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                <text>Shyam Kumar S., CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Prasad K.M., CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Kavitha S., CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Deepa B.G., CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Vinay M., CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, India</text>
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                <text>Shyam Kumar S., Christ University, Bangalore, India; Selva Kumar S., Christ University, Bangalore, India; Maruthi Prasad K., Christ University, Bangalore, India; Kavitha S., Christ University, Bangalore, India; Vinay M., Christ University, Bangalore, India; Deepa B.G., Christ University, Bangalore, India</text>
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                <text>Shyamsunder C., Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Hyderabad Symbiosis International University, Pune, India; Roshani P., Department of Commerce, Christ University, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Soni H., Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Hyderabad Symbiosis International University, Pune, India; Dankan Gowda V., Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Aghav S., Symbiosis Law School, Hyderabad, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India; Abdullah I., Department of Computer Science, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq</text>
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                <text>The growth of the e-commerce industry in India has seen a multitude of growth since the growth of netizens in India has reached its peak post the demonetization in Indian economy. Research in e-commerce acts as a catalyst for studies in the field of digital innovation. The developments made by India in the field of e-commerce are notable by the world. India has made extensive use of the advancement in the field of technology. Recent years have seen a transformation in the way Indian shops and exchanges grew from cash mode payments to digital mode of service delivery and payments. This research is focused on studying the parameters that have acted as impetus in the expansion of e-commerce in the Indian retail sector.  2021, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Vol-154, pp. 555-562.</text>
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                <text>Siby A., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India; George J.P., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Effects of 12 Weeks Core Strength Training on Bio-motor Fitness Abilities among College Level Soccer Players</text>
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                <text>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week core strength training (CST) program on bio-motor fitness components among college-level male soccer players aged 18 to 23 years. Methods: Sixteen male soccer players participated in this study. They were divided into an experimental group that underwent a CST program and a control group that maintained their regular training routine. The CST program, integrated into the regular soccer training schedule, included exercises such as planks, bridges, and various forms of crunches, progressively increasing in intensity. Upper body explosive strength was assessed using a backward medicine ball throw, lower body explosive power using a standing long jump and countermovement jump, and change of direction speed using an agility test. Sprint performance was measured with 15m and 30m linear sprint tests. Results: The CST group showed significant improvements across all measured variables. Notable percentage changes were observed in the 15m sprint (4.08%), 30m sprint (1.56%), upper body strength (6.87%), standing long jump (4.66%), countermovement jump (15.69%), and change of direction speed (12.35%). Effect sizes indicated substantial enhancements in standing long jump (g = 1.634, p = 0.001), countermovement jump (g = 7.110, p &amp;lt; 0.001), and change of direction speed (g = 3.142, p = 0.001). The control group did not exhibit significant changes in any variables. Conclusion: A 12-week core strength training program, consisting of three sessions per week, significantly improved bio-motor fitness components in college-level soccer players aged 18 to 23 years. These findings support the inclusion of CST in soccer training regimens to enhance athletic performance.  2024 by authors, all rights reserved.</text>
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                <text>Siby D.; Rajkumar N.C.J.; Astuti Y.; Salvi N.M.; Karmakar D.; Elayaraja M.; Joseph S.; Balaji E.; Orhan B.E.</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol-12, No. 6, pp. 899-908.</text>
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                <text>Horizon Research Publishing</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2024.120602" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2024.120602&lt;/a&gt;
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                <text>ISSN: 23814381</text>
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                <text>Siby D., Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India; Rajkumar N.C.J., Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India; Astuti Y., Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia; Salvi N.M., Department of Sports, Recreation &amp;amp; Wellness, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Maharashtra, Pune, India; Karmakar D., Department of Physical Education Pedagogy, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, India; Elayaraja M., Department of Physical Education and Sports, Pondicherry University, India; Joseph S., Department of Physical Education, School of Humanities, Christ University, India; Balaji E., Department of Physical Education, C.B.M. College, India; Orhan B.E., Faculty of Sports Sciences, Istanbul Aydin University, Turkey</text>
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                <text>Gesture based Real-Time Sign Language Recognition System</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Convolutional Neural Network; Deep Learning; Hand Gesture Detection; Sign Language Recognition; Text-to-Sound Converter</text>
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                <text>Real-Time Sign Language Recognition (RTSLG) can help people express clearer thoughts, speak in shorter sentences, and be more expressive to use declarative language. Hand gestures provide a wealth of information that persons with disabilities can use to communicate in a fundamental way and to complement communication for others. Since the hand gesture information is based on movement sequences, accurately detecting hand gestures in real-time is difficult. Hearing-impaired persons have difficulty interacting with others, resulting in a communication gap. The only way for them to communicate their ideas and feelings is to use hand signals, which are not understood by many people. As a result, in recent days, the hand gesture detection system has gained prominence. In this paper, the proposed design is of a deep learning model using Python, TensorFlow, OpenCV and Histogram Equalization that can be accessed from the web browser. The proposed RTSLG system uses image detection, computer vision, and neural network methodologies i.e. Convolution Neural Network to recognise the characteristics of the hand in video filmed by a web camera. To enhance the details of the images, an image processing technique called Histogram Equalization is performed. The accuracy obtained by the proposed system is 87.8%. Once the gesture is recognized and text output is displayed, the proposed RTSLG system makes use of gTTS (Google Text-to-Speech) library in order to convert the displayed text to audio for assisting the communication of speech and hearing-impaired person.   2022 IEEE.</text>
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                <text>Siby T.A.; Pal S.; Arlina J.; Nagaraju S.</text>
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                <text>Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Connected Systems and Intelligence, CSI 2022</text>
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                <text>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.</text>
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                <text>Credit risk management is an integral aspect of financial stability of financial institutions. The determinants of credit default behavior help in identifying types of credit risk based upon customers habits or actions such as purchasing behavior, spending patterns, social interactions, and moral hazard. The awareness on such behavioral factors helps in getting a complete picture in analyzing the credit worthiness of any individual. The onset of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has remodeled the methodologies of credit risk assessment. Training and developing learning models to predict the borrowers behavior evolved along with AI and ML, developing advanced mechanisms for managing credit default risks. Using risk modeling to determine behavioral scoring enables the banks to acquire creditworthy retail borrowers, alongside its inherent demerits of the models. This study is focused on the employment of AI and ML techniques along with qualitative determinants in managing credit risk, drawing attention to the advantages and disadvantages and applications and implications for the financial service providers. The paper examines contemporary literature on modern methods of credit risk management and sheds light on the technological accuracy of credit risk calculations and automated decision-making processes alongside methods to alleviate biases. The study also outlines the sequential phases of the conventional models along with the regulatory and ethical considerations of AI-ML-driven credit risk assessment.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026.</text>
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                <text>The primary intent of the work is to investigate the linear and weakly non-linear stability analyses of natural convection in a rotating binary liquidsaturated porous medium. In the mathematical model, Newtonian binary liquid-saturated porous medium with uniform rotation subjected to stress-free isothermal boundaries and the validity of OseenBoussinesq approximation is considered in the study. Normal mode analysis is operated to acquire the DarcyRayleigh number expression in terms of the other parameters. The amount of heat and mass transfer rates are approximated at the lower boundary by performing weakly non-linear stability analysis using truncated Fourier series solution. The analysis of critical Rayleigh number, critical wave number, heat, and mass transfer is done for different values of parameters and discussed in detail with the help of plots and tables. Lewis number stabilizes the convective system, whereas increasing in the separation ratio coefficient destabilizes the convective system. Weakly nonlinear stability analysis reveals that the binary liquids with a smaller separation ratio coefficient transport the maximum heat and minimum mass compared to binary liquids with large separation ratio coefficient values. The amount of heat transport is enhanced by 14% with increase in the values of Ta whereas the same is diminished by 3.5 % and 5% respectively for the ? and Le. Thus, the effect of rotations pronounced on the onset of convection, heat and mass transports predominantly compared to the effect of binary mixtures parameters. The results of the classical RayleighBard convection and natural convection in a liquid-saturated porous medium with local thermal-equilibrium assumption can be obtained as a particular case of the study by setting the appropriate limits.  2025 Elsevier Ltd</text>
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                <text>Siddabasappa C.; G.S. N.; Babitha</text>
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                <text>Siddabasappa C., Department of Sciences and Humanities, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 074, India; G.S. N., Department of Mathematics and Statistics, M S Ramaiah University Of Applied Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 058, India; Babitha, Department of Mathematics, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India</text>
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                <text>This paper carries out linear and weakly non-linear stability analyses of natural convection in a Newtonian hybrid-nanoliquid saturated porous medium. The Boussinesq approximation is assumed to be valid in the study, and a two-phase energy model is used. The weighted residual Galerkin technique is employed to obtain the expression for the Rayleigh number and Lorenz model by using a truncated double Fourier series solution. The quadratic non-linear Lorenz model is solved numerically by using the RungeKuttaFehlberg method. Water is considered as a carrier liquid, and copper and alumina nanoparticles are considered with dilute concentration. Linear stability analysis reveals the onset of convection prepones in a hybrid nanoliquid-saturated porous medium. The amount of heat transport is maximum in a hybrid nanoliquid saturated porous medium and minimum in a liquid-saturated porous medium. Local thermal non-equilibrium situation ceases at higher rates of interphase heat transfer coefficient. The assumption of local thermal non-equilibrium is prominent in hybrid nanoliquid saturated porous medium. The results of the hybrid-nanoliquid channel, a hybrid nanoliquid saturated porous medium with the local thermal assumption, are presented as a limiting case of the study.  2024, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature India Private Limited.</text>
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                <text>Siddabasappa C., Department of Sciences and Humanities, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 074, India; Sakshath T.N., Department of Mathematics, R V College of Engineering, Mysore Road, RV Vidyaniketan Post, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560 059, India</text>
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                <text>Linear and Global Stability Analyses on the Influences of Thermal Non-Equilibrium and Non-uniform Gravity Field on DarcyBrinkmanBard Convection</text>
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                <text>Energy method; Global stability analysis; Linear stability analysis; Local thermal equilibrium; Local thermal non-equilibrium; Subcritical motions; Variable gravity</text>
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                <text>Global and linear stability analyses of DarcyBrinkmanBard convection in a liquid-saturated porous medium with a non-uniform gravity field using the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model are investigated. Linear and quadratic (parabolic) gravity field profiles are considered in the analysis. The OberbeckBoussinesq approximation is assumed to be a valid and the stationary mode of onset of convection is shown to be the preferred mode due to the validity of the principle of exchange of stabilities. Critical values of wavenumber and thermal Rayleigh number are obtained numerically using the higher-order Galerkin technique. The effect of an increase in the gravity fields strength is to delay the onset of convection, and to a growth in convective cell size. Further, linear convective profile is found to postpone convection compared to the quadratic one. Global stability ensures the existence of subcritical motions in the case of a non-uniform gravity field. In contrast, subcritical motions do not exist in constant gravity in LTE and LTNE situations. A non-uniform gravity field has a significant influence on the convective instability in a liquid-saturated high-porosity medium, lesser influence in the case of a low porosity medium and least in the case of a clear fluid layer.  2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature India Private Limited.</text>
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                <text>Siddabasappa C.; Siddheshwar P.G.</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Vol-7, No. 4</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 23495103</text>
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                <text>Siddabasappa C., Department of Mathematics and Statistics, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, 560 058, India; Siddheshwar P.G., Department of Mathematics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, 560 029, India</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="116662">
                <text>A study on entropy generation and heat transfer in a magnetohydrodynamic flow of a couple-stress fluid through a thermal nonequilibrium vertical porous channel</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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              <elementText elementTextId="116663">
                <text>entropy generation; Galerkin method; local thermal nonequilibrium; magnetohydrodynamic flow; porous media; radiation; Rosseland approximation</text>
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                <text>The effect of local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) on the entropy generation and heat transfer characteristics in the magnetohydrodynamic flow of a couple-stress fluid through a high-porosity vertical channel is studied numerically using the higher-order Galerkin technique. The Boussinesq approximation is assumed to be valid and the porous medium is considered to be isotropic and homogeneous. Two energy equations are considered one each for solid and fluid phases. The term involving the heat transfer coefficient in both equations renders them mutually coupled. Thermal radiation and an internal heat source are considered only in the fluid phase. The influence of inverse Darcy number, Hartmann number, couple-stress fluid parameter, Grashof number, thermal radiation parameter, and interphase heat transfer coefficient on velocity and temperature profiles is depicted graphically and discussed. The entropy generation, friction factor, and Nusselt number are determined, and outcomes are presented via plots. The effect of LTNE on the temperature profile is found to cease when the value of the interphase heat transfer coefficient is high, and in this case, we get the temperature profiles of fluid and solid phases are uniform. The physical significance of LTNE is discussed in detail for different parameters' values. It is found that heat transport and friction drag are maximum in the case of LTNE and minimum in the case of local thermal equilibrium. We observe that LTNE opposes the irreversibility of the system. The corresponding results of a fluid-saturated densely packed porous medium can be obtained as a limiting case of the current study.  2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="116665">
                <text>Siddabasappa C.; Siddheshwar P.G.; Makinde O.D.</text>
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                <text>Heat Transfer, Vol-50, No. 6, pp. 6377-6400.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="116667">
                <text>John Wiley and Sons Inc</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.22176" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.22176&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85105744920&amp;amp;doi=10.1002%2Fhtj.22176&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=d1a54c1c07250e739bae78ef87e98f23" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85105744920&amp;amp;doi=10.1002%2fhtj.22176&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=d1a54c1c07250e739bae78ef87e98f23&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 26884534</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="116673">
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                <text>Siddabasappa C., Department of Mathematics and Statistics, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Siddheshwar P.G., Department of Mathematics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Makinde O.D., Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch University, Saldanha, South Africa</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="97423">
                <text>Analytical study of BrinkmanBard convection in a bidisperse porous medium: Linear and weakly nonlinear study</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="97424">
                <text>Bi-disperse porous medium; BrinkmanBard convection; LTNE; Mono-disperse porous medium; Rigidrigid boundaries</text>
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                <text>Linear and weakly nonlinear stability analyses of BrinkmanBard convection of a Newtonian fluid saturating a bidisperse porous medium (BDPM) are made. Local-thermal-non-equilibrium (LTNE) is assumed between the fluid and the porous spheres (micro-pores) that make up the macro porous medium. Two coupled linear momentum equations are considered one each for the macro- and micro-pores. Results of mono-disperse porous medium (MDPM) with solid spheres are recovered as a limiting case of the present study. Further, in the case of both types of porous media considered the results of DarcyBard and BrinkmanBard convection are extracted under suitable limiting procedures. To keep the work analytical, we reduce the intractable hexa-modal Lorenz model with four quadratic nonlinearities into the tractable mono-modal StuartLandau equation (SLE) with cubic and quintic nonlinearities. Subcritical instability is discounted in the study thereby suggesting that cubic SLE and cubicquintic SLE both expound similar results qualitatively. The concept of a BDPM is shown to be meaningful only when the pores are not large, and when they are very small, then the MDPM assumption applies. Similar observation can be made when the ratio of permeabilities is large. The presence of micro-pores does not alter the size of the convective cell significantly at the onset. The present study reiterates the findings of several earlier works.  2023 Elsevier Ltd</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="97426">
                <text>Siddabasappa C.; Siddheshwar P.G.; Mallikarjunaiah S.M.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="97427">
                <text>Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Vol-39</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="97428">
                <text>Elsevier Ltd</text>
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                <text>2023-01-01</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2023.101696" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2023.101696&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150339245&amp;amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tsep.2023.101696&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=16fe88f44c62a29d9a529721ec1db885" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150339245&amp;amp;doi=10.1016%2fj.tsep.2023.101696&amp;amp;partnerID=40&amp;amp;md5=16fe88f44c62a29d9a529721ec1db885&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="97432">
                <text>ISSN: 24519049</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="97434">
                <text>English</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="97436">
                <text>Siddabasappa C., Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas A&amp;amp;M UniversityCorpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, 78412, TX, United States, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India; Siddheshwar P.G., Center for Mathematical Needs, Department of Mathematics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India; Mallikarjunaiah S.M., Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas A&amp;amp;M UniversityCorpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, 78412, TX, United States</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="206326">
                <text>Siddabasappa, C.; Babitha; Bhavya, K.; Sakshath, T.N.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="206327">
                <text>A study on regular and chaotic convection in an anisotropic porous cavity</text>
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                <text>01-01-2025</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="206329">
                <text>Chinese Journal of Physics;Volume;97;pp.496-510</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjph.2025.03.034" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjph.2025.03.034&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105011845614?origin=resultslist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105011845614?origin=resultslist&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Siddabasappa C., Department of Sciences and Humanities, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560074, India; Babitha, Department of Mathematics, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560029, India; Bhavya K., Department of Sciences and Humanities, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560074, India; Sakshath T.N., Department of Mathematics, R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, 560 059, India</text>
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                <text>The primary intent of the work is to investigate the linear and weakly nonlinear stability analyses of the BrinkmanBard convection (BBC) problem in a horizontal thermally-anisotropic porous enclosure with temperature-dependent uniform heat source/sink analytically by using a weighted residual Galerkin scheme. The linear stability analysis of the study reveals that the conductive system is stabilized by increasing anisotropy, Darcy number, and internal heat source strength. Three modal Lorenz model is derived by performing weakly nonlinear stability analysis using truncated Fourier series solutions. Equilibrium points of the Lorenz model and stability analysis is studied. The conductive equilibrium point (zero equilibrium point) is asymptotically stable and the eigenvalues are negative, whereas the convective equilibrium points (non-zero equilibrium points) are asymptotically stable up to a threshold Rayleigh number. Later, Hf bifurcation or chaotic motions sets in. The effect of an increase in the values of internal heat source and thermal anisotropic term delays the onset of the chaotic convection, whereas the Darcy number exhibits the opposite fashion. Further, the amount of heat transport is estimated at the lower boundary of an enclosure, and it is seen that the amount of heat transfer is maximum in the case of heat source, Darcy medium, and heterogeneous medium compared within the Brinkman medium in the presence of heat sink.  2025 The Physical Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan)</text>
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                <text>Siddabasappa, C.; Babitha; Jeevan, B.S.</text>
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                <text>A Study on the Stability of DarcyBrinkmanBard Convection in a Binary Fluid-Saturated Porous Medium: RigidRigid Boundaries</text>
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                <text>Transport in Porous Media;Volume;152;Issue;7;Article No.;49;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-025-02187-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-025-02187-z&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105007519233?origin=resultslist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105007519233?origin=resultslist&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Siddabasappa C., Department of Sciences and Humanities, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560074, India; Babitha, Department of Mathematics, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560029, India; Jeevan B.S., Department of Mathematics and Statistics, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560058, India</text>
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                <text>The linear stability analysis of DarcyBrinkmanBard convection (DBBC) in a binary fluid-saturated porous layer is studied numerically using n term Galerkin approach for rigidrigid, isothermal boundaries. The occupied binary fluid and porous medium are assumed to be in thermal non-equilibrium. Thus, two energy equations are used for each phase. The critical values of the DarcyRayleigh and wave numbers for theonset of convectionare obtained by considering ten terms in the Galerkin solution. The effect of the five parameters of the model, namely the Darcy number, Da, the modified ratio of thermal conductivity ?, theLewis number Le, theseparation ratio coefficient, ?, and the inter-phase heat transfer coefficient, H, on the stability of the system is discussed in detail and presented with the aid of plots and tables. The onset of convection in a binary fluid-saturated porous medium is delayed for realistic boundary conditions compared with ideal boundary conditions (stress-free, isothermal boundary conditions). Increasing the values of theDarcy number, inter-phase heat transfer coefficient, and the separation ratio coefficient stabilizes DBBC. In contrast, the thermal conductivity ratioand Lewis number aredestabilize the system. Furthermore, convective cell size remains unaltered with increasing ?. Convection is delayed in thepure fluid medium compared to thebinary fluid medium. Local thermal non-equilibrium ceases for small and large inter-phase heat transfer coefficient values.  The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Binary fluid; Galerkin method; Lewis number; Natural convection; Rayleigh number; Rigid-rigid boundaries</text>
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                <text>Springer Science and Business Media B.V.</text>
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