs S for which and#947;R(S +e) lt and#947;R(S), where the signature of the edge e is 1. A characterisation of and#947;R-edge critical signed trees with a single negative edge is presented, apart from some general results on and#947;R-edge critical signed graphs.</text>
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                <text>A study on domination in signed graphs</text>
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                <text>A Study on Domination in Signed Graphs  </text>
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                <text>Signed graphs, which represent the positive and negative interactions between networks, have gained signifcant attention in various felds, particularly social network analysis. Domination, a fundamental concept in graph theory, is important in understanding the structural characteristics of graphs and determining the minimum number of vertices needed to cover the entire graph. However, research on domination in the context of signed graphs has been limited, with most studies focusing on graphs. This thesis explores a variant of domination called restrained domination in signed graphs and investigates the characteristic properties of these signed graphs in relation to the restrained domination number. Throughout the thesis, we establish exact values and bounds for the restrained domination number in diferent classes of signed graphs. Additionally, we examine the restrained domination property in various derived signed graphs, including the line signed graph, semi-total point signed graph, semi-total line signed graph, and total signed graph. Additionally, we study criticality concepts associated with the restrained domination number in signed graphs. Specifcally, we analyze the efects of removing edges or vertices from signed graphs, as well as adding edges in signed graphs, on the restrained domination number. Further, we extend the concept of restrained domination number to encompass various variants, namely connected restrained domination number, restrained double domination number, and total restrained domination number for signed graphs. We derive relevant results and newlinefindings for these parameters, contributing to a deeper understanding of domination newlinein signed graphs.</text>
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                <text>Shathish, Sangeetha.</text>
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                <text>We set out to discover how consumers really feel about different branded items by conducting this study. This research aims to examine what variables impact consumers when they buy a product. There are a lot of aspects that affect a product's brand value these days, but consumers are especially sensitive to the product's reputation when making purchases. Another important factor in how people perceive a brand is advertisements. The study was conducted with a sample size of 50 and was confined to the Chennai area. All of the tests performed here made use of SPSS statistical software, and the data used is primary data.  2024 AIP Publishing LLC.</text>
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                <text>Selvakumar V.; Dhayalan V.; Sivagami; Venkatesh P.</text>
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                <text>Selvakumar V., Sri Sairam Institute of Technology, Chennai, India; Dhayalan V., Sri Sairam Institute of Technology, Chennai, India; Sivagami, Department of Commerce, Christ College of Science and Management, Bangalore, India; Venkatesh P., Sri Sairam Institute of Technology, Chennai, India</text>
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                <text>This project is done  on human resource management topic in the  area  of A study on employee retention practices and  its effectiveness in IT sector. The most challenging job for any  present manager is to retain their  employees. Employee retention  involves taking  measures to encourage employees  to  remain in  the   organization for  the   maximum period of time. Corporate is facing a lot of problem in employee retention these  days.





Hiring knowledgeable people for the  job  is essential for an employer. Employee recruitment and retention are one of the  major issues  facing the IT Sector. But  retention is  even  more  important than  hiring. There  is  no end  of opportunities for talented person. There  is ample number of choice around employees. In olden  days  salary was all that matters, but  today its just one  among the  components.   Some  of the  other elements are  like work  environment, relationship, freedom to work  etc.





Due   to   high   level   of  attrition  it  is   important  to   know   whether  the employees are  satisfied with their job  and  organization, if not the  reason for leaving. This  project will  specify the  effectiveness of various retention practices  used   retain  the   employees.  The   study  also   include  various trends of practice followed by  the   organizations and  its   effect on  the problem of attrition.





Retention is  a  top  business priority  for more   than  one  third of the organizations. More  than  one  third of HR professionals in  IT Sector  views retention as one  of their pressing issues.  It is not very  often that the management would be  aware of the  true reason as to  why  an  employee would  be  leaving  their  organization. To  be  successful  in  knowing the reason, an effective exit interview procedure is very  essential. This would help  the  organization to  an extent to  get a clear  picture of what is going wrong.

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                <text>By 2050, the population is projected to exceed nine billion, necessitating a 70% increase in agricultural output to meet the need. Land, water, and other resources are running out due to the growing world population, making it impossible to maintain the demandsupply cycle. The yield of cultivation is also declining as a result of people's ignorance of the growing crop illnesses. Given that food is the most basic human requirement, future research should focus on revitalizing the agricultural sector. Farming may be made more productive for farmers by applying the right artificial intelligence technologies and datasets. Agronomics can benefit greatly from artificial intelligence. So that we can farm more effectively and be as productive as possible, we need to adopt a better strategy. The objective of this paper is to experimentally analyze the machine learning algorithms and methods already in use and forecast the most effective approach to use in each agricultural sector. In this article, we will present the challenges farmers face when using traditional farming methods and how artificial intelligence is revolutionizing agriculture by replacing the traditional methods.  2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.</text>
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                <text>The tremendous growth of the Internet in India has fuelled the growth of e-commerce in the country. The retail business has been affected like all other businesses. This research paper attempted to study the factors responsible for impeding the online buying of household items by customers. The study was limited to Bangalore city only. The study was conducted during June 2013 and December 2014. The data was collected through questionnaires which were distributed among 500 respondents. Among these, 25 questionnaires were partially filled, and were not included as final responses; 280 completely filled questionnaires were utilized for this study. The non online respondents' profile and descriptive statistics were analyzed. Factor analysis was carried out to find the important factors involved in the non online buying decisions of customers. Some recommendations have been made on the strategies which online retailers can adopt to convert non - online buyers to online buyers of household items by addressing some of their concerns.  2016.</text>
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                <text>Indian Journal of Marketing, Vol-46, No. 4, pp. 7-23.</text>
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                <text>Padmanabh B., Institute of Management, Christ University, Bangalore, India; Jeevananda S., Institute of Management, Christ University, Bangalore, India; Jose K.G., Rajagiri Business School, Rajagiri Valley, P.O Kakkanad, Kochi, 682039, India</text>
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                <text>A Study on Foreign Direct Investment in Multi-Brand Retail to Develop a Business Model for Domestic Supermarkets in the Convenience Stores Format.</text>
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                <text>A.S. Suresh</text>
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                <text>The main focus of this research is in the area of organised retail specifically in the convenience stores format in India.

The Indian organised retail is growing rapidly but is still in the nascent stage. There are many challenges in terms of infrastructure, supply chain efficiencies, cost structure and customer adaptability to the emerging retail formats.



India is perceived to be a lucrative destination for retail and with opening up of foreign direct investment imminent many multinational giants are eyeing India.



Indian companies are grappling with many challenges and experimenting with many formats in retail. This study attempts to understand the present scenario and the preparedness of domestic companies in consolidating their existing position to evolve a business frame work model for domestic companies to not only consolidate their existing position but also counter threats from multinationals entering into India.



The research revealed that there are not many integrated business models, though there are  models  on  different  components  of  supply  chain  and  retail,  Indian  companies  will certainly benefit from creation of integrated business model which can assist them in taking strategic decisions in terms of managing cost and revenue structure and expansion plans.



Scope of this study is Grocery and staples and fruits and vegetables business as food contributes to almost 63% in the organised retail business and was bifurcated into back end and front end operations.



This study is intended to understand the drivers and factors influencing the back end operations in the area of supply chain efficiencies and the front end operations particularly in respect of costs, revenues and key drivers to create an integrated business model frame work to drive optimisations at all levels. Sample of this study was two major organised retail companies in Bangalore catering to about seventy outlets in Bangalore and having distribution centres.



Tools used in this study was data observation sheets for all the key parameters for both back end and front end operations, in addition to unstructured in depth interview with expert group. However the protocol for the interview was predetermined to capture all key data and elements and involved some qualitative aspect and Linear programming for simulation and trying out various permutation combinations.



Some of the major findings were:



 Stock keeping units, cost of procurement and secondary freight emerged as significant drivers to be controlled for efficiency and optimisation link in the back end grocery and staples.

 Cost of procurement, net sales value and operations cost emerged as the key drivers of efficiency and optimisation link in the back end Fruits and Vegetables.

 Rentals, Sales, Cost of goods sold, Total personnel cost and Total facilities cost had significant influence on EBIDTA in the front end super market.

 Break even point for same size stores differed depending upon the location and other cost drivers.

 Sensitivity analysis revealed that manpower, rent and total facilities cost had significant impact on EBIDTA in the front end.



Limitations and future areas of research have also been discussed.</text>
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