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                <text>Design of Heart Rate Monitoring System Using Visual Simulation Tool</text>
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                <text>Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies;Volume;435 SIST;pp.69-79</text>
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                <text>Kumar B., Modern College of Business and Science, Muscat, Oman; Al Baloshi R., Modern College of Business and Science, Muscat, Oman; Sandeep J., Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Alwahaibi T., Modern College of Business and Science, Muscat, Oman</text>
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                <text>In this research paper, a wireless heart rate and temperature monitoring system using Packet Tracer is proposed and put into operation. A wearable bracelet with sensors that can track temperature and heart rate in real time is integrated into the system. The patient and the attending physician receive the gathered data wirelessly for in-depth health monitoring and analysis. This system is used to provide a practical and effective way to track vital signs in real-time, especially temperature and heart rate. The system's functionality and performance can be thoroughly evaluated and validated in a controlled environment thanks to this simulation. Additionally, the system includes functions for data analysis and visualization to help medical professionals make well-informed decisions. To increase the accuracy and accessibility of heart rate monitoring, which would eventually enhance patient outcomes and general wellbeing, the proposed initiative aims to address these challenges.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1265 LNNS;pp.591-603</text>
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                <text>Saila B., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560074, India; Emmanuel A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560074, India; Teja E., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560074, India; Kokatnoor S.A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560074, India; Mandala J., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560074, India; Kumar S., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560074, India</text>
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                <text>Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are employed to investigate anomalous behavior in a network system, which monitors a network system for suspicious behavior, which is essential for maintaining network security. Improving accuracy in intrusion detection is necessary to lower false alarms and boost detection rates. Support Vector Machine (SVMLinear and Quadratic), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and k-nearest neighbors (kNN), machine learning techniques for intrusion detection in network environments, are compared in this research. The effectiveness of SVM, which is well-known for its resilience in high-dimensional environments, in differentiating between normal and malicious behavior is examined. Straightforward yet powerful algorithms, namely KNN and LSTM, are analyzed to see how well they can adjust to different types of intrusions. Regarding detection accuracy, false positive rates, and response times, the experimental results on a benchmark intrusion detection dataset highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the models considered for the study. This study suggests incorporating machine-learning approaches into real-time intrusion detection systems to improve network security and lessen cyber risks.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Machine Learning Models for SMS Spam Detection</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1266 LNNS;pp.423-433</text>
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                <text>Basumatary B., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Norbu T.K., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Kokatnoor S.A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Kumar S., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST University, Karnataka, Bangalore, India</text>
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                <text>With the increasing reliance on mobile communication, detecting spam messages sent via Short Messaging Service (SMS) has become more important. This advent has created a new era for spam in peoples lives, one that calls for quick attention and automatization in categorizing messages. This study analyzes three machine learning algorithmsLogistic Regression, Naive Bayes, and Decision Tree resulting in the binary classification of SMS messages into either spam or not spam (ham). To achieve effective spam detection, the study highlights the significance of feature engineering, model selection, and evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The research challenges, including unbalanced data, changing spam strategies, and the requirement for scalable solutions, are handled in this study. During experimentation, it was observed that Logistic Regression increased performance by 98.07% accuracy. The results also showed the advantages and disadvantages of each model, providing guidance on which strategy, is best for SMS spam filtering apps in the real world. This analysis aims to give readers a thorough grasp of existing approaches and how they might be used to improve the effectiveness and security of mobile communication systems.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Decision Trees; Ham; Logistic Regression; Machine learning; Nae Bayes; Random Forest; Short Messaging Service; Spam; Spam detection</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1275;pp.161-169</text>
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                <text>Kunnumpurath B., Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Reddy B.G., Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Menon V.A., Institute for Educational and Developmental Studies, Uttar Pradesh, Gautambuddha Nagar, India; Paul A., Christ University, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>A Fuzzy AHP Approach to Evaluation of Value Addition in the Indian Medical Equipment Supply Chain</text>
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                <text>Dass P.L., School of Business and Management, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Nair S.V.R., School of Business and Management, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Kurien G.P., School of Business and Management, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Chandar S.K., School of Business and Management, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1276;pp.349-359</text>
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                <text>Kurup A., CHRIST UNIVERSITY, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Zharon A., CHRIST UNIVERSITY, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Kishore S., CHRIST UNIVERSITY, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Manoj R.A., CHRIST UNIVERSITY, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Jayapriya J., CHRIST UNIVERSITY, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Vinay M., CHRIST UNIVERSITY, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Kokilavani T., CHRIST UNIVERSITY, Karnataka, Bangalore, India</text>
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                <text>This research explores recommendation algorithms for e-commerce efficacy. From e-commerce giants like Amazon to streaming services like Netflix, recommendation algorithms are integral in giving personalized experiences to attract and retain customers. It tests KNN, K-Means, Decision Tree (Gini, Entropy), and Naive Bayes on the Amazon review dataset 2018Electronics category. Decision Trees emerged as the most accurate predictor of user preferences, suggesting the trees ability to capture complex data relationships is key for relevant product recommendations. To get a better understanding, this research also examines each algorithms power and weakness in the context of recommendation systems. It offers valuable information on how to approach the optimization of their recommendation strategies in e-commerce businesses, highlighting not only the most effective approach (Decision Trees) but also the considerations for choosing an algorithm based on its strengths and weaknesses (e.g., interpretability vs. accuracy). Ultimately, this research contributes to informing data-driven decision-making for personalized recommendations in e-commerce, paving the way for a more user-centric shopping experience.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1276;pp.437-448</text>
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                <text>Mukku L., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Thomas J., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India</text>
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                <text>Cervical cancer is fourth most common cancer in women across the world with highest impact in low- and middle-income countries. World Health Organization sent out a call for all UN nations to work toward the elimination of cervical cancer. Deep learning and artificial intelligence have been the go-to solutions for medical image analysis for diagnosis and prognosis. This paper aims to classify lesions in a colposcope captured cervix image with help of artificial intelligence models. To further advance automated cervical lesion classification, the study proposes a novel hybrid model that combines the complementary strengths of a vision transformer and DenseNet architecture. The paper also addresses ongoing challenges, such as interference from specular reflection areas and the difficulty in distinguishing between different lesion grades due to subtle visual differences. The proposed cross-validation decision fusion strategy aims to improve the reliability and robustness of the classification process. The results of the study affirm that deep learning and fusion technologies will steer the future direction of research in medical image analysis. DenseNet model has performed with an accuracy score of 0.695, sensitivity of 0.912, specificity of 0.979 and F1 score of 0.9100. These metrics are significantly improved versions of state of the art used in this study for comparative analysis.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Asha M.S., CSE Department, Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Yogish H.K., ISE Department, MSRIT, Bengaluru, India; Deepa Y., CSE Department, Christ University, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Agriculture is the largest and most vital sector of our economy, providing employment to over 70% of the Indian population. In an agricultural field identification and classification of disease in a tomato plant plays a vital role. If proper care is not taken in advance with this, it causes the serious effect on the tomato plants. The plants which are affected by the disease reflect on the quality and quantity of the production as well as the economy of the country. Tomato is one of the main vegetables in India which plays an important role in providing food for public needs and its a very vulnerable plant to insects and diseases caused by different pathogens like bacteria, virus, and fungi. This paper proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN) for automatic identification of plant disease caused by fungi. The proposed model attains the results of F1 score is 91% to differentiate tomato leaves in both healthy and unhealthy conditions. Measures like a high Area Under Curve (AUC) score on the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity show the models remarkable performance. The practical uses of this discovery for early illness detection in agriculture make it significant. With its exceptional specificity and precision, ResNet-18 serves as a potential tool for agriculture.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Shradha V.S., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Christ University, Bangalore, India; Jayapandian N., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Christ University, Bangalore, India</text>
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                <text>The cloud-based Internet of Things (IoT) gadgets are becoming increasingly significant in todays current environment. Thoroughly examining the ever-changing relationship among these two domains, this literature review sheds light on how the field of research is developing and how important both domains are to defining our digital future. The analysis delves into the various uses of cloud-based computing in conjunction with IoT devices, highlighting how these two technologies have the combined power to transform companies, improve productivity, and improve user experiences. Blending cloud-based resources with IoT has become essential for advancement, from connected houses to industrial automation. The article provides a detailed overview of the complexities involved in this merger, highlighting the importance of computing in the cloud in tackling issues like data protection, immediate analysis, and resource optimisation. This study also points out significant gaps in current understanding, highlighting the need for more investigation to fully realise the promise of cloud computing when combined with IoT devices. Essentially, this analysis of the literature highlights the critical role in determining the integration of cloud technology and IoT devices by giving a more efficient and optimal scheduling Deadline-Based Task scheduling algorithm, which has proved to have the least average waiting time of five units when compared to all the scheduling algorithms taken into consideration. The beginning of a new era characterised by connectivity and data-driven decision-making, and the key to realising the full potential of IoT applications is to comprehend and leverage the power of cloud technology.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Sai, Vemula Harshith; John, Carolyn; Albin, S.; Nagaraju, Shamanth; Elappila, Manu; Athulya, S.</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1277 LNNS;pp.173-188</text>
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                <text>Sai V.H., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; John C., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Albin S., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Nagaraju S., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Elappila M., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Athulya S., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Healthcare systems must adapt to the requirements of the digital era. The proposed healthcare Artificial Intelligence (AI) assistance provides a safe and user-friendly platform for physicians, patients, and administrators to meet their specific needs. The systems architecture prioritizes user authentication and role-based access control to ensure that only authorized users have access to certain features. The technology allows patients to input their symptoms, which is the platforms cornerstone offering. The technology uses a Machine Learning (ML) model and a large medical database to properly forecast probable illnesses based on the symptoms presented. This predictive feature helps individuals make educated decisions about their health and seek medical assistance proactively. The systems creative approach extends to online consultations. Patients may seek consultations, schedule appointments, and conduct secure video chats from the comfort of their homes. This online consultation service offers a convenient and flexible option for medical treatment, especially for people with restricted mobility or wanting immediate assistance. This paper evaluates disease prediction using parameters like accuracy and confusion matrix performance. The neural network model performs better for the above parameters in comparison to the random forest and K-nearest neighbor ML models. The proposed system uses ML technology to deliver fast, accurate, and secure medical services, breaking down traditional healthcare barriers.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Nikitha Reddy K., School of Business and Management, Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Iyer L.S., School of Business and Management, Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Sophia Shalini G.B., School of Business and Management, Christ University, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>The fashion industry has undergone significant transformations driven by technological advancements, shifting consumer preferences, and the rise of e-commerce. Traditional retail models have been disrupted, giving consumers unprecedented access to information and options, making personalization crucial for success. The industry has also embraced inclusivity, offering diverse clothing lines that cater to various body types, skin tones, and cultural backgrounds. Technology plays a pivotal role in this evolution, enhancing design, manufacturing, marketing, and sustainability practices. Despite these advancements, existing recommendation systems often overlook individual characteristics such as skin undertones and pattern preferences, as well as the dynamic nature of fashion trends. This study aims to address these limitations by developing a novel AI-powered recommendation system that integrates personalized factors with real-time fashion trends. The proposed system will analyze customer data, including browsing history, social media activity, and purchases, to provide accurate and tailored fashion suggestions. By incorporating individual traits and the latest trends, the research seeks to create a more effective and responsive recommendation engine, ultimately enhancing the consumer shopping experience and helping fashion brands stay competitive in a rapidly evolving market.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>A Novel Nature-Inspired Coconut Tree Optimization Technique forEngineering Applications</text>
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                <text>Coconut tree optimization technique is a novel optimization algorithm that is motivated by the physical structure of the coconut tree. The search for optima in a feasible region is chosen between a random root and any point in a leaf. Coconut tree optimization is a pseudo meta-heuristic algorithm wherein search of solution is carried out using random as well as gradient movement with a memory stack that contains local optima. Nonlinear optimization problems consisting of equality and inequality constraints were solved using the proposed algorithm. The algorithm is validated for linear and nonlinear optimization problems. The comparative study and analysis were detailed for existing algorithms used in domain-specific physical problems. The algorithm is compared with the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization by considering standard test functions.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1277 LNNS;pp.353-371</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-2700-4_26" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-2700-4_26&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105011271074?origin=resultslist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105011271074?origin=resultslist&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Sethurajan M.R., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Kengeri Campus, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Natarajan K., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Kengeri Campus, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>The escalating dissemination of fake news across social media networks has emerged as a concerning societal issue and a threat to cyber physical systems. Bots, often employed to propagate such misinformation, present a formidable challenge in their detection and elimination. Bot prediction have been pivotal in identifying and curbing these deceptive bot activities within social media networks. Twitchs live streaming content is readily scrapable and totally accessible. But quite understudied. Recent studies scrutinized these frameworks, revealing significant strides in their development while acknowledging the need for further enhancements in both predictions for proactive measures. FusionBotSentinel proposes a novel architecture that underscores the imperative for future research to concentrate on fortifying these frameworks, ensuring they are more resilient and adaptable in mitigating and predicting the spread of fake news by social bots. Another focus is on enhancing the effectiveness of deep learning models through a refined understanding of data quality with a largest dataset available and employing better hybrid techniques that bolster the generalizability and robustness helping in forecasting bot activities in combatting this escalating problem within cyber physical systems. Since bots are seen to be the source of the present problems with cyber physical systems, including privacy, security, safety, and ethical difficulties, it is necessary to recognize these gaps. Our suggested FusionBotSentinelprovides a revolutionary significance by contributing to in combatting fake news in the society by achieving up to 99% in accuracy, 98% in precision, 100% in recall, 99% in sensitivity with F1 score as 99% in social bot prediction offering 20% more efficiency when compared to the most advanced existing models proving its superiority.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1277 LNNS;pp.489-501</text>
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                <text>Ramachandran S., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Maria Deepti T.T., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Vinodha D., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Jenefa J., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Mary Anita E.A., CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Lapina M., North-Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, Russian Federation</text>
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                <text>Content-based recommendation systems have become essential for improving user experiences in e-commerce and various digital platforms. This review paper examines the recent advancements in content-based recommendation systems, focusing on machine learning techniques and models used to personalise user interactions. The paper also explores the role of deep learning and hybrid approaches in increasing the accuracy and relevance of recommendations. Despite significant progress, the product recommendation systems face challenges such as capturing complex user preferences, ensuring scalability, addressing the cold start problem, and improving explainability which remains crucial and requires further research. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of current methodologies, identifies existing limitations, and suggests future directions to optimise content-based recommendation systems to provide more effective and reliable recommendations.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Enhancing Early Detection of Alzheimers Disease Through Integrated Deep Learning Models: A Multimodal Diagnostic Approach</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1278;pp.1-11</text>
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                <text>Lamani M.R., Department of CSE, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Kanmanike, Kumbalgudu, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560074, India; Mukku L., Department of CSE, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Kanmanike, Kumbalgudu, Mysore Road, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560074, India; Asha V., Department of CSE, RNS Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India; Padmaja K., Department of ISE, GSSSIETW, Mysore, India</text>
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                <text>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and functional impairment. Early detection is crucial for effective management and intervention. This study explores the effectiveness of an integrated deep learning approach combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to enhance the early detection of Alzheimer's disease using multimodal data. A novel deep learning model was developed and validated, integrating neuroimaging data (MRI and PET scans) with clinical data using a decision-level fusion strategy. The study utilized a dataset comprising 1000 anonymized patient records from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Models were assessed based on accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). The integrated model demonstrated superior performance with an accuracy of 95%, precision of 94%, recall of 93%, and an F1-score of 93.5%. The model's AUC was 0.97, indicating excellent diagnostic capability. The proposed deep learning approach significantly improves the early detection of Alzheimers disease by effectively analyzing complex, multimodal data. This model holds considerable potential for clinical applications, providing a robust tool for healthcare professionals to diagnose AD in its early stages.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Garg A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Logeshwaran J., Department of Computer Science, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Dhanasekaran S., Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India; Gupta R., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Singhal S., Department of CSE, Apex Institute of Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India</text>
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                <text>Anushka, School of Sciences, Christ University, Bengaluru, India; George J., School of Sciences, Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Nair A.M., Luxsh Technologies Pvt Ltd, Northwood Hills, Middlesex, United Kingdom; Alapatt B.P., School of Sciences, Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Baby R., School of Sciences, Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Jose J., School of Sciences, Christ University, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>Srivastava D., Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Chitkara University, Punjab, Rajpura, India; Cynthia C., Department of Computer Science, Christ University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India; Vivek Kumar M., Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India; Gupta R., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Garg A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, Jaipur, India</text>
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                <text>This work presents an advanced security model to prevent vulnerable invasions through highly dense fog networks. Advantages: One of the strengths that fog computing has revealed is how beneficial its native design can be, but on the other hand, one critical aspect to keep in mind is that it brings several fresh security subjects because of its extremely dynamic and decentralized nature. The framework uses anomaly detection and secure communication protocols to identify the potential intrusion into a network. This also includes clustering fog nodes and more frequent network updates to improve security across the whole network. We evaluate our framework by implementing it in simulation experiments. We show that communication among existing trusted peers can be enhanced, whereas non-trusted sources entering the network cannot conduct attacks. Generally, this framework provides an attractive approach to improve fog networks security and renders them more attack-resistant.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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                <text>Gurumurthy, S.B.; Yogish, Deepa</text>
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                <text>Emerging Approaches in Digital Content Security: A Review of Blockchain Technology, Image Authentication, and Identity Management Systems</text>
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                <text>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems;Volume;1278;pp.543-553</text>
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                <text>Gurumurthy S.B., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Christ University, Bengaluru, India; Yogish D., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Christ University, Bengaluru, India</text>
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                <text>The rapid growth of digital media exchange and communication technologies has intensified the need for robust methods to ensure data integrity and protect intellectual property. This review paper explores various methodologies for safeguarding digital content, with a particular focus on distributed ledger technologies (DLT) and advanced image processing techniques. DLT, employed in blockchain systems, is highlighted for its ability to secure transactions and data in decentralized networks, mitigating the risks associated with centralized systems. In the realm of multimedia forensics, keypoint-based copy-move forgery detection methods, enhanced with density-based clustering and outlier removal algorithms, have shown superior performance in challenging conditions, effectively identifying forgeries even under geometric distortions and postprocessing. Additionally, the integration of speeded-up robust features (SURF) and polar complex exponential transform (PCET) in forgery detection offers resilience against various distortions, ensuring the authenticity of high-brightness regions in images. The paper also examines the evolution of digital identity management, where blockchain-based systems like BZDIMS employ zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) algorithms to enhance privacy and security. Through a comprehensive comparison of existing models, this paper demonstrates the advantages of these advanced technologies in enhancing data integrity, privacy, and the overall reliability of digital content verification systems.  The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.</text>
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