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                <text>Exploring the Influence of Etching media on the Electrochemical Behavior of Cr2CTx MXene</text>
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                <text>Advanced Sustainable Systems;Volume;9;Issue;4;Article No.;2400865;</text>
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                <text>Ramachandra M., Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Sunajadevi K.R.P., Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Pinheiro D., Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Bengaluru, 560029, India</text>
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                <text>MXenes, a class of 2D materials, have garnered significant attention for energy applications due to their unique properties.This study investigates the influence of different etching media on the synthesis of 2D Cr2CTx MXenederived from cost-effective Cr2AlC MAX phase. Three etching solutions- hydrofluoric acid(HF), HF-forming (lithium fluoride + Hydrochloric acid, LiF+HCl), and non-fluoride (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) have been used to treat ternary carbide Cr2AlC MAX phase under varied reaction conditions. The MXenes, Cr2CTx-HF, Cr2CTx-LiF/HCl, and Cr2CTx-NaOH are structurally, and morphologically characterized using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, XPS, SEM-EDX, and BET-BJH analysis. Theelectrochemical performance of Cr2CTx MXene is assessed, focusing on its performance in water splitting and supercapacitive applications. The materials exhibitlower overpotential values for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and demonstrate improved pseudocapacitive behavior, with enhanced energy and power densities. The introduction of surface termination groups in Cr2CTx MXene (Tx = ?F, ?OH, ?O) resulted in a more open and accessible layered structure with an appreciable surface area, without any modifications. This enhancedelectrochemical kinetics, improved ion transport, diffusion, and storage capacity, which are beneficial for electrochemical energy storage and production.  2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.</text>
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                <text>Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;AlC MAX phase; Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CT&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; MXene; electrocatalysis; etching media; supercapacitor; water splitting</text>
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                <text>Nanostructured Carbon-Coated Barium Ferrite for Efficient Cr(VI) Adsorption: Synthesis and Performance Evaluation</text>
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                <text>Ramachandra R.M., Department of Chemical Engineering, Dayandanda Sagar College of Engineering, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru, 560078, India; Rajanna R., Department of Chemical Engineering, Dayandanda Sagar College of Engineering, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru, 560078, India; Balachar S.P., Department of E&amp;amp;EE, Dayandanda Sagar College of Engineering, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru, 560078, India; Radoor S., Department of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji University, Gyeonggi-do, Yongin, 17058, South Korea; Mannekote Shivanna J., Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Yelahanka, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560064, India; Hegde G., Center for Advanced Research and Development, Christ University, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India</text>
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                <text>The study reports the synthesis of nanostructured carbon-coated barium ferrite via a combined in-situ pyrolysis and co-precipitation approach. The resulting material was characterized using XRD, TEM, and BET analysis, confirming its nanostructure and high surface area. The adsorbent demonstrated efficient removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solutions, achieving up to 92% removal under optimal conditions. Adsorption followed a multilayer process with pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the material retained significant efficiency over six reuse cycles. These findings highlight the potential of carbon-coated barium ferrite as a promising adsorbent for water purification applications.  2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.</text>
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                <text>Carbonaceous barium ferrite; Cr (VI) removal; In situ pyrolysis; Metal acetate</text>
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                <text>Cloud computing technologies are being used highly successfully in large-scale businesses. Therefore, it is useful for governments to adopt cloud-driven multi-channel, and multiple devices to offer their services such as e-tax, e-vote, e-health, etc. Since these applications require open, flexible, interoperable, collaborative, and integrated architecture, service-oriented architecture approach can be usefully adopted to achieve flexibility and multi-platform and multi-channel integration. However, its adoption needs to be systematic, secure, and privacy-driven. In this context, micro services architecture (MSA), a direct offshoot of SOA, is also a highly attractive mechanism for building and deploying enterprise-scale applications. This chapter proposes a systematic framework for cloud e-government services based on the cloud software engineering approach and suggests a cloud adoption model for e-government, leveraging the benefits of MSA patterns. The proposed model is based on a set of evaluated application characteristics that, in turn, support emerging IT-based technologies.  2021 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.</text>
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                <text>Web 2.0 and Cloud Technologies for Implementing Connected Government, pp. 113-135.</text>
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                <text>Ramachandran M., Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; Chelliah P.R., Reliance Jio Platforms Ltd, Bangalore, India; Soundarabai P.B., Christ University (Deemed), Bangalore, India</text>
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                <text>Ramachandran K.K., Department of Management, Commerce and International Business, Dr. G.R.D. College of Science, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India; Mishra B.S., Department of Management, L.N. Mishra College of Business Management, Bihar, Muzaffarpur, India; Oberai H., Department of Management, GLA University, Mathura, India; Masood G., Faculty of Commerce and Management, Rama University, Kanpur, India; Anand I.M., School of Business and Management, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Shukla N., Presidency Business School, Presidency College, Karnataka, Bangalore, India</text>
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                <text>Integration of instructional, informational, and communication technology underpins modern higher education. After decades without computer networks, these technologies have transformed learning. E-learning has transformed the education sector, solving its problems. The similarities between technology and cognition make this change noteworthy. Artificial intelligence-inspired model-based reinforcement learning lets agents predict states and outcomes across activities and settings to modify their behaviour. The human brain has similar mechanisms, especially in model selection, which is a fascinating mystery. This study examined the brains model selection process and found that sensory prediction errors motivate the brain to choose between computational models. The theory was contrasted with internal modelling and incentive predictive performance to show how prediction errors influence computational model selection. The brain can choose an internal validation learning model based on incentive prediction mistakes, as empirical evidence demonstrates that the policy gradient method matches these models. These models were intended to address higher education issues like administration, academic delivery, instructional design, and ethics. The report also suggested that e-learning could help solve industry issues like student concentration on campuses, brain drain, and resource shortages. This research shows how technology can change higher education and the future of learning. Copyright  2025 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.</text>
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                <text>Financial Landscape Transformation: Technological Disruptions;pp.185-200</text>
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                <text>Ramachandran R.B., O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonepat, Haryana, India; Gupta C., Christ University, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Purpose: There has been a growing debate on whether generative AI can serve as the modern-day equivalent of white-collar knowledge workers. In a recent post, technology magnate Bill Gates boldly proclaimed that ChatGPT would soon become the quintessential white-collar worker of tomorrow (Dean, 2023). This is indeed an exciting prospect, as generative AI advances at breakneck speed. Need for the Study: This research delves upon the implications of such advancements for industries reliant on skilled employees. It raises questions about how these individuals will adjust their skillset going forward, given the proliferation of generative AI solutions poised to disrupt traditional roles previously occupied by humans. Methodology: The study uses an exploratory framework to understand AI's implications on job roles, productivity, and skill requirements. It introduces generative AI and its relevance, focusing on how it could transform whitecollar jobs. Findings: One thing seems clear: its impact on future employment opportunities. However, this technology still has limitations, potentially leading to unintended consequences. While capable of performing certain functions precisely and accurately, it cannot fully replace the reasoning abilities or cognitive flexibility innate in human workers tasked with knowledge-based work. Practical Implications: The potential implications for workforce development, policy-making, and future research in AI and labor economics are highlighted. This will also help gain insights into the integration process, benefits, challenges, and the changing nature of white-collar work due to generative AI.  2025 by Ram B. Ramachandran and Chabi Gupta. All rights reserved.</text>
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                <text>Ramachandran, Siddharth; Maria Deepti, T.T.; Vinodha, D.; Jenefa, J.; Mary Anita, E.A.; Lapina, Maria</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1277 LNNS;pp.489-501</text>
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                <text>Ramachandran S., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Maria Deepti T.T., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Vinodha D., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Jenefa J., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Mary Anita E.A., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Lapina M., North-Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, Russian Federation</text>
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                <text>Content-based recommendation systems have become essential for improving user experiences in e-commerce and various digital platforms. This review paper examines the recent advancements in content-based recommendation systems, focusing on machine learning techniques and models used to personalise user interactions. The paper also explores the role of deep learning and hybrid approaches in increasing the accuracy and relevance of recommendations. Despite significant progress, the product recommendation systems face challenges such as capturing complex user preferences, ensuring scalability, addressing the cold start problem, and improving explainability which remains crucial and requires further research. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of current methodologies, identifies existing limitations, and suggests future directions to optimise content-based recommendation systems to provide more effective and reliable recommendations.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>A constrained multi-period portfolio optimization model based on quantum-inspired optimization</text>
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                <text>Higher-order constraints; Market risks; Multi-period portfolio optimization; Net return rate; Quantum entanglement; Quantum whale optimization</text>
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                <text>Multi-period portfolio optimization (MPO) is one of the most important problems to be solved to help investors select optimal portfolios for investment plans. The portfolios are influenced by the risk factors in the market and it is important to select optimal portfolios that can maximize the returns with minimum risk values. Other than the risk factor, there are several other influential factors that reduce the optimality of the portfolios. Therefore, by considering all possible constraints, this study proposes a multi-constraint MPO model that selects the optimal portfolio based on the asset returns. To solve the multi-constrained problem, a novel quantum-inspired whale optimization algorithm (QWOA) is introduced in this paper. The proposed algorithm enhances the traditional optimization model to work in a multi-constrained scenario. Here, quantum entanglement is adapted to reduce the slow convergence issue of whale optimization. Apart from considering only the risk factors, this paper also considers certain higher-order moments (HOM), such as skewness, kurtosis, transaction cost, diversification, boundary and budget constraints. These factors affect the portfolios as the market is dynamic, and timely changes are always seen. Thus, optimizing the mentioned factors aids in attaining an optimal portfolio. Empirical evaluations are performed, and the results suggested that the proposed model provided beneficial outcomes as compared with other algorithms like whale optimization algorithm (WOA), gray wolf optimization (GWO), fruitfly optimization algorithm (FOA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and fruitfly algorithm (FA). The overall net return rate of the proposed model is always above 0.85% for different values of upper bounds, and the obtained Sharpe ratio, Sortino ratio, STARR ratio, information ratio, Shannon entropy, and downside deviation values of the proposed algorithm are 5.016254, 0.89327, ? 0.01987, 0.103826, 3.04452 and 0.2854. Hence, the proposed approach is highly effective for optimizing the constrained MPO.  The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.</text>
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                <text>Ramaiah K.; Soundarabai P.B.</text>
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                <text>Ramaiah K., Department of Computer Science, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Soundarabai P.B., Department of Computer Science, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India</text>
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                <text>An Intelligent Portfolio Management Scheme Based On Hybrid Deep Reinforcement Learning and Cumulative Prospective Approach</text>
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                <text>Assets; Deep reinforcement learning; Optimal Return; Optimization; Portfolio selection; Stock price prediction</text>
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                <text>Stock markets retain an extensive role towards economic growth of diverse countries and it is a place where investors invest assured amount to earn more profit and the issuers pursue the investors for project investing. However, it is deliberated as a challenging task to buy and sell because of its explosive and complex nature. The existing portfolio optimization models are primarily focused on just improving the returns whereas, the selection of optimal assets is least focused. Hence, the proposed research article focuses on the integration of stock prediction with the portfolio optimization model (SPPO). Initially, the stock prices for the next period are predicted using the hybrid deep reinforcement learning (DRL) model. Within this prediction model, the gated recurrent unit network (GRUN) model is utilized to simulate the interactions of the agent with the environment. The best actions in the prediction model are determined throughout the prediction process using the quantum differential evolution algorithm (Q-DEA). After the prediction of best assets, the optimal portfolio with the best assets is selected using the cumulative prospect theory (CPT) model. The work will be implemented in python and evaluated using the NIFTY-50 Stock Market Data (2000 -2021) dataset. Minimal error rates of 0.130, 0.114, 0.148 and 0.153 is obtained by the proposed model in case of MSE, MAE, RMSE and MAPE.   2024 IEEE.</text>
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                <text>Ramaiah K.; Soundarabai P.B.</text>
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                <text>Proceedings of ICWITE 2024: IEEE International Conference for Women in Innovation, Technology and Entrepreneurship, pp. 117-123.</text>
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                <text>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ICWITE59797.2024.10503521" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1109/ICWITE59797.2024.10503521&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85192562600&amp;amp;doi=10.1109%2FICWITE59797.2024.10503521&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=4955509a44cd3910fb93bea3a7ac2ab9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85192562600&amp;amp;doi=10.1109%2fICWITE59797.2024.10503521&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=4955509a44cd3910fb93bea3a7ac2ab9&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>ISBN: 979-835038328-7</text>
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                <text>Ramaiah K., Christ (Deemed to Be University), Department of Computer Science, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Soundarabai P.B., Christ (Deemed to Be University), Department of Computer Science, Bengaluru, 560029, India</text>
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                  <text>Faculty Publications</text>
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                <text>Ramaian Vasantha, Naveenan; Bossman, Ahmed; Iqbal, Najaf</text>
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                <text>Empowering energy access: the influence of Islamic banking and Fintech on sustainable energy in MENA </text>
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                <text>International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-01-2025-0019" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-01-2025-0019&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105017319059?origin=resultslist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105017319059?origin=resultslist&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Ramaian Vasantha N., School of Business and Management, Christ University, Bangalore, India; Bossman A., Department of Finance, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, LUT Business School, LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland; Iqbal N., School of Accounting, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, China</text>
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                <text>Purpose  This study aims to examine the impact of financial inclusion through Islamic banking and fintech-driven digital financial services on sustainable energy access (SEA) in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. Despite the regions abundant energy resources, persistent challenges of energy poverty remain. This study explores how complementary financial mechanisms can address financing gaps in clean energy initiatives. Design/methodology/approach  This study explores the influence of Islamic banking and fintech on energy poverty in the MENA region. Using the entropy weight approach, the authors uniquely construct composite SEA indices for individual MENA countries and ascertain how these SEAs are influenced by Islamic banking (FI1) and fintech-driven financial inclusion (FI2). Findings  The findings reveal an average SEA value of 0.25, indicating that MENA countries face energy poverty. The analysis shows the influence of banking infrastructure and Islamic financial services on SEA in the Islamic MENA region, highlighting the complexity of the issue. From an aggregate view, both aspects of financial infrastructure improve SEA. The results show that unemployment, trade openness, urbanization and inflation significantly predict SEA. Originality/value  The findings apply to the Islamic MENA region because of the larger sample of countries than the single-country studies primarily found in the relevant literature. The findings underscore the complementary roles of Islamic banking and fintech-based financial inclusion in addressing energy poverty, presenting essential implications for policymakers and governments in the MENA region.  2025 Emerald Publishing Limited</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="215443">
                <text>Energy poverty; F65; Financial inclusion; Fintech; G20; G23; I32; Islamic banking; MENA; N77; O10; Q41; Sustainable development goals</text>
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                <text>Emerald Publishing</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 17538394;</text>
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                <text>Restricted Access; Hardcopy may be available in the library</text>
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                <text>Energy efficiency and conservation using machine learning</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="146444">
                <text>computational intelligence; conservation; data preprocessing; energy consumption; energy efficiency; energy management; energy sustainability; Machine learning; modeling; oneAPI; optimization; prediction; sustainable development; sustainable practices</text>
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                <text>This chapter explores the fascinating nexus between machine learning (ML), energy efficiency, and conservation, concentrating on a captivating case study that makes use of the oneAPI framework. Optimizing energy consumption has become crucial due to the increased interest in sustainable practices. By investigating the use of oneAPI in energy efficiency projects, we examine the possibility of ML techniques to overcome this difficulty. We demonstrate how ML algorithms can accurately model and anticipate energy usage patterns through a thorough analysis of real-world data. Additionally, we discuss the importance of feature engineering, algorithm selection, and data pretreatment in creating accurate energy consumption models. The case study emphasizes the wider implications of utilizing ML to support energy-saving initiatives in addition to demonstrating the effectiveness of oneAPI.  2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved including those for text and data mining AI training and similar technologies.</text>
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                <text>Ramakrishnan A.B.; Murugesh T.S.; Pulari S.R.; Vasudevan S.K.; G.K. A.</text>
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                <text>Green Machine Learning and Big Data for Smart Grids: Practices and Applications, pp. 69-78.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-28951-4.00006-X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-28951-4.00006-X&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85214175965&amp;amp;doi=10.1016%2FB978-0-443-28951-4.00006-X&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=4c6cc7ef7c3b5991f3194de12b989916" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85214175965&amp;amp;doi=10.1016%2fB978-0-443-28951-4.00006-X&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=4c6cc7ef7c3b5991f3194de12b989916&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>ISBN: 978-044328951-4; 978-044328952-1</text>
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                <text>Ramakrishnan A.B., Deparment of Computer Science and Engineering, SASTRA Deemed to be University, SASTRA University Thanjavur Campus, Tamil Nadu, Thanjavur, India; Murugesh T.S., Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government College of Engineering Srirangam, Tamil Nadu, Tiruchirappalli, India; Pulari S.R., Tutor, Bahrain Polytechnic, Bahrain; Vasudevan S.K., Technical Evangelist, APJ, SP&amp;amp;E - Developer Platform and Evangelism, Software and Advanced Technology Group, Intel India Pvt. Ltd., Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; G.K. A., Master of Computer Aplications, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>What is the relationship between literacy and culture? It is not possible to give a simple answer to this question. Eric Havelock, while commenting on ancient Greek culture and literacy, observes that the classic culture of Greece had attained an advanced stage even before the emergence of Greek script. It continued to exist as an oral culture for a long time (Havelock 1963, 117120). A culture without a script is not uncivilized or underdeveloped. Havelock observes: One can propose with assurance that the pre-Homeric epoch  the Dark Age  yields for the historian what might be called a controlled experiment in non-literacy. Here, if anywhere,  we can study those conditions on which a total culture, and a very complex one, relied for its preservation upon oral tradition alone. (pp. 11718)  2025 selection and editorial matter, E.V. Ramakrishnan and K.C. Muraleedharan; individual chapters, the contributors.</text>
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                <text>Ramakrishnan E.V.; Mankulam D., CHRIST (deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, India</text>
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                <text>Enhanced Process Model and Analysis of Risk Integration in Software effort estimation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="186167">
                <text>Multi-Layer Perceptron model; Process Model; Risk score; Risk-integrated Effort estimation</text>
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                <text>The development of software within the estimated effort is remaining as a challenging task. The process of effort estimation is a critical activity in a software project, where effort estimates are utilized to arrive at the schedule, resources, and cost. Though many software effort estimation techniques exist, effort overrun occurs in a project. Identification of risks and their consideration in software lifecycle activities play a significant role in the successful execution of a software project. It would be required to account for uncertainty and the key factors that contribute to it. This study focuses on the need to include project risk score in the software effort estimation process to arrive at better effort estimates. This paper depicts the standard and enhanced process frameworks for estimation of software development efforts. A multi-layer perceptron model was built and the results indicated the relevance of considering project risk score in the effort estimation process. The usage of an enhanced gradient boosting technique for predictive modelling revealed a decrease in standard deviation of the residuals, thus indicating a better fit for the effort estimation model through integration of risks.  2019 IEEE.</text>
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                <text>Ramakrishnan N.; Girijamma H.A.; Balachandran K.</text>
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                <text>Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology, ICSSIT 2019, pp. 419-422.</text>
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                <text>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSSIT46314.2019.8987841" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSSIT46314.2019.8987841&lt;/a&gt;
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="186174">
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                <text>ISBN: 978-172812119-2</text>
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                <text>Ramakrishnan N., CHRIST Institute of Management, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bengaluru, India; Girijamma H.A., RNS Institute of Technology, Computer Science and Engineering Department, Bengaluru, India; Balachandran K., CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Computer Science and Engineering Department, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Exploring digital twins: Attributes, challenges and risks</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="151349">
                <text>Attributes; Digital transformation; Digital twin; Digitalization; Industry 4.; Risk factors</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The recent approach to digitalization and digital transformation is based on the focus of every industry to develop systems and practices for optimizing the operational phase of the product lifecycle and beyond. Digital twins have become the buzzword in the domain of digital transformation. These Digital twins, which are a virtual representation of real-world occurrences such as processes, services, or products offer a new perspective to digitalization. It has emerged from Industry 4.0 and involves a mapping of the real physical world and the virtual world through Digital Twinning. Artificial Intelligence, Cryptography, Blockchain, Big Data technologies, and IoT act as technology enablers for Digital Twins. The capability of Digital Twin is its ability to cater to diverse applications. Within a decade, it has penetrated deeply into every functional aspect of business right from Patient Health Information Systems to remote control and maintenance of satellites/ space stations and to agriculture. This chapter has a focus on the key attributes, challenges, and risk factors that pertain to digital twin technologies and provides adequate examples from diverse sectors. The key challenges of digital twin technologies include Modeling the unknown, Transparency, Interpretability, Interactions with physical assets, Large-scale computation, Physical realism, Future projections, Data management, Privacy, Security and Quality. The four facets of risks related to Digital Twins include restrictions in access to system resources, theft of intellectual property, lack of compliance, and integrity issues in data/information. Hence, additional efforts and a holistic approach towards privacy and security are required to manage these risks. The holistic approach should cover hardware, software, and firmware together with the information that passes between them. Further, it is required to ensure that system, assets and data are adequately protected. Digital Twin technologies provide enormous competitive advantage for an organization, and a more pragmatic approach for mitigation of risks associated with digital twins is required. This would involve co-creation of Digital Twins with clients along with combined extensive knowledge of physical assets, disruptive technologies and appropriate security measures.  2023 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.</text>
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                <text>Ramakrishnan N.; Meenakumari J.</text>
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                <text>Digital Twins: The Industry 4.0 Use Cases: The Technologies, Tools, Platforms and Applications, pp. 38-60.</text>
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                <text>Nova Science Publishers, Inc.</text>
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85173709322&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=c5f1b29592a1a2fd9eaf6b10be694e70" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85173709322&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=c5f1b29592a1a2fd9eaf6b10be694e70&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>ISBN: 979-889113057-9</text>
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            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>Ramakrishnan N., Lean Operations and Systems, School of Business and Management, CHRIST Deemed to be University, Bangalore, India; Meenakumari J., Edexeducom, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Ecofriendly Approaches for Ameliorating the Adverse Effects of Cadmium in Plants by Regulating Physiological and Defense Responses: An Overview</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="146347">
                <text>Agriculture; Biostimulants; Cadmium toxicity; Nanoparticles; Oxidative stress; Phytohormones</text>
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                <text>Mitigating cadmium stress in agricultural plants becomes extremely critical in order to assure food sufficiency in the scenario of a rapidly growing population. An extensive review of environmentally friendly methods for reducing cadmium toxicity in plants is provided in this chapter, with special attention to a variety of tactics like phytohormones, polyamines, melatonin, mineral ions, nanoparticles, and transgenic techniques. Nanoparticles are capable of changing the distribution of cadmium, activating antioxidant defense mechanisms, and boosting physiological processes that are crucial for plant resilience and growth. Microorganisms greatly increase plant resistance to cadmium stress by modifying phytohormones and regulating defense-related proteins. Phytohormones can increase a plants adaptability to cadmium stress through a number of mechanisms, such as the regulation of gene expression and physiological processes. Melatonin and polyamines provide protection against oxidative stress and heavy metal toxicity, while mineral ions such as silicon, calcium, zinc, iron, and selenium increase plant resistance to cadmium, minimizing pollution-related harm. Transgenic plants that are tolerant to cadmium exhibit enhanced detoxification processes and reduced metal accumulation. These findings provide important insights for long-term plant cadmium mitigation and highlight the significance of interdisciplinary approaches in managing heavy metal stress in agricultural systems.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.</text>
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                <text>Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol-Part F3968, pp. 449-474.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73266-9_18" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73266-9_18&lt;/a&gt;
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                <text>Ramakrishnan R., Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bengaluru, 560029, India; Al-Khayri J.M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bengaluru, 560029, India</text>
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                <text>Salvia officinalis L. resilience under chromium stress: An integrated study of growth, physiology, biochemical changes and rosmarinic acid production</text>
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                <text>Antioxidant enzymes; chromium toxicity; common sage; lipid peroxidation; mitigation strategies; rosmarinic acid</text>
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                <text>Medicinal plants are increasingly challenged by rising chromium (Cr) levels in agricultural soil and water bodies due to industrialization and human activities. This research examines the impact of various chromium concentrations on Salvia officinalis L., a medicinal herb, over 3 specific time periods: 30, 60 and 90 days. As the duration of Cr exposure increases, various growth parameters showed an upward trend at the lowest concentrations, with the most robust growth observed in the 20 ppm Cr treatment group after 90 days. However, higher chromium concentrations resulted in reduced plant growth compared to untreated plants. Chromium primarily accumulates in the roots, stems and leaves, with the highest accumulation observed at 100 ppm. However, chlorophyll content declined with prolonged Cr exposure, particularly at higher concentrations. Carbohydrate levels initially increased at lower Cr concentrations but decreased with greater exposure, while protein content consistently decreased with elevated Cr levels. Proline levels exhibited mixed responses, rising at lower concentrations and declining at higher ones. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased with higher Cr levels and extended exposure. The enzymatic antioxidant system showed an initial increase followed by a decline with prolonged exposure. Rosmarinic acid content increased with chromium (Cr) exposure upto 60 ppm but subsequently decreased beyond that threshold. In the first 30 days, plants treated with Cr demonstrated a 17 % increase in rosmarinic acid production compared to the control (48.9 mg/g DW). However, with continued Cr exposure, there was a decline in rosmarinic acid production ranging from 10 % to 20 % compared to the control level (67.02 mg/g DW) at 90 days post-treatment. These findings underscore the complex and contrasting responses of Salvia officinalis to Cr toxicity, highlighting the necessity for extended study into the core mechanisms governing these responses and the development of strategies to alleviate heavy metal stress in plants.  The Author(s).</text>
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                <text>Ramakrishnan R.; Nagella P.</text>
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                <text>Plant Science Today, Vol-11, No. 4, pp. 268-279.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3258" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3258&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85205790862&amp;amp;doi=10.14719%2Fpst.3258&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=5c11a9707b7fa1ac1650f805ff908081" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85205790862&amp;amp;doi=10.14719%2fpst.3258&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=5c11a9707b7fa1ac1650f805ff908081&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="76516">
                <text>All Open Access; Gold Open Access</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 23481900</text>
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                <text>Ramakrishnan R., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560 029, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560 029, India</text>
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                <text>The accumulation, antioxidant defences, and secondary metabolite production in common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under lead toxicity</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>antioxidants; Pb stress; rosmarinic acid; Sage; Salvia officinalis</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="77358">
                <text>The growing levels of lead (Pb) in agricultural soil and water bodies as a result of industrialization and human activity present serious challenges for medicinal plants. The present study investigates the complex responses of Salvia officinalis to toxicity caused by Pb including metal accumulation, translocation dynamics, antioxidant defenses, and the production of secondary metabolites. Pb showed preferential accumulation in the roots, peaking at (1000 ppm Pb) (2484.2 mg kg-1). The reduced levels of total chlorophyll (1.29-fold), protein (1.9-fold), and carbohydrate (2.5-fold) under prolonged exposure to stress demonstrate the toxic impacts of lead. Proline and total phenolic content (TPC) increased concentration-dependently under lead stress, while flavonoids were found to be decreased with the enhancement of lead toxicity. Enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, APX, and SOD) showed notable increase, especially in the 30 days of treatment, demonstrating the plants strong defenses. S. officinaliss adaptive responses were highlighted by concentration-dependent increases in non-enzymatic antioxidants such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Crucially, under lead stress, S. officinalis showed 1.7-fold increased rosmarinic acid (RA) production, in plants exposed to 200 ppm for 30 days treatment. However, further exposure to lead significantly caused the reduction of RA production. The results add to our knowledge of how sage plants respond to environmental stress and offer important insights for future uses in phytoremediation and the breeding of stress-tolerant plant cultivars. Furthermore, the research highlights about the S. officinaliss potential as a source of bioactive compounds possessing antioxidant qualities, under low levels of lead stress.  2024, Indian journals. All rights reserved.</text>
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                <text>Ramakrishnan R.; Nagella P.</text>
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                <text>Medicinal Plants, Vol-16, No. 3, pp. 519-531.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6892.2024.00053.9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6892.2024.00053.9&lt;/a&gt;
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                <text>Ramakrishnan R., Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Nagella P., Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India</text>
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                <text>Improvised process model for prediction of software development effort by integration of risk  </text>
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                <text>Software development involves usage of a finite quantum of resources in accordance with the estimated effort and schedule. The newlineSoftware Development Lifecycle comprises activities pertaining to software engineering. The software engineering activities could be carried out using any of the various models available in practice. The newlineprocess of estimating size and effort accurately is vital in a software project since it could influence the success of the project. However, the realistic estimation of time and resources required for a project newlinecontinues to be a challenge. Risks exist in any software project, and hence Risk management is required to be considered across various processes throughout the project. The risks could be quantified by newlinearriving at the risk score based on the probability of occurrence of the risk and its impact. This research focused on the aspect that risk factors need to be considered in software effort estimation. A total of 503 newlinesoftware projects were considered, and from this dataset, projects which had risk score information were extracted and utilized for further analysis. This research work proposed an improvised effort estimation process by including risk scores in the standard estimation process. It also analysed the relationship existing between risk score in the project and other parameters considered in the effort estimation process. Regression analysis that was done on the dataset revealed an improvement in the model fitment by inclusion of risk score. An ensemble machine learning approach was utilized through deployment of Extreme Gradient Boosting algorithm. This algorithm was chosen newlineafter a model selection process by comparing various algorithmic models. The results indicated a better model fit by including risk as one of the parameters in the effort estimation process. A validation for the newlineproposed risk-integrated effort estimation model was done through responses from industry practitioners to a research instrument.</text>
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                <text>Ramakrishnan, N.</text>
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